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Oturma izni (İkamet) işlemleri <div><h2>Məmmədova Aygün Əsədova Məhəbbət</h2><div><div><div><div><div>0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes)</div>171 views235 pages</div><div><div><h3>Original Title</h3></div><div><h3>Copyright</h3></div><div><h3>Share this document</h3><div><h3>Share or Embed Document</h3></div></div><div><h3>Did you find this document useful?</h3></div></div></div><div><h3>Əliheydərova İntizar Həziyeva Əfsanə</h3><p> ENGLISH<br> (For the Students of the Faculties of Construction,<br> Architecture and Economy)</p><h3> Azərbaycan respublikası Təhsil Nazirliyinin</h3><br> 876 saylı 21 avqust 2015 tarixli qərarına<br> əsasən nəşr olunur<p> “Elm və təhsil”</p><p> Baku- 2015</p><p> 1<br> Redaktorlar: Əsədova N.N.,<br> Əliyeva S. T.<br> Rəyçilər: Tahirov İ. M.<br> Filologiya elmləri doktoru, professor;<br> Məşədiyev Q. İ.<br> Filologiya elmləri doktoru, professor;<br> Əliyeva S. S.<br> Filologiya üzrə fəlsəfə doktoru, dosent</p><h3>Məmmədova Aygün, Əsədova Məhəbbət, Əliheydərova İntizar, Həziyeva Əfsanə</h3><br>ENGLİSH (For the Students of the Faculties of Construction, Architecture and Economy). Bakı, “Elm<br>və təhsil”, 2015, 328 səh.<p> Dərs vəsaiti memarlıq, inşaat və iqtisadiyyat fakulrələrjində təhsil alan, memar, müxtəlif<br>sahələrə aid mühəndis və tikinti sahəsində çalışan iqtisadçılar üçün nəzərdə tutulmuşdur. Dərs vəsaitində<br>ingilis dilinin qrammatikasının tələbələr tərəfindən təkrar edilməsi və daha yaxşı mənimsənilməsi üçün hər<br>dərsin əvvəlində iki qrammatik çalışma verilmişdir. Dərs vəsaitinə daxil olan mətnlər və leksik çalışmalar<br>tələbələrin ixtisasına uyğun seçilmiş və müasir metodik tələblərə uyğun hazırlanmışdır. Hər mətnin sonunda<br>verilən üç dildə- ingilis, Azərbaycan və rus dillərində lüğət mətndə əks olunan naməlum terminologiya və<br>sözlər mətnin tələbələr tərəfindən tam mənimsənilməsinə yardım edir. Dərsliyin sonunda verilən danışıq<br>mətnləri tələbələrin dünyagörüşünün zənginləşməsi və ingilis dilində danışıq qabiliyyətlərinin inkişaf<br>etdirilməsi məqsədi daşıyır. Dərsliyin sonunda verilən ümumi terminoloji lüğət tələbələrin leksik bazasının<br>ixtisaslarına uygun terminoloji leksika ilə zənginləşməsinə xidmət edir.</p><p> ISBN 978-9952-8142-9-3</p><h3> © «Elm və təhsil», 2015</h3><p> 2<br> Azerbaijan</p><h3> Azerbaijan is an independent country. It proclaimed its independence in October 1991,</h3><br>before the official dissolution of the USSR.<br> Azerbaijan is a unitary constitutional presidential republic. The country is a member state<br>of the Council of Europe, the OSCE and the NATO Partnership for Peace program. It is one of<br>the six independent Turkic-speaking states, being an active member of the Turkic Council and<br>the TÜRKSOY community. Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds<br>membership in 38 international organizations. It is one of the founding members of GUAM, the<br>Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical<br>Weapons. A member of the United Nations since 1992, Azerbaijan was elected to membership in<br>the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 May<br>2006.<br> Azerbaijan is situated at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It occupies<br>the eastern part of Transcaucasia. In the north, Azerbaijan borders on Russia, in the north-west<br>on Georgia, in the south-west on Armenia and in the south on Iran and Turkey. In the east,<br>Azerbaijan is bounded by the Caspian Sea. Its territory is not large 86.000 square kilometers.<br>Azerbaijan Republic includes the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The exclave of<br>Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while<br>having a short border with Turkey in the northwest.<br> The population of Azerbaijan is about 9 million.<br> Azerbaijan is a sun-filled land and a land of mountains. More than half of its territory is<br>mountainous country. To the north is the Greater Caucasus, to the west the Lesser Caucasus, and<br>to the south the Talysh Mountains.<br> The biggest rivers in Azerbaijan are the Kur, the Araz and the Samur.<br> There are eight varieties of climate on the small territory of Azerbaijan.<br> The soil of the Republic is very rich. Nature has given all the riches of the earth to<br>Azerbaijan. It possesses immense mineral riches, the principal one being oil. Oil is found in the<br>Absheron Peninsula, the Kur-Araz lowland and the Caspian bed. There are other natural riches –<br>gas, iron, ore mines in Azerbaijan.<p> 3<br> Azerbaijan cultivates cotton, grapes, rice, tea and wheat. There are orchards, forests and<br>pastures in Azerbaijan. It has mineral springs, such as Istisu, Naftalan, Mardakan, Bilgah,<br>Qalaalti and Gachrash which are famous all over the world.<br>There are lots of rest homes, health-resorts in our country.<br> The capital of Azerbaijan is Baku. Baku is the political, cultural centre of Azerbaijan. It is<br>situated in the Caspian Sea. Baku is one of the biggest and most beautiful cities of the world.<br>Other cities are: Jalilabad, Ganja, Nakhchivan, Shamakhi, Mingechaur, Sumgait, Dashkasan, etc.<br> Azerbaijan is an advanced cultural republic. There are a lot of kindergartens, schools,<br>colleges, universities in it. It has its own Academy of Sciences.<br> At present Azerbaijanian writers, poets, composers and scientists are well-known<br>throughout the world. One can hear the music of Azerbaijanian composers in the concert halls of<br>different counties.<br> Much can be told about the wealth and beauty of Azerbaijan, about its ancient<br>architecture, fascinating landscapes, picturesque towns, fine villages, snow-white cotton fields,<br>endless orchards, large vineyards, various types of nut trees, high mountains, broad valleys, thick<br>forests, long rivers, clear waterfalls, beautiful lakes and the famous Caspian sea with fine coasts<br>of sandy beaches and well known “Oil Rocks”.<br> We love our country and we are proud of it.<br> unitary [ʹju:nıt(ə)rı] unitar, birləşdirici, vahid; унитарный, единый; стремящийся к<br>единству, объединению unitary state - унитарное государство<br> dissolution [ˌdɪsə'luːʃən] buraxma (təşkilatı, parlamenti və s.); разложение,<br>разрушение, распад<br> bound [baund] həmhüdud olmaq, yanaşı olmaq; ограничивать, служить границей<br> exclave [ʹekskleıv] eksklav, bir ölkənin başqa bir ölkə ərazisi tərəfindən ayrılan ərazisi;<br>часть территории государства, отделённая от него территорией другого государства;<br>эксклав</p><p> 4<br> The Tricolour Flag of Azerbaijan Republic</p><p> The national flag of Azerbaijan was first accepted by the government of the Democratic<br>Republic of Azerbaijan on November 9, 1918.<br> After restoring its independence by a relevant Constitutional Act on October 18, 1991 the<br>Azerbaijan Republic announced itself the heir of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Then the<br>Azerbaijan Democratic Republic’s state symbols, including the State Flag were adopted as the<br>state symbols of the newly reestablished Azerbaijan Republic.<br> The flag consists of three equally sized horizontal pales. These pales are: blue, red and<br>green colours. There is a white crescent and an eight-pointed star in the center of the flag. Each<br>pale of the colours has got its own meaning. The blue pale symbolizes Turkic heritage. The red<br>pale symbolizes the progress to establish a modern state and the development of democracy. And<br>the green pale symbolizes the nation’s relation to the Islamic civilization. The crescent<br>symbolizes Islam and the eight-pointed star symbolizes eight branches of Turkic nation.<br> pale [peıl] xətt, zolaq; полоса<br> crescent ['kresnt] aypara; 1) полумесяц, эмблема, герб турецкого государства 2)<br>магометанство, ислам</p><p> 5<br> The Emblem of Azerbaijan</p><p> The Tongues of flame symbolizing “The Land of Fire” are depicted in the centre of the<br>emblem. The symbol of flame is also interpreted as the Arabic word “Allah”. The colours used<br>in the emblem are the colours of the national flag of Azerbaijan. The eight-pointed star<br>symbolizes eight branches of Turkic nation. At the bottom of the emblem is a stalk of wheat and<br>branch of oak. The stalk of wheat symbolizes richness and fertility. The branch of the oak<br>symbolizes antiquity of the country. The shield in the emblem means defense.</p><p> 6<br> The National Anthem</p><p> The Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic carried out a decision<br>on the development of the national anthem of the Republic of Azerbaijan on January 30, 1920.<br>For this purpose the Ministry of National Education declared a competition. Yet the collapse of<br>the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic on April 28, 1920 prevented this process. The Parliament<br>approved the law “On the National Anthem of the Azerbaijan Republic” on May 27, 1992. The<br>national anthem of Azerbaijan is considered as one of the national symbols of Azerbaijan. The<br>melody of the national anthem of the Azerbaijan Republic was composed by Uzeyir Hajibeyov,<br>the well- known Azerbaijani composer and the words were written by the prominent poet<br>Ahmad Javad in 1919.<br> The March of Azerbaijan<br> Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan!<br> The heroic patriotic glorious land!<br> To die for you we are glad and we are ready!<br> If there is need to shed blood<br> We are too ready!<br> With three color banner live happily!<br> Sacrifices too many done,<br> Every soldier to front has gone!<br> When your chest was field of battle!<br> Come back as a heroic son!<br> Let me see you flourish,<br> Let your enemies perish!<br> I love you, my dear land<br> Be mightier we do wish!<br> To safeguard your sacred land,<br> To hold high your honored flag,<br> All the youngsters are too glad!<br> Glorious land, glorious land!<br> Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan!</p><p> 7<br> The Worldwide Leader of Azerbaijan<br> Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev was born on May 10, 1923 in Nakhchivan City of Azerbaijan.<br>After he graduated from the Nakhchivan Pedagogical School in 1939, he studied at the<br>Architecture Department of the Azerbaijan Industry Institute (present Azerbaijan State Oil<br>Academy). The incipient war impeded to complete his education. From 1941, Heydar Aliyev<br>headed the department at the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Autonomous<br>Soviet Socialist Republic of Nakhchivan. In 1944 he was sent to work at the State Security<br>bodies. From 1964 Heydar Aliyev held the post of the deputy chairman and from 1967 the<br>chairman of the State Security Committee under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of<br>Azerbaijan. He was conferred the rank of lieutenant general then. These years, he received<br>special higher education in Leningrad (present St. Petersburg). In 1957 he graduated from the<br>History Department of the Azerbaijan State University.<br> When Heydar Aliyev was elected the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the<br>Communist Party of Azerbaijan at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party<br>of Azerbaijan in July, 1969, he became the head of the Republic. In December, 1982 Heydar<br>Aliyev was elected a member of Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist<br>Party of Soviet Union and appointed to the post of the First Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of<br>Ministers of the USSR. Thus he became one of the leaders of the USSR. During twenty years,<br>Heydar Aliyev was the Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and for five years he was<br>Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.<br> In October, 1987 Heydar Aliyev, as a sign of the protest against the policy pursued by the<br>Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and<br>personally the Secretary General Michael Gorbachev, resigned from his post.<br> On the next day of the tragedy committed on January 20, 1990 in Baku by the Soviet<br>troops, Heydar Aliyev made a statement at the Azerbaijan Representation in Moscow and<br>demanded to punish the organizers and executors of the crime committed against the people of<br>Azerbaijan. As a sign of protest against the hypocritical policy of leadership of the USSR, in<br>connection with the critical conflict accrued in Daghlig Garabagh, in July 1991 he left the<br>Communist Party of the Soviet Union.<br> In 1990 Heydar Aliyev was elected a deputy to the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan. In<br>1991-1993, he held the post of Chairman of the Supreme Assembly of the Autonomous Republic<br>of Nakhchyvan, Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In 1992,<br>at the constituent congress of the New Azerbaijan Party in Nakhchyvan, Heydar Aliyev was<br>elected Chairman of the Party.<br> In May-June 1993 as a result of extreme tension of the governmental crisis, the country<br>was at the verge of civil war and loss of independence, the people of Azerbaijan demanded to<br>bring Heydar Aliyev to power. The then leaders of Azerbaijan were obliged to invite Heydar<br>Aliyev officially to Baku. On June 15, 1993 Heydar Aliyev was elected the Chairman of the<br>Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan. On July, 24 on the resolution of the Milli Mejlis, he commenced<br>to fulfill powers of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.<br> On October 3, 1993, as a result of nationwide voting, Heydar Aliyev was elected President<br>of the Republic of Azerbaijan. On October 11, 1998, he was re-elected President of the Republic<br>of Azerbaijan.<br> Heydar Aliyev had given his consent to be nominated as a candidate at October 15, 2003<br>presidential elections but he relinquished to run at the elections in connection with health<br>problems.<br> On December, 12 the national leader of the Azerbaijani people, President Heydar Aliyev<br>passed away in Cleveland Hospital in the United States of America.<br>Heydar Aliyev was awarded a number of state orders and medals, international awards, elected<br>honorable doctor of universities in many countries.</p><p> 8<br> Heydar Aliyev was awarded the Lenin Order four times, Order of Red Star, numerous<br>medals, also orders and medals of foreign countries, received rank of the Hero of the Socialistic<br>Labor twice.<br> On March 27, 1997 the head of the state of Azerbaijan was awarded in Kiev the<br>"Yaroslav Mudry" Order, the supreme order of Ukraine.<br> On April 13, 1999 President Heydar Aliyev was awarded the "Peace Premium of<br>Ataturk" Order, the high order of Turkey.<br> On January 20, 2001 President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev was<br>awarded the rank of the Honourable Professor of Moscow State University.<br> On April 3, 2003 President Heydar Aliyev was elected professor and full member of the<br>Academy of Safety, Defense and Legal Norms Problems of the Russian Federation, awarded the<br>premium of Y.V.Andropov.<br> On May 10, 2003 decree was signed on awarding Heydar Aliyev the Order of Saint<br>Apostle Andrey Pervozvanny, the supreme order of Russia.</p><h3>incipient [ɪn'sɪpɪənt] təzə başlayan; начинающийся</h3><br>impede [ɪm'piːd] mane olmaq; препятствовать<br>deputy chairman- sədrin müavini; заместитель председателя;<br>confer [kən'fəː] vermə (alimlik dərəcəsi və s. - on); даровать, предоставлять<br>relinquish [rıʹlıŋkwıʃ] imtina etmək; atmaq; оставлять, бросать; отказываться<br>to run in an election —1. səsə qoyulmaq; 2. seçilmək. баллотироваться<br>resign [rɪ'zaɪn] iste'faya getmək, (часто from) отказываться от должности;<br>hypocritical [͵hıpəʹkrıtık(ə)l] riyakar, ikiüzlü; лицемерный,<br>pursue of policy (of) siyasət aparmaq; вести политику<br>verge [vəːdʒ] n. kənar; край<br>accrue [ə'kruː] artmaq, çoxalmaq; увеличиваться<br>constituent [kən'stɪtjuənt] 1) seçki 2) yaradılmış, seçici имеющий право голоса, избирающий<p> 9<br> Baku - the Capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan<br> Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan Republic. It is situated on the shore of the Caspian Sea.<br>Baku is the political, economical and cultural centre of Azerbaijan Republic. It is one of the<br>biggest and oldest cities of the world. Its population is about 3 million.<br> Baku has a warm and dry subtropical climate, with a hot summer and short mild winter.<br>Baku is a beautiful city with ancient monuments, marvelous buildings and beautiful green parks.<br> Baku is a political centre of Azerbaijan. All the governmental buildings are situated in<br>this city.<br> Baku is a economical and industrial centre of Azerbaijan.<br> There are a lot of various kinds of banks, firms, enterprise, economic organizations,<br>department-stores, shops, offices here. The advertizing of shops is very charming and well-<br>organized. The main offices of grand oil companies are situated in the capital of our republic.<br> Baku is a cultural centre of Azerbaijan. There are many concert halls, theatres, cinemas<br>and so on here. The Republic Palace is one of them where famous singers give concerts and the<br>hall are always full. All famous operas and ballets are always on the stage of the Opera Theatre.<br>All sport competitions are held either in the sport complex or the stadiums. One of the biggest<br>stadiums is the Republic Stadium. There are many libraries in Baku. The library named after<br>M.Akhundov is the biggest of them. Its large and light reading-halls are always full of readers.<br>There are many kindergartens, schools, colleges, universities in our capital. Architecture and<br>Construction University, the Azerbaijan University of Languages, The Azerbaijan Oil Academy<br>and many others train a lot of specialists every year.<br> The Azerbaijan National Academy of Science is the birthplace of new inventions and<br>discoveries. A number of academicians, professors, scientists work there and carry out their<br>research work for the future of our republic, for our people. The building of the Academy of<br>Sciences is situated in H.Javid Avenue. It is a complex of magnificent buildings surrounded by a<br>beautiful park.<br> Baku is an ancient city. The citadel, Icheri-Shahar is a unique historical monument. It is<br>an open-air museum of Azerbaijan culture. Most of the important medieval structures, the<br>caravanserai, the mosque, the baths and of course, the famous “Maiden Tower” and the Palace of<br>the Shirvanshahs are situated in this part of the city. Besides, the suburbs of Baku are as rich<br>with the historical monuments as the centre. The famous Ateshgah, Gobustan, The Mardakan<br>Tower, The Ramany Tower and many others gained much popularity among the visitors and<br>tourists as well.</p><p> 10<br> Today Baku is getting nicer and nicer day by day. We can be proud of its wide and<br>straight streets, avenues, wonderful parks and gardens, a number of palaces, monuments to<br>famous people, squares, skyscrapers, hostels, hotels and other places of interest in our capital.</p><p> 11<br> Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University<br> Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University is a state university located in<br>Baku, Azerbaijan. The university was established in 1975 as spin-off from the Azerbaijan<br>Technical University, named Azerbaijan Civil Engineering Institute.<br> Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University started out in 1920 as a<br>Construction faculty within the Baku Polytechnic Institute. During 1930–34 years the University<br>operated as independent Construction and Architecture Institute. From 1934 to1951 it<br>functioned as a faculty within Azerbaijan Industrial Institute. From 1951 to 1975 the university<br>operated as a faculty in Azerbaijan Technical University.<br> In 1975, Azerbaijan Civil Engineering Institute was established by the decision of<br>Azerbaijan SSR Council of Ministers. In 1992, the institute received the status of a university. In<br>2000 this higher educational establishment was named Azerbaijan University of Architecture and<br>Construction by the decree of the President of Azerbaijan Republic, HeydarAliyev.<br> The university includes 5 educational cases and campus. The main building was<br>completed in 1989. Besides the main building it has got four other buildings. The main building<br>is a fourteen-storied building. Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University university<br>houses many classrooms, well-equipped labs, a fine gymnasium, the librar with spacious reading<br>halls where students can take the necessary text-books, as well as books for reading.<br> In the campus for foreign students there is 9 storeyed hostel and case "Damla"<br>functioning on a commercial basis. The structure of a university complex includes Construction<br>College and Physics- mathematic based lyceum for IX-XI classes with a technical bias.<br> Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University trains architects and civil<br>engineers whose profession embraces many fields. An architect draws pictures of what the<br>structure will look like when it is built. So, plans for building a house are drawn by an architect.<br>A civil engineer constructs and reconstructs residential and industrial buildings, bridges, schools,<br>palaces of culture, theatres, hospital, tunnels, dams etc.<br> At our university students have lectures and practical hours. They attend lectures on<br>different subjects: mathematics, physics, chemistry, foreign languages, history of Azerbaijan,<br>descriptive geometry, geodesy, drawing, strength of materials etc.</p><p> 12<br> The academic year is divided into two terms: from September to January and from<br>February to July. The students take examinations at the end of each term.<br>Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University has four hostels. All of them are within<br>walking distance of the university.<br> Many of the teachers and instructors working at the university are outstanding specialists<br>in various fields of technology and science. Some of them are graduates of the university. In all<br>parts of our country, nearly on every major construction site one can find graduates of our<br>University.<br> Among the students body of our University one can see quite a number of foreign<br>students. After graduating from the University they will return their home full-fledged<br>specialists.<br> Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University is the first and only higher<br>education institution in Transcauscasia in the sphere of construction.</p><p> 13<br> Lesson 1.<br>Grammar: The Present Continuous Active; The Present Continuous Passive.<br>Am/ is/ are+ Participle I; Am/ is / are+ being+ Participle II.<br>1. Change the following sentences into the Present Continuous Passive.<br> 1. Builders are constructing palaces of culture in our city now.<br> 2. The welder is welding the units to hold them in place at the moment.<br> 3. They are constructing many irrigation systems in the regions now.<br> 4. Our students are studying the existing materials now.<br> 5. Our hydrotechnicians are erecting new pumping stations on the rivers of our country<br> now.<br> 6. The architects are working on the project at the moment.<br> 7. The students are preparing for the exam at the moment.<br>2. Put the verbs in the correct form:<br> 1. Look! The workers (to build) a new building now.<br> 2. Don’t enter the room. The architects (to work) on a new plan at the moment.<br> 3. Don’t look! The welder (to weld) the units.<br> 4. Stop making a noise! The students (to study) the specifications of the building materials at<br>the moment.<br> 5. How wonderful! Housing construction (to carry out) on a large scale now.<br> 6. Listen! The students (to work) on the project.<br> 7. Look! They (to repair) their house themselves.</p><h3>Pre- reading activity:</h3><br> 1. Why have you chosen this university?<br> 2. What are you going to be in future?<br> 3. Which profession is more honourable in your opinion?<h3>TEXT: AN HONOURABLE PROFESSION</h3><br> The building profession attracts many numbers of young men and women nowadays. It is<br>an honourable profession. The person entering this honourable profession must have a scientific<br>attitude, imagination, initiative and good judgment, obtained by experience and serious work.<br> Builders construct and reconstruct residential and industrial building, bridges, schools,<br>palaces of culture, museums, theatres, kindergartens and hospitals. They build tunnels, canals,<br>power stations, dams and reservoirs. They also construct aqueducts to store and transport water<br>for populated areas and irrigate desert lands. The distribution of water in irrigated areas in based<br>on annual plans. Very many irrigation systems have been built and are being built and<br>modernized. Hundreds of dams, reservoirs, locks, pumping stations have been erected on the<br>rivers of our country by our hydrotechnicians.<br> Builders assemble a house from prefabricated units which are delivered to the<br>construction site. A welder then welds the units to hold them in place. A great variety of<br>materials are nowadays used by builders. Students of building universities study the existing<br>materials. When they become full-fledged builders, they develop new building materials and<br>building methods.<br> A qualified building worker must be able to read a technical drawing now. He must know<br>a scale and the specifications.<br> Civil engineers and architects have a common aim – to provide people with all modern<br>conveniences, such as running water, gas, electricity, central heating. While a sanitary engineer<br>protects the quality of water by treating and purifying this water when it is used for domestic<br>purposes, an architect is a person who designs buildings. An architect must receive a great deal<br>of scientific training connected with his profession. He must know mathematics, as well as many<br>facts concerning materials. For example, what loads different materials may safely carry so that<br> 14<br> there will be no longer of this building falling down. Architect must need some knowledge of<br>sculpture, painting, design, mechanical engineering, geography, city planning, etc. The structure<br>an architect creates should give us pleasure, a sense of beauty.<br> In our country housing construction is being carried out on a large scale. Hundreds of<br>factories producing prefab panels are being constantly built. The successful fulfillment of<br>housing plans in our country is a practicable realization of the industrialized building methods<br>and the development of a large quantity of prefab ferroconcrete panels and parts. The work of a<br>builder is no longer backbreaking and complicated. So, if you want to contribute to the beauty of<br>a town or city, if you want to leave a memory of yourself in the history of that town or city come<br>to a construction site and learn the trade of builder.<br> The tremendous scope of construction in Azerbaijan is proof of our desire and plans for<br>peace.<p> Active vocabulary:</p><h3>housing construction - yaşayış evlərinin tikintisi; жилищное строительство</h3><br>carry out - v. yerinə yetirmək; выполнять (план, приказ, обещание)<br>prefab panels - əvvəlcədən zavodda yığılmış panel панель; филёнка<br>1. обшивать панелями; вставлять филёнки<br>constantly - daim постоянно, непрерывно; неизменно<br>fulfilment [ful'fɪlmənt] yerinə yetirmək; исполнение; выполнение; осуществление<br>practicable ['præktɪkəbl] real осуществимый, реальный<br>realization [ˌrɪəlaɪ'zeɪʃən] həyata keçirmək; осуществление, выполнение, реализация<br>(плана, замысла ); претворение в жизнь<br>ferroconcrete [ferə(u)'kɔŋkriːt] dəmir-beton; железобетон<br>complicated ['kɔmplɪkeɪtɪd] dolaşıq; сложный, трудный для понимания<br>assemble [ə'sembl] yığmaq; созывать; собирать<br>deliver [dɪ'lɪvə] v. çatdırmaq; передавать, вручать; разносить, доставлять<br>welder - qaynaqçı; сварщик<br>weld [weld] v. qaynaq etmək; 1) сваривать 2) свариваться<br>variety [və'raɪətɪ] müxtəliflik; разнообразие<br>exist [ɪg'zɪst] mövcud olmaq; быть, существовать<br>drawing ['drɔːɪŋ] rəsm; 1) черчение; 2) рисование<br>scale [skeɪl] miqyas; масштаб (карты, чертежа)<br>specification [ˌspesɪfɪ'keɪʃən] spesifiklik; определение, спецификация<br>trade [treɪd] peşə; занятие, ремесло, профессия<br>prefabricated units - yığılmış element; сборное изделие; сборный блок; сборный элемент<br>industrialize [ınʹdʌstrıəlaız] v. - sənayeləşdirilmiş; индустриализировать, развивать<br>промышленность<br>aqueduct [ʹækwıdʌkt] - kanal, акведук, канал, проток; водопровод<br>store [stɔː] v. ehtiyyatda saxlamaq; снабжать; наполнять<br>transport ['trænspɔːt] v. daşımaq; перевозить, транспортировать; переносить,<br>перемещать<br>populated area - əhali yaşayan ərazi; населённая местность; населенный район<br>irrigate ['ɪrɪgeɪt] v. suvarmaq; орошать<br>desert lands ['dezət] xam torpaq; пустынный, безлюдный, необитаемый<br>be based on v.- əsaslanmaq; основывать<br>annual plan - illik plan; годовой план<br>reservoir ['rezəvwɑː] rezervuar; 1. бассейн; водоём; водохранилище 2. резервуар<p> 15<br> lock [lɔk] su anbarı; замок; запор; затвор<br>pumping station - nasos stansiyası; насосная станция; водокачка<br>erect [ɪ'rekt] v. tikmək, qurmaq; строить, сооружать, воздвигать<br>hydrotechnician [ʹhaıdrəu tekʹnıʃ(ə)n] - hidrotexnik; гидротехник<br>modern conveniences - müasir rahatlıq; современные удобства<br>central heating [͵sentrəlʹhi:tıŋ] - mərkəzi qızdırıcı system; центральное отопление<br>protect [prə'tekt] v. müdafiə etmək; защищать, охранять, предохранять<br>treat [triːt] v. işləyib hazırlamaq; обрабатывать, подвергать воздействию (чего-л.)<br>purify ['pjuərɪfaɪ] v. saflaşdırmaq; очищать<br>attitude ['ætɪtjuːd] münasibət, mövqe; позиция, отношение<br>domestic [də'mestɪk] ev, daxili; внутренний, бытовой, домашний<br>a great deal of - çox; значительное количество<br>concerning [kənʹsə:nıŋ] - aid olan; относительно; касательно<br>load [loud] yük; груз, ноша, тяжесть<br>safely ['seɪflɪ] sağ-salamat; благополучно; безопасно; надежно<br>danger ['deɪndʒə] təhlükə; опасность<br>fall down - v. yıxılmaq; падать<br>sculpture ['skʌlptʃə] heykəl; скульптура, ваяние<br>painting ['peɪntɪŋ] rəsm; живопись; картина<br>design [dɪ'zɑɪn] layihə; чертёж, эскиз; конструкция; проект; расчёт<br>mechanical engineering - mexaniki mühəndislik; 1) машиностроение 2) механическая<br>инженерия<br>city planning - şəhər planlaşdırma; градостроительство, планировка города<br>create [kriː'eɪt] v. yaratmaq; создавать, творить<br>a sense of beauty - gözəllik hissi; чувства прекрасного<br>tremendous [trıʹmendəs] - nəhəng, iri, böyük; огромный, громадный, гигантский<br>scope [skəup] görüş sahəsi, görüş dairəsi; пределы, рамки, границы<br>proof [pruːf] sübut; доказательство; подтверждение<br>fitter ['fɪtə] çilingər; монтёр; слесарь; механик; установщик<br>obtain [əb'teɪn] v. əldə etmək; получать, доставать, приобретать<br>canal [kəʹnæl] kanal (süni); канал (искуственный)<br>channel [ʹtʃænl] kanal; канал</p><h3> Post reading activity:</h3><br> 1. Whom do the building profession attract nowadays?<br> 2. What must the person entering this honourable profession have?<br> 3. What do the engineers and builders do?<br> 4. Who welds the units to hold them in place?<br> 5. What do students of building universities study?<br> 6. What is the common aim of architects and engineers?<br> 7. What is being carried out in our country on a large scale?<p> Practice:</p><h3> I. Complete the gaps with the active vocabulary of the text:</h3><h3> 1. Can you read the technical… now?</h3><br> 2. The quality of water is protected by… by… .<br> 3. Prefab panels … at the factories nowadays.<br> 16<br> 4. Every specialist must receive a great deal of … connected with his profession.<br>5. The engineer must know… may safely carry.<br>6. Because of the industrialized building methods and modern technology the work of a<br> builder is longer… … .<br>7. The structures are usually built on … … .<h3>II. Put a question to the underlined words:</h3><br>1. The building profession attracts many young people nowadays.<br>2. Civil engineers and architects have a common aim.<br>3. A qualified building worker must be able to read a technical drawing now.<br>4. A sanitary engineer protects the quality of water by treating and purifying.<br>5. Builders use a great variety of materials nowadays.<br>6. Architects need some knowledge of sculpture, painting, design, mechanical engineering,<br> geography, city planning, etc.<br>7. The purified water is used for domestic purposes.<br>8. They delivered a lot of building materials to the construction site.<h3>III. Complete the sentences:</h3><br>1. An architect… .<br>2. A welder … .<br>3. A builder … .<br>4. An engineer … .<br>5. A sanitary engineer … .<br>6. A student … .<br>7. A teacher… .<h3>IV. Put the correct prepositions in the gaps:</h3><br>1. The building profession attracts many numbers … people nowadays.<br>2. The design created by the young architect gave everybody a sense … beauty.<br>3. One can see a great deal … materials … the construction site.<br>4. Civil engineers and architects must provide people … all modern conveniences.<br>5. The builders carry out housing construction … a large scale … our country.<br>6. A great variety … materials are nowadays used … builders.<br>7. The students … building universities study the existing materials.<h3>V. Match the words in pairs:</h3><br>1. Prefab, successful, tremendous, construction, building, technical, ferroconcrete, domestic,<br> housing, city, running, mechanical, modern;<br>2. Profession, engineering, construction, purposes, planning, panels, water, drawing, panel,<br> conveniences, fulfillment, scope, site.<p>VI. Match the definitions with the words from the text:<br>1. … means bringing or deserving honour.<br>2. … is the faculty of being able to make critical distinctions and achieve a balanced<br> viewpoint.<br>3. … designed for people to live in.<br>4. … relating to or characterized by industry.<br>5. … an installation where electrical power is generated for distribution.<br>6. … an artificial channel for conveying water.<br>7. … means to supply water to (land or crops) to help growth, typically by means of<br> channels.</p><p> 17<br> 8. … is manufacture sections of (a building or piece of furniture) to enable quick assembly<br> on site.<br>9. … means concrete reinforced with steel.<br>10. … is concrete reinforced with steel.<br>11. … is a system for warming a building by heating water or air in one place and<br> circulating it through pipes and radiators or vents.<br>12. … is the art of making two- or three-dimensional representative or abstract forms,<br> especially by carving stone or wood or by casting metal or plaster.</p><p> 18<br> Lesson 2.<br>Grammar: The Past Indefinite Active; The Past Indefinite Passive.<br>The infinitive without “to”+ ed/ II f./ (did); was/ were +Participle II<br> I. Change the following sentences into the Present Indefinite Passive.<br> 1. People began to use stone widely many centuries ago.<br> 2. Builders built this house last year.<br> 3. They required those tools for their building last month.<br> 4. The children cut trees in the forest two days ago.<br> 5. The workers made the box from the wood.<br> 6. The workers dried bricks in the sun.<br> 7. They dried bricks in the sun.</p><h3> II. Put the verbs in the correct form:</h3><br> 1. The engineer (to permit) the builders to finish their work earlier yesterday.<br> 2. They (to tie) the top of several trees to make a shelter for themselves.<br> 3. The children (to cover) the tent with the skin last week.<br> 4. Stone (to use) widely many centuries ago.<br> 5. Bricks (not to burn) in ancient times.<br> 6. Bricks (to harden) by being dried in the sun in early days.<br> 7. He (to begin) to work on this construction site in 2014.<br>Pre- reading activity:<br> 1. What kind of houses do you know?<br> 2. What do you know about the first human shelters and houses?<br> 3. What is a skyscraper?<br>Text: The Developmenr of the House<br> The first houses in different countries of the world were made of wood. At that time the<br>greater part of our planet was covered with thick forests. Even in those days men found ways of<br>using wood as a building material. In some places they tied together the tops of several trees and<br>covered them with the hides (skins) of animals. In other places they covered with leaves or grass.<br> The primitive people’s first houses were tents or hunts. Primitive building required no<br>tools. The invention of tools permitted the cutting of stones and timber. Stone was the most<br>convenient building material in countries where there was not much wood but plenty of stones.<br>People began to use stone widely to build their houses many countries ago. With the<br>development of stone cutting finer tools appeared.<br> The column has played an important part in the history of building. Most of the building<br>of old times was based upon the column and beam methods of construction.<br> About 4.000 years before our era the Egyptians possessed great constructional know-how<br>(ability). They built simple houses by present standards. They used brick which in their most<br>primitive form were not burned, but were hardened by being dried in the sun. Since the middle<br>ages, brickwork has been in constant use everywhere, in every sort of construction and in every<br>architectural style. They made flat roofs because there was very little rain in Egypt. Their<br>buildings were simple in construction but very beautiful. We still admire their monuments,<br>sphinxes and palaces.<br> Greek builders learned much from Egyptians builders. They built their houses with<br>slanting roofs, because the climate of these two countries differs greatly. Soon Greek builders<br>became second to none in column making. But they added the arch, this adding much strength<br>and beauty to their buildings.<br> The use of precast concrete, a very advanced construction technique, has many<br>advantages over other building materials. Precast building unit can be assembled at the site all<br>the year round in any weather. The use of precast concrete technique which is constantly being<br>improved in my country, plays a great role in our extensive building program<br>Active vocabulary:<br> 19<br> wood [wud] ağac; древесина; дерево (материал ); лесоматериал<br>to be covered [ʹkʌvəd] - örtülmək; быть (за)крытый, быть покрытый<br>thick forest- sıx meşə; густой лес<br>tie [tɑɪ] bağlamaq; связывать, привязывать<br>skin [skɪn] dəri; шкура; кожа<br>hide [haıd] ] dəri; шкура; кожа<br>the primitive people [ʹprımıtıv] - ibtidai insanlar; первобытные люди<br>tent [tent] çadır; палатка; шатёр<br>hut [hʌt] mağara; хижина, лачуга;<br>tool [tuːl] alət; инструмент<br>invention [ɪn'venʃn] ixtira; изобретение, создание<br>permit [pə'mɪt] icazə vermək; позволять, разрешать; давать разрешение<br>stone [stoun] daş; камень<br>timber ['tɪmbə] taxta-şalban; лесоматериал; пиломатериал; древесина<br>convenient [kən'viːnjənt] rahat; удобный, подходящий<br>building material - tikinti material; строительный материал<br>plenty of - çox; много/множество чего-либо, кого-либо<br>widely [ʹwaıdlı] - geniş; широко<br>century ['sentʃərɪ] əsr; столетие, век<br>stone cutting - daş kəsimi; камнерезка<br>finer [ʹfaınə] - iti; острый; более мелкие; более тонкий<br>to appear [ə'pɪə] meydana gəlmək; появляться, показываться<br>the column and beam method - sütun və tir metodu; колонно- болочный метод<br>to be based upon - əsaslandırılmaq; основываться<br>beam [biːm] tir; балка; брус; перекладина; коромысло; дышло; прогон<br>era [ʹı(ə)rə] - era; эра, эпоха<br>to possess [pə'zes] malik olmaq; обладать, владеть<br>know-how [ʹnəuhau] - bacarıq; умение<br>ability [ə'bɪlɪtɪ] bacarıq; умение<br>to burn [bəːn] yanmaq; обжигать<br>to harden ['hɑːdn] bərkimək, придавать твердость, прочность<br>to dry [drɑɪ] qurutmaq; сушить; высушивать<br>since the middle ages - orta əsrlərdən bəri; начиная со средних веков<br>since [sɪns] bəri; с тех пор<br>constant ['kɔnstənt] daimi; постоянный, непрерывный<br>style [staɪl] üsul; манера; стиль<br>flat roof - yasti dam; плоская крыша, кровля<br>slanting roof - mayilli dam; покатая крыша<br>to differ ['dɪfə] fərqlənmək; отличаться; различаться<br>to be second to none - tayı-bərabəri olmamaq; не иметь себе равных<br>arch [ɑːtʃ] tağ; арка; свод, аркада<br>precast - yığılmış; сборный<br>advanced [əd'vɑːnst] inkişaf etmiş, qabaqcıl; передовой, прогрессивный; развитой<br>construction technique - inşaat texnikası; строительная техника<br>to have advantage over smith - üstünlüyü olmaq; иметь преимущества над чем-л.<br>improve [ɪm'pruːv] yaxşılaşdırmaq; улучшать, совершенствовать<br>extensive [ɪks'tensɪv] geniş; обширный, пространный, большой<p> 20<br> Post reading activity:<br> 1. What were the first houses in different countries of the world made of?<br> 2. Why was wood chosen for making houses at that time?<br> 3. How was the first human shelters made?<br> 4. What were the primitive people’s first houses?<br> 5. What did the invention of tools permit?<br> 6. Where was stone the most convenient building material?<br> 7. Who did Greek builders learn much from?</p><p> Practice:<br> I. Complete the gaps with the active vocabulary of the text:</p><h3> 1. In the village they made their house…. .</h3><br> 2. The builders hardened bricks by being dried … .<br> 3. In old days Greek builders became second to none in… … .<br> 4. Greek builders added… to their buildings in order to give them much strength and<br> beauty.<br> 5. At the construction site … … can be assembled all the year round.<br> 6. In ancient times most of the building was based upon… … method of construction.<br> 7. As there was very little rain in Egypt they made … … .<br> 8. In order to add much strength and beauty to their buildings Greek builders added … .<h3> II. Put a question to the underlined words:</h3><h3> 1. In old days men used wood as a building material.</h3><br> 2. Because of the climate the Egyptians made flat roofs before our era.<br> 3. Greek builders learned much from Egyptian builders.<br> 4. People began to use stone widely in old times.<br> 5. They built their houses with slanting roofs.<br> 6. Primitive building didn’t require tools.<br> 7. The builders made slanting roofs in Egypt in ancient times.<br> 8. They built simple houses by present standards.<br>III. Complete the sentences:<br> 1. The invention of tools permitted … .<br> 2. With the development of stone cutting … .<br> 3. Greek builders learned much from … .<br> 4. Greek builders became second to none in… .<br> 5. In ancient times bricks were not burned but … .<br> 6. Because of very little rain in Egypt they made … .<br> 7. Because of very much rain in Greek they made … .<br>IV. Put the correct prepositions in the gaps:<br> 1. The first houses … the world were made … wood.<br> 2. Men covered the top … trees … the leaves or grass.<br> 3. … the development … stone cutting finer tools appeared.<br> 4. Bricks were hardened … being dried … the sun.<br> 5. The buildings … Egypt were simple … construction.<br> 6. The precast concrete technique is being improved … our country.<br> 7. Brickwork has been used … every sort … construction.<br> V. Match the words in pairs:<br> 1. Stone, thick, flat, roof, finer, constant, column, primitive, precast, architectural, building,<br> constructional.<br> 21<br> 2. Forest, program, tools, know- how, making, roof, use, form, cutting, style, concrete,<br> slanting.<br> VI. Match the definitions with the words from the text:<br>1. … is the hard fibrous material that forms the main substance of the trunk or branches of a<br> tree or shrub, used for fuel or timber.<br>2. … is a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular<br> function.<br>3. … is wood prepared for use in building and carpentry.<br>4. … is to cast (an object or material, typically concrete) in its final shape before<br> positioning.<br>5. … means to make or become hard or harder.<br>6. … is practical knowledge or skill; expertise.<br>7. … means positioned or directed in a sloping or oblique direction.<br>8. … is a small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun-dried clay, used in building.<br>9. … is occurring continuously over a period of time.<br>10. … is hard solid non-metallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a<br> building material.<p> 22<br> Lesson 3.<br>Grammar: Modal Verbs: Must, to Have to (to Have got to), Should, Need, Can, May<br> I. Use the correct modal verbs:<br> 1. Before building the house a surveyor … (to measure) the plot of the land last year.<br> 2. In order to lay the foundation the workmen … (to make) concrete.<br> 3. The architect … (to draw) the plan of the house on to the plan of the site.<br> 4. The bricklayer … (to stick) bricks together to make the walls stronger.<br> 5. After the plasterer got on to the scaffold, the workers …(to lift) up to him.<br> 6. You …(to cut) the wood to the right size at a joinery works.<br> 7. Because of sap in timber you … (to use) it immediately it is cut.</p><h3> II. Translate the following sentences into the Azerbaijani language:</h3><br> 1. Can you cut the wood to the right size?<br> 2. You needn’t use wooden pegs to mark out the shape of the house on the site.<br> 3. If you want to lay the foundation, you must cut trenches.<br> 4. If they want to make the walls stronger, the bricks must overlap each- other.<br> 5. The walls are plastered. The joiner has to fix the window- ledges.<br> 6. May I use ladder to carry mortar up?<br> 7. As the bricklayer can’t reach the high walls they have got to make a scaffold.<br> Pre- reading activity:<br> 1. Have you ever taken part in building a house?<br> 2. What materials can be used to build a house?<br> 3. Is it possible to build a house without a plan?<br>Text: How a Small Brick House is Built<br> Houses are more than just bricks and mortar. Before any bricks are laid a lot of thinking<br>and planning has to be done. The plot of land has to be chosen, and it is then decided what kind<br>of house is to be built. Quite a lot of people all work together to make the house.<br> A surveyor measures the plot of land or site and makes a plan of it. An architect draws<br>pictures of what the house will look like when it is built. He draws plans to show the size of the<br>house, the shape of the rooms and where all the fittings must go in the house.<br> The plan of the house is draws on to the plan of the site, ready for the builder. Copies of<br>the plan are made and are given to the builder. He gives a copy to the men in charge of the<br>different work that will have to be done. The builder then marks out the shape of the house on<br>the site. He does this with wooden pegs and tape. Everything is now ready for the workmen to<br>start. They dig away the top-soil and cut trenches about two or three meters deep along the tapes.<br>The workmen mix cement, sand, pebbles and water in a cement mixer to make concrete. They<br>use the concrete to fill in the bottoms of the trenches. This is called laying the foundations.<br> The spaces between the foundations walls are filled with concrete. This is sometimes<br>used as a base for the floor of the building.<br> The man who builds walls is called a bricklayer. The bricks are stuck together with<br>mortar. To make the walls stronger the bricks must overlap each other. This is called bonding.<br> When the walls are just above the ground a layer of waterproof felt or slate is laid. This is<br>called a damp-proof course and stops damp in the ground passing to the rest of the house. As the<br>bricklayer works he often looks at the plans. Then he will know where to build in the doors,<br>windows and ventilators.<br> A carpenter now begins to work. He is the man who does the rough woodwork of the<br>house. When the walls are at the level of the first floor he puts in the wooden floor joists. These<br>are strong wooden beams which will carry the upstairs floors and hold up the ceilings in the<br>downstairs rooms. Then the joiner fixes the window-ledges and when the walls are plastered he<br>fixes the doors and other woodwork.<br> Nearly all the woodwork in a house used to be done by carpenters and joiner on the<br>building site. This took quite a lot of time. Today most of the woodwork is made at a joinery<br> 23<br> works. At the joinery works, machines plane the wood smooth and cut it to the right size.<br>Machines also make the joints ready for the men to fit the pieces together.<br> Doors, window frames and even the stairs all come to the building site on lorries. They<br>are ready to be fixed in the houses.<br> When the walls of the house are too high for the bricklayer to reach, the first scaffold is<br>made. A scaffold is platform of planks for the workmen to stand on. This is usually held up by a<br>frame of steel tubes. Extra scaffolds are put up as the workmen need them. As soon as the men<br>get on to the scaffold all the things they need have to be lifted up to them. Men used to carry<br>bricks and mortar up ladders. Now there are many different ways of getting up to the scaffolds.<br>Some builders use elevators. These are like moving staircases. A man at the bottom puts the<br>materials on, and a man on the scaffold platform takes them off. On tall building the builder may<br>use a lift which can be moved to different places. All these things help the workmen to build<br>houses more quickly.<br> A lot of strong timber which we cannot see is used to make a roof. The highest beam is<br>called the ridge. The sloping beams are called rafters. When the roof is on, many different<br>workmen can come and finish off the house.<br> Plumbers work on all the water pipes of the house. They lay pipes to carry clean water<br>into the house from the water main. Plumbers also lay pipes to carry waste water away to the<br>sewers.<br> Glaziers put glass in the window frames to keep out the wind and the rain. When all the<br>wires and pipes are in place the house is ready for the plasterers. They are the men who make the<br>ceilings and walls nice and smooth. The joiners finish all the woodwork in the house and leave it<br>ready for the painters and the decorators.<br> Active vocabulary:<br>mortar ['mɔːtə] qatışıq, məhlul; строительный раствор; известковый раствор the plot of<br>the land - torpaq sahəsi; участок земли<br>surveyor [səː'veɪə] yer ölçən, землемер (land surveyor); топограф; геодезист<br>fitting ['fɪtɪŋ] santexnika; сборка, монтаж; соединительная часть;<br>site [saɪt] tikinti sahəsi; стройплощадка; территория строительства<br>tape [teɪp] lent, şərid; 1) рулетка; мерная лента 2) лента, тесьма<br>peg [peg] payacıq, milçə, mıxça; 1) кол, колышек 2) штифт; деревянный дюбель;<br>trench [trentʃ] xəndək; траншея; ров; канава<br>top soil - torpağın şuma yarayan səthi; верхний растительный слой, дёрн<br>pebble ['pebl] çaydaşı; голыш, галька, булыжник<br>overlap [ˌəuvə'læp] bir-birinin üstünü örtmək; прикрывать; заходить один на другой<br>bonding - hörgü; перевязка швов кирпичной кладки; присоединение;<br>layer ['leɪə] usta; кладчик, укладчик<br>waterproof ['wɔːtəpruːf] su keçirməyən; водонепроницаемый, непромокаемый<br>slate [sleɪt] şifer; шифер, шиферная плитка v. крыть шифером<br>damp course - rütubət keçirməyən təbəqə; слой гидроизоляции<br>carpenter ['kɑːpɪntə] dülgər; плотник; столяр<br>joist - şalban; брус, балка; стропило<br>beam [biːm] tir; брус; балка; бимс<br>ledge [ledʒ] çıxıntı, çıxıq; çərçivə; 1) выступ; полка; карниз; притолока; консоль 2) ригель,<br>обвязка (деревянного каркаса)<br>plaster ['plɑːstə] mala vermək; штукатурка (для внутренних работ ); замазка; шпаклёвка;<br>v. штукатурить<br>scaffold ['skæfəld] ayaqaltı; рабочая платформа (на высоте); строительные леса;<br>подмости; средства подмащивания<br>timber ['tɪmbə] taxta-şalban; лесоматериал; пиломатериал; древесина<br> 24<br> rafter ['rɑːftə] tir, çəp tir; стропило, стропильная нога<br>ridge [rɪdʒ] damda ən hündür şalban- baş tir; конёк; коньковый брус<br>sloping [ʹsləupıŋ] - əyri; наклонный, покатый; скошенный, косой<br>plumber ['plʌmə] çilingər; водопроводчик; сантехники; слесарь (-водопроводчик)<br>glazier [ʹgleızıə] şüşəsalan; стекольщик<br>sewer [ʹs(j)u:ə] - kanalizasiya; сточная труба, канализационная труба, коллектор<br>wire ['waɪə] elektrik naqili; проволока<br>pipe [pɑɪp] truba; труба; трубка; трубопровод<br>smooth [smuːð] hamar; гладкий, ровный<br>plasterer - suvaqçı; штукатур; plasterer's float — штукатурная тёрка plasterer's trowel —<br>штукатурная лопатка, кельма, мастерок<br>to plane [pleɪn] rəndələmək; строгать; скоблить; выравнивать<br>joiner ['dʒɔɪnə] xarrat; столяр; плотник (в строительстве)<br>to fix [fɪks] bərkitmək; укреплять; закреплять; прикреплять<br>bricklayer ['brɪkˌleɪə] bənna; каменщик по кладке кирпича<br>joinery works - emalatxana; столярные работы<br>joint [dʒɔɪnt] birləşmə; место соединения; соединение; стык<br>ladder ['lædə] nərdivan; лестница (приставная ); трап<br>lorry ['lɔrɪ] yük maşını; грузовик, грузовой автомобиль<br>water main - əsas su trubası; водопроводная магистраль; магистральный водопровод<br>elevator ['elɪveɪtə] evelator; 1) грузоподъёмник 2) подъёмник, лифт<br>bottom ['bɔtəm] dib; низ, нижняя часть; конец<br>to fill [fɪl] doldurmaq; (with) наполнять (чем-л. ); переполнять<br>to stick [stɪk] yapışdırmaq; наклеивать, приклеивать; втыкаться, вонзаться<br>plank [plæŋk] taxta, lövhə; толстая доска; обшивная доска; планка; брус<h3>Post- reading activity:</h3><br> 1. What must be chosen to build a house?<br> 2. Who measures the site and makes a plan of it?<br> 3. Where is the plan of the house drawn on?<br> 4. Whom does the builder give the copies of the plan?<br> 5. Why do the workmen dig away the top- soil?<br> 6. What do the workmen mix to make concrete?<br> 7. When is a layer of waterproof felt laid?<br> 8. What does the joiner do when the walls are plastered?<br> 9. What is a scaffold?<p> Practice:<br> I. Complete the gaps with the active vocabulary of the text:<br> 1. The place where a house is built is called … .<br> 2. The builder marks out the shape of the house on the site with … .<br> 3. To make concrete you must get … .<br> 4. If the bricks are stuck with the mortar and overlap each- other, we call it … .<br> 5. The rough woodwork of the house is done by … .<br> 6. Building materials are carried to the construction site by … .<br> 7. In modern construction bricks and mortar are carried up to workmen by … .<br> 8. The highest beam in the roof is called … .<br> 9. The sloping beams are called … .</p><p> 25<br> II. Put a question to the underlined words:<br>1. They cut tranches yesterday.<br>2. The bricklayer often looks at the plan.<br>3. At the joinery work machines plane the wood smoth.<br>4. Decorators decorate the house after it is plastered.<br>5. Scaffolds are made for the bricklayer to reach the high walls.<br>6. A carpenter does the rough woodwork of the house.<br>7. In modern buildings builders use elevators to carry up bricks.</p><h3>III. Complete the following sentences:</h3><br>1. A surveyor measures … .<br>2. An architect draws … .<br>3. A carpenter does … .<br>4. A joiner fixes … .<br>5. A bricklayer builds … .<br>6. A builder marks out … .<br>7. A workman mixes … .<br>8. A plumber lays … .<br>9. A glazier puts … .<br>10. A plasterer makes … .<h3>IV. Put the correct prepositions in the gaps:</h3><br>1. The builders must choose the plot … land.<br>2. He tries to show the size … the house … the plan.<br>3. The bricklayer sticks bricks … mortar.<br>4. A damp- proof course stops damp … the ground passing.. the rest ..the house.<br>5. The strong wooden beams hold up the ceiling … downstairs rooms.<br>6. The stairs will be brought … the building site … lorries.<br>7. A scaffold is usually held up … a frame … steel tube.<h3>V. Match the words in pairs:</h3><br>1. Wooden, construction, damp- proof, scaffold, the plot, floor, dig, rough, cement, top,<br> laying, water.<br>2. Site, away, soil, woodwork, mixer, of land, foundation, pipes, beams, a course, joists,<br> platform.<p> VI. Match the definitions with the words from the text:<br> 1. … is a long, thin, flat piece of timber, used especially in building and flooring.<br> 2. … is a long, sturdy piece of squared timber or metal used to support the roof or floor<br> of a building.<br> 3. … is a temporary metal or wooden framework that is used to support workmen and<br> materials during the erection, repair, etc., of a building or other construction.<br> 4. … is a beam made of timber, steel, or reinforced concrete, used in the construction of<br> floors, roofs, etc.<br> 5. … means to make smooth (wood or other material) with a plane.<br> 6. … is an area of ground on which a town, building, or monument is constructed.<br> 7. … is a mixture of lime with cement, sand, and water, used in building to bond bricks<br> or stone.<br> 8. … is a beam forming part of the internal framework of a roof.<br> 9. … is the line or edge formed where the two sloping sides of a roof meet at the top.<br> 10. … means to be impervious to water.<br> 11. … is an underground conduit for carrying off drainage water and waste matter.<br> 26<br> 12. … is a flat plate of slate used as roofing material.</p><p> 27<br> Lesson 4.<br>Grammar: The Present Indefinite Active; The Present Indefinite Passive.<br>The Infinitive without “to”, am/ is/ are+ Participle II<br> III p.s. -s (-es); (do, does)<br>1.Change the following sentences into the Present Indefinite Passive.<br>1. The builders usually raise a building on a foundation.<br>2. The bricklayer always use mortar to hold bricks together.<br>3. The architect carefully plans every detail of the house.<br>4. The workmen often make all sorts of mistake.<br>5. These builders always make walls of bricks.<br>6. The architect draws a separate plan for each individual floor.<br>7. The slater puts slates or tiles on the roof.<br>2. Put the verbs in the correct form:<br>1. The workers (to use) the blueprint in the construction of the building.<br>2. Generally the architect (to draw) plans for a building.<br>3. The architect (to show) all the parts of the house exactly.<br>4. The workman always (see) the places of the walls, the windows, the doors, the staircases from<br>the blueprint.<br>5. These complete concrete structural units (to be) factory-made and ( to assemble) on the spot.<br>6. The tiler usually ( to employ) for putting tiles on the roof.<br>7. The joiner (to lay) down the floor.</p><h3>Pre- reading activity:</h3><br> 1. What do you know about construction?<br> 2. What building professions do you know?<br> 3. What kind of weather is more suitable for construction?<h3>Text: The Construction of a Building</h3><br> A building is a construction which is raised on a foundation and generally made of stone,<br>concrete blocks, bricks and mortar or cement. Bricks and concrete blocks are held together by<br>mortar. Walls made of bricks and those built of concrete blocks are suitable both for small<br>buildings and multistory structures. Nowadays houses are often built of complete concrete<br>structural units which are factory-made and assembled on the spot.<br> Every detail of a house must be carefully planned. The working plan itself is called a<br>blueprint. Without a blueprint the workman would make all sorts of mistakes and waste a lot of<br>time.<br> Plans for building of a house are drawn by an architect. The architect draws a separate<br>plan for each individual floor. He shows all the parts of the house exactly as if the house were<br>already built.<br> It is from the blueprint of the architect that the workman sees where the places the walls,<br>the windows, the doors, the staircases, etc. The size of the rooms, the width of the doors and<br>windows, the height of the ceilings are also marked on the plan by the architect.<br> Different workmen are employed in building of a house. The stonemason builds the<br>foundation. The bricklayer builds the walls and other parts made of bricks. He lays the bricks<br>one on the top of another and puts mortar between them with a trowel. The slater or tiler is<br>employed for putting slates or tiles on the roof. The plumber fixes all the baths, water pipes and<br>the sanitary fittings of drains and lavatories in the places marked for them in the plan drawn by<br>the architect. The electrician runs electric wires and makes connections all through the house<br>from the cellars under ground to the attics under the roof. All the doors and window-frames are<br>made by the carpenter and put into their places by the joiner. The latter also lays down the floor.<br>Then the plasterer puts plaster or cement over all the walls and ceilings and makes them smooth.<br>The walls are then painted, papered or whitewashed as the case may be.<br> 28<br> Active vocabulary:<br>construction [kən'strʌkʃn] n tikinti; qurğu; 1) строительство; стройка; постройка; 2)<br>конструкция; сооружение; строение; здание<br>raise [reɪz] v qaldırmaq; поднимать; повышать<br>foundation [fɑun'deɪʃn] n əsas; bünövrə; fundament; искусственное основание; фундамент;<br>to lay the foundation of- əsasını qoymaq; заложить фундамент чего-либо<br>stone [stoun]n daş; камень<br>concrete block betok blok, beton plitə; бетонный блок, бетонная плита<br>brick [brɪk] n kərpic; кирпич; клинкер<br>mortar ['mɔːtə] əhəng məhlulu, строительный раствор; известковый раствор<br>suitable ['sjuːtəbl] adj uyğun, əlverişli; подходящий, соответствующий;<br>multistory ['mʌltɪˌstɔːrɪ] çox mərtəbəli; многоэтажный<br>structure ['strʌktʃə] 1) struktur, quruluş; qurğu 2) bina, tikili; структура<br>nowadays ['nɑuədeɪz] adv indiki zamanda, indi; настоящее (время)<br>complete [kəm'pliːt] tam, bütöv; полный<br>factory-made- zavodda hazırlanmış; заводского изготовления, промышленный<br>assemble [ə'sembl] v yığmaq, toplamaq; собирать, монтировать<br>on the spot- dərhal, yerində 1) немедленно, незамедлительно 2) на месте событий<br>detail ['diːteɪl] n. təfsilat, təfərrüat; деталь, подробность<br>blueprint ['bluːprɪnt] çertyojun kağız üzərində surəti, (детальный) план, проект;<br>waste time vaxt itirmək; тратить время зря; зря тратить время<br>architect ['ɑːkɪtekt] n arxitektor, memar; архитектор, зодчий<br>separate ['seprɪt] adj ayrı, ayrıca; отдельный; изолированный;<br>exactly [ɪg'zætlɪ] adv dəqiqliklə; точно<br>wall [wɔːl] n divar; стена; ограда<br>staircase ['stɛəkeɪs] pilləkan; лестница, лестничный марш<br>size [sɑɪz] n ölçü; размер(ы), величина; объём<br>width [wɪdθ] en, genişlik; ширина; толщина; расстояние<br>height [hɑɪt] n hündürlük; высота, вышина<br>stonemason ['stəunˌmeɪsn] bənna, daş ustası; каменщик<br>bricklayer ['brɪkˌleɪə] bənna, kərpic ustası; каменщик по кладке кирпича<br>lay [leɪ] (laid [leɪd]) qoymaq, yerinə qoymaq; класть, положить<br>trowel ['trauəl] kürəkcik (suvaq, palçıq üçün) кельма, лопатка, мастерок<br>slate [sleɪt] şifer; (асбо)шифер, натуральный шифер, волнистый асбоцемент 2)<br>(асбо)шиферная кровельная плитка<br>tile [taɪl] n. kaşı, kirəmit, sifal; черепица, кафель, изразец, плитка<br>slater ['sleɪtə] şifer düzən, кровельщик<br>tiler I ['taɪlə] kafel, kirəmid ustası, мастер по кладке черепицы<br>roof [ruːf] n dam; крыша, кровля<br>plumber ['plʌmə] 1) su kəməri işçisi 2) lehimçi, lehimləyici usta 1) водопроводчик 2)<br>паяльщик<br>fix [fɪks] v bərkitmək; укреплять; закреплять;<br>bath [bɑːθ] n vanna; ванна<br>pipe [pɑɪp] n boru; труба<br>sanitary fittings sanitar təchizatı; санитарное оборудование<br>fitting ['fɪtɪŋ] n. qurğu, cihaz, ləvazimat; установка, сборка, оборудование; монтаж<br>drain [dreɪn] kanalizasiya; водосток, труба; канализация<p> 29<br> lavatory ['lævətərɪ] ayaqyolu, tualet; уборная, туалет<br>electrician [ɪlek'trɪʃən] elektrik (peşə); электротехник, электрик; инженер-электрик 2.<br>электромонтёр<br>wire ['waɪə] n. sim, məftil, tel, naqil; 1) проволока 2) электрический провод;<br>connection [kə'nekʃn] n əlaqə; связь, соединение<br>cellar ['selə] anbar, zirzəmi; подвал<br>attic ['ætɪk] mansarda, çardaq; 1) чердак 2) мансарда;<br>lay down the floor döşəmə düzmək; монтировать пол; устанавливать пол;<br>plasterer ['plɑːstərə] malakeş, suvaqçı; штукатур<br>smooth [smuːð] a. hamar, düz; гладкий, ровный<br>paper ['peɪpə] divar kağızı yapışdırmaq; оклеивать обоями<br>whitewash ['waɪtwɔʃ] v. ağartmaq, ağ çəkmək; белить, делать побелку<br>as the case may be (as the case may (или might) be) şəraitdən asılı olaraq; в зависимости от<br>обстоятельств, смотря по обстоятельствам</p><h3> Post reading activity:</h3><br> 1. On what is the building raised?<br> 2. What is a building made of?<br> 3. What kind of walls are suitable for small buildings and multistory structures?<br> 4. Who draws plans for building houses?<br> 5. How does a bricklayer lay the bricks?<br> 6. Why is the blueprint important for workmen?<br> 7. Where does the plasterer put plaster or cement?<br> 8. What does the stonemason do?<br> Practice:<br> I. Complete the gaps with the active vocabulary of the text:<br> 1. A building is always raised on … .<br> 2. Bricks and concrete blocks are held together by … .<br> 3. The brick walls are built by … .<br> 4. The workman sees the places of the walls, the windows, the doors, the staircases from …<br> .<br> 5. The architect marks … of the doors, … of the ceiling on the plan.<br> 6. The electrician runs … all through the house.<br> 7. The foundation is built by … .<h3> II. Put a question to the underlined words:</h3><br> 1. Without a blueprint the workman would make all sorts of mistakes.<br> 2. Different workmen are employed in building a house.<br> 3. He lays the bricks one on the top of another.<br> 4. The architect draws a separate plan for each individual floor.<br> 5. The plumber fixes all the sanitary fittings of drains in the house, too.<br> 6. The tiler uses tiles to cover the roofs.<br> 7. The workmen made a lot of mortar to stick the bricks together.<h3> III. Complete the sentences:</h3><br> 1. The stonemason builds… .<br> 2. The plasterer puts … over all the walls.<br> 3. The carpenter makes … .<br> 4. The joiner makes .... .<br> 5. The slater puts … .<br> 6. The tiler puts … .<br> 30<br> 7. The bricklayer builds … .<h3> IV. Put the correct prepositions in the gaps:</h3><br>1. Walls built … concrete blocks are suitable both … small buildings and multistory<br> structures.<br>2. The height … the ceilings is also marked … the plan.<br>3. These workmen are employed … building … a house.<br>4. The bricklayer lays the bricks one … the top … another.<br>5. All the doors and window-frames are put into their places by the joiner.<br>6. … a blueprint the workman would make all sorts … mistakes.<br>7. The stonemason builds the stone walls … the foundation.<h3> V. Match the words in pairs:</h3><br>1. Water, concrete, separate, multistory, electric, sanitary, individual,<br>2. Blocks, structures, wires, pipes, a plan, floor, the fittings,<p> VI. Match the words in bold in the text with these definitions:<br>1. … is the lowest load-bearing part of a building, typically below ground level.<br>2. … is a design plan or other technical drawing.<br>3. …. means forming or viewed as a unit apart or by itself.<br>4. … is a person who cuts, prepares, and builds with stone.<br>5. … a person whose job is to build walls, houses, and other structures with bricks.<br>6. … a mixture of lime with cement, sand, and water, used in building to bond bricks or<br> stones.<br>7. … means to fit together the separate component parts of.</p><p> 31<br> Lesson 5.<br>Grammar: The Degrees of Comparison of the Adjectives<br>The Comparative Degree: -er; more, less<br>The Superlative Degree: -est; most, least<br> I. Use the adjectives in brackets in the correct degree:<br> 1. Timber is (light) than steel.<br> 2. Steel is (expensive) than timber.<br> 3. Timber is (cheap) than steel.<br> 4. Stone is the (hard) building material of all.<br> 5. Stone is the (durable) building material we have ever heard.<br> 6. Hardwoods are (strong) than softwoods.<br> 7. The mechanical properties of timber are (good).</p><h3> II. Compare the following nouns:</h3><br> 1. Timber, steel (durable).<br> 2. Timber, cement (ancient).<br> 3. Steel, timber (expensive).<br> 4. Stone, timber (hard).<br> 5. Timber (ancient) structural material.<br> 6. Stone, timber (light).<br> 7. Stone, cement (cheap).<br>Pre- reading activity:<br> 1. Do you know the meaning of the word “timber”?<br> 2. Where can you get timber?<br> 3. What is the difference between timber and stone?<br>Text: Timber<br>Timber is the most ancient structural material. In comparison with steel timber is lighter,<br>cheaper, easier to work and its mechanical properties are good. On the other hand, timber has<br>certain disadvantages. First, it burns and is therefore unsuitable for fireproof buildings. Second,<br>it decays.<br>At present an enormous amount of timber is employed for a vast number of purposes. In<br>building timber is used too.<br> Timber is a name applied to the cut material derived from trees. Timber used for building<br>purposes is divided into two groups: softwoods and hardwoods. Hardwoods are chiefly used for<br>decorative purposes, as for panelling, veneering in furniture and some of them are selected for<br>structural use because of their high strength and durability. In modern construction timber is<br>often used for window and door frames, flooring, fences and gates, wallplates, for temporary<br>buildings and unpainted internal woodwork.<br> Timber cannot be used for either carpenters’ or joiners’ work immediately it has been<br>felled because of the large amount of sap which it contains. Most of this moisture must be<br>removed, otherwise the timber will shrink excessively, causing defects in the work and a<br>tendency to decay. Elimination of moisture increases the strength, durability and resilience of<br>timber.<p>Active vocabulary:<br>Timber ['tɪmbə] 1) ağac materialı; tikinti ağacı 2) tir; лесоматериал; пиломатериал; древесина<br>steel [stiːl] n. polad; сталь<br>mechanical [mɪ'kænɪkəl] mexaniki; машинный; механический<br>property ['prɔpətɪ] xüsusiyyət, xassə; свойство, качество;<br>disadvantage [ˌdɪsəd'vɑːntɪdʒ] çatışmamazlıq; недостаток<br>burn [bəːn] v (burnt; burnt) yandırmaq, yanmaq; жечь, сжигать<br> 32<br> therefore ['ðɛəfɔː] ona görə də, buna görə də, nəticə e'tibarı ilə; bu səbəbdən; по этой<br>причине; вследствие этого; поэтому, следовательно<br>unsuitable [ʌn's(j)uːtəbl] qeyri- münasib неподобающий, неподходящий<br>fireproof ['faɪəpruːf] odadavamlı; огнеупорный, жаропрочный, огнестойкий; несгораемый<br>decay [dɪ'keɪ] v çürümək, dağılmaq; гнить, разлагаться; портиться<br>enormous [ɪ'nɔːməs] böyük, iri, nəhəng; громадный, огромный, грандиозный<br>amount [ə'mɑunt] n miqdar; nəticə; количество; величина; a large ~ of çoxlu; большое,<br>значительное количество чего-л.<br>employ [ɪm'plɔɪ] tətbiq etmək, işlətmək, istifadə etmək (in, on, for); предоставлять работу;<br>нанимать;<br>apply [æ'plɑɪ] v tətbiq etmək; müraciət etmək; использовать, применять, употреблять<br>derive [dɪ'raɪv] 1) almaq, götürmək (ibrət dərsi və s.) 2) törəmək, törənmək; получать,<br>извлекать<br>softwood ['sɔftwud] yungül ağac мягкая древесина<br>hardwood ['hɑːdwud] möhkəm ağac; твёрдая древесина<br>chiefly ['tʃiːflɪ] başlıca olaraq; главным образом, особенно;<br>purpose ['pəːpəs] n məqsəd; цель, намерение; замысел<br>panelling ['pæn(ə)lɪŋ] panel üzləmə; панельная обшивка<br>veneering [vıʹnı(ə)rıŋ] fanerləmə; 1. обшивка, облицовка фанерой; фанеровка<br>durability [ˌdjuərə'bɪlətɪ] davamlılıq, продолжительность, длительность<br> frame [freɪm] çərçivə; каркас, остов, костяк; скелет сооружения<br>wallplate [ʹwɔ:lpleıt] divar tiri, мауэрлат, стенная балка<br>temporary ['tempərərɪ] adj müvəqqəti, keçici; временный<br>internal [ɪn'təːnl] adj daxili; внутренний<br>woodwork ['wudwəːk] n taxta mə'mulatı; деревянные части строения (двери, оконные рамы<br>и т. п.)<br>carpenter ['kɑːpɪntə] dülgər, xarrat; плотник; столяр<br>joiner ['dʒɔɪnə] dülgər; столяр; плотник (в строительстве)<br>immediately [ɪ'miːdjətlɪ] adv dərhal; durmadan; o dəqiqə; незамедлительно, немедленно,<br>тотчас<br>fell [fel] baltalamaq, yıxmaq, doğramaq (ağacı); рубить, валить (лес)<br>sap [sæp] n. şirə (bitkinin); сок (растений ); живица<br>contain [kən'teɪn] v ibarət olmaq; saxlamaq; содержать<br>moisture ['mɔɪstʃə] rütubət, nəmlik; влажность, сырость; влага<br>otherwise ['ʌðəwaɪz] əks təqdirdə əks halda; иначе, иным способом, иным образом; по-<br>другому<br>shrink [ʃrɪŋk] v (shrank; shrunk) yığışmaq, büzüşmək, qısalmaq; сжиматься, съёживаться<br>excessive [ɪk'sesɪv] hədsiz, həddən artıq; чрезмерный; излишний; избыточный<br>cause [kɔːz] səbəb olmaq, bais olmaq; быть причиной, служить поводом; вызывать;<br>причинять<br>defect [dɪ'fekt] qüsur, çatışmazlıq, nöqsan; дефект, недостаток; порок, изъян; неисправность;<br>несовершенство<br>tendency ['tendənsɪ] meyl; стремление; склонность<br>elimination [ɪˌlɪmɪ'neɪʃən] çıxarış, kənar etmə; удаление; исключение; выбрасывание<br>increase ['ɪnkriːs] 1. n artım 2. [ɪn'kriːs] v artmaq, artırmaq; увеличение, возрастание,<br>рост, умножение</p><p> 33<br> resilience [rɪ'zɪlɪəns], [rɪ'zɪlɪənsɪ] elastiklik, möhkəmlik, qüvvətlilik; упругость;<br>эластичность</p><h3>Post –reading activity:</h3><br> 1. What advantages and disadvantages has timber?<br> 2. What groups is timber divided into?<br> 3. What are hardwoods chiefly used for?<br> 4. What is timber used for in modern construction?<br> 5. How is timber used by carpenters or joiners?<br> 6. Why can’t carpenters use timber immediately it has been felled?<br> 7. What increases the strength, durability and resilience of timber?<p> Practice:<br> I. Complete the gaps with the active vocabulary of the text:<br> 1. … is lighter than … .<br> 2. The mechanical … of timber are good.<br> 3. Timber has a few … .<br> 4. Timber is unsuitable for … buildings.<br> 5. Timber is not durable, it … .<br> 6. Timber is a name … to the cut material … from trees.<br> 7. Hardwoods are used for … … .<br> 8. Joiners can’t use timber immediately it has been … .<br> 9. Trees contain a large amount of … .<br> 10. If the … in timber isn’t removed, it will … .</p><h3> II. Put a question to the underlined words:</h3><br> 1. Timber is the most ancient structural material.<br> 2. Its mechanical properties are good.<br> 3. Timber burns and decays easily.<br> 4. An enormous amount of timber is employed for a vast number of purposes.<br> 5. Timber used for building purposes is divided into two groups.<br> 6. Hardwoods are used for decorative purposes.<br> 7. Elimination of moisture increases the strength, resilience of timber.<h3> III. Complete the sentences:</h3><br> 1. Builders use timber for … .<br> 2. Carpenters and joiners use hardwoods for… .<br> 3. Hardwoods are selected for… .<br> 4. After … … , timber becomes strong, durable and resilient.<br> 5. Timber is unsuitable for … buildings.<br> 6. As timber burns and decays it has certain … .<br> 7. In modern construction for doors and flooring … is used.<h3> IV. Put the correct prepositions in the gaps:</h3><br> 1. Steel is heavier, more expensive and harder to work … comparison … timber.<br> 2. As timber burns it is unsuitable … fireproof buildings.<br> 3. Nowadays … vast number … purposes timber is used.<br> 4. The cut material derived … trees is called timber.<br> 5. Generally builders divide timber … two groups.<br> 6. … modern construction timber is used … carpenters and joiners … a number …<br> purposes.<br> 7. Most … the moisture … timer must be removed.<br> 34<br> V. Match the words in pairs:<br>1. Certain, decorative, enormous, structural, temporary, modern, door, cut.<br>2. Material, construction, disadvantage, frame, material, purpose, amount, building.<p> VI. Give the synonyms of the following words and word combinations:<br> To fell, to select, to build, purpose, strength, elimination, building, hard, certain, ancient,<br> structural materials, a vast number of, a large amount of, an enormous amount of.</p><p> VII. Match the words in bold in the text with these definitions:</p><p>1. … is the wood from a conifer (such as pine, fir, or spruce) as distinguished from that of<br> broadleaved trees.<br>2. … is the wooden parts of a room or building, such as window frames or doors.<br>3. … means being able to withstand fire or great heat.<br>4. … means to obtain something from (a specified source).<br>5. … means to cut down (a tree).<br>6. … means to become or make smaller in size or amount.<br>7. … is very large in size, quantity, or extent.<br>8. … means to rot or decompose through the action of bacteria and fungi.<br>9. … is is a factor which makes someone or something less useful, acceptable, or<br> successful than other people or things; an unfavorable circumstance or condition that<br> reduces the chances of success or effectiveness.<br>10. … is the fluid which circulates in the vascular system of a plant, consisting chiefly of<br> water with dissolved sugars and mineral salts.</p><p> 35<br> Lesson 6.<br>Grammar: The Defining Pronouns: all, every (everybody, everyone, everything), each,<br>either, both;<br>The Indefinite Pronouns: some (somebody, someone, something), any (anybody, anyone,<br>anything);<br>The Negative Pronouns: no (nobody, no one, nothing), neither, none;<br> I. Put the correct pronouns into the gaps:<br>Somebody, no, both, none, either, every, all, each, some, everybody.<br> 1. The plasterers covered … buildings with stucco.<br> 2. There is … in the building.<br> 3. … of them are engineers, … of them are not architects.<br> 4. There is … wood to plane on the construction site.<br> 5. … knows that fireproof construction includes all buildings constructed of incombustible<br> material.<br> 6. … building has floors and partitions of wood.<br> 7. … of them knows how to put tiles on the roof.<br> 8. … of the builders continue their education at the universities.<br> 9. These buildings are repaired … five year.</p><h3> II. Choose the correct pronoun:</h3><br> 1. … of the plasterers puts plaster on the wall quickly (all, each).<br> 2. … the workmen on this construction site have the copies of the plan (all, every).<br> 3. … can prevent us from making our country flourishing and prosperous (nobody,<br> anybody).<br> 4. … of the joiners has used these shingles (neither, all).<br> 5. The builders sheathed … exterior walls of this house with wood shingles or siding<br> (some, any).<br> 6. You can choose … type of construction you like (some, any).<br> 7. I don’t think there is … concrete slab on the construction site (some, any).<br> 8. The builders have … cement … more (no, neither; no, any).<br>Pre- reading activity:<br> 1. What kind of buildings do you know?<br> 2. What do the buildings differ for?<br> 3. What type of building do you prefer?<br>Text: Types of Buildings<br> A building is a man-made structure with a roof and walls standing more or less<br>permanently in one place. The majority of building codes divide buildings into classes based<br>upon the manner of their construction, use or occupancy.<br> The following division into classes applies to the manner of construction:<br> 1. Frame construction<br> 2. Non-fireproof constructions:<br> (a) Ordinary construction<br> (b) Slow-burning construction<br> 3. Fireproof construction.<br> Frame construction is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure support and shape.<br>Frame construction embraces all buildings with exterior walls of wooden framework sheathed<br>with wood shingles or siding; veneered with brick, stone, or terra cotta; or covered with stucco or<br>sheet metal. Such buildings naturally have floors and partitions of wood and are considered as<br>comprising the most inflammable type of construction. Framing materials are usually wood,<br>engineered wood, or structural steel. Building framing is divided into two broad categories:<br>heavy-frame construction (heavy framing) and light-frame construction (light framing). In<br>heavy-frame construction (heavy framing) the vertical supports are few and heavy such as in<br> 36<br> timber framing, pole building framing or steel framing. Many and smaller called light-frame<br>construction (light framing). It includes balloon, platform and light-steel framing. Light-frame<br>construction using standardized dimensional lumber has become the dominant construction<br>method in North America and Australia because of its economy. Use of minimal structural<br>material allows builders to enclose a large area with minimal cost, while achieving a wide<br>variety of architectural styles.<br> Non-fireproof construction includes all buildings with exterior walls of masonry but with<br>wood floor construction and partitions. Designed as far as possible to be fire resistant. So the<br>heavy beams and girders of large dimension provide far less inflammable than the slender joists<br>of ordinary construction.<br> Fireproof construction includes all buildings constructed of incombustible material<br>throughout, with floors of iron, steel or reinforced concrete beams, filled in between with terra<br>cotta or other masonry arches or with concrete slabs. Wood may be used only for under and<br>upper floors, window and door frames, sash, doors, and interior finish. In building of great height<br>the flooring must be of incombustible material and the sash, doors, frames and interior finish of<br>metal. Wire glass is used in the windows. So all structural and reinforced steel must be<br>surrounded with fireproof material, such as hollow terra cotta and gypsum tile to protect the steel<br>from the weakening effect of great heat. Every single interior and exterior walls, as well as the<br>floors, ceilings, interior walls, closets, hallways, everything is cement.<br> Active vocabulary:<br> apply [æ'plɑɪ] v aid olmaq; tətbiq etmək;<br> permanently [ʹpə:mənəntlı] daima, həmişə, fasiləsiz, постоянно, непрерывно<br> building code [ʹbıldıŋkəud] tikinti norması və qaydası, строительные нормы и правила<br> manner ['mænə] tərz, üsul, qayda метод, способ; образ действий<br> use [juːs] n işlənmə, tətbiq; fayda употребление, использование, применение<br> occupancy [ʹɔkjupənsı] məskunluq, əhali sıxlığı, занятость, заселённость<br> division [dɪ'vɪʒn] n bölgü деление; разделение<br> frame [freɪm] n. karkas, skelet, gövdə, əsas каркас, остов, костяк; скелет сооружения<br> non-fireproof construction odadavamsız bina, неогнестойкое здание<br> ordinary construction oda az davamlı konstruksiya, bina (kərpic divarlı, taxta örtük və çatılı)<br>полусгораемое здание (с кирпичными стенами, деревянными перекрытиями и<br>стропилами)<br> slow-burning construction oda az davamlı bina, полуогнестойкое строение<br> fireproof ['faɪəpruːf] odadavamlı огнеупорный; огнестойкий<br> fitting ['fɪtɪŋ] yığma, montaj сборка, монтаж<br> support [sə'pɔːt] n dayaq, müdafiə опора<br> embrace [ɪm'breɪs] v. daxil etmək, əhatə etmək охватывать; включать;<br> frame construction karkas konstruksiya, рамная конструкция, каркасная конструкция<br> exterior [eks'tɪərɪə] a. zahiri, xarici, внешность, наружность; наружный вид<br> framework ['freɪmwəːk] konstruksiya, quruluş каркас; рама; корпус; рамная<br>конструкция<br> sheathe [ʃiːð] üzləmək обшивать; заключать в кожух<br> shingle ['ʃɪŋgl] 1. köhn. çiləkən (nazik ensiz taxtalar) 2.çınqıl; xırda çay daşı 1) галька;<br>булыжник 2) гонт; тонкая доска 3) плоская черепица, плоская кровельная черепица<br> siding [ʹsaıdıŋ] üz vurma, üz çəkmə; чистая обшивка; подшивка досками<br> veneer [vɪ'nɪə] faner, fanerlə üz çəkmək однослойная фанера 1. обшивать фанерой;<br>фанеровать 2. Облицовывать<br> terra cotta [ˈterə ˈkätə] şirəsiz keramika məmulatı, терракота, керамика 2. скульптура из<br>терракоты<p> 37<br> stucco ['stʌkəu], [ouz] n. malalama, suvaqlama, suvaq çəkmə 1. штукатурка (для наружных<br>работ) 2. штукатурная или лепная работа 3. cтукко, наружная штукатурка<br> sheet [ʃiːt] list, metal listi лист; листовой металл<br> partition [pɑː'tɪʃən] n. arakəsmə, aralıq перегородка; внутренняя стена,<br> comprise [kəm'praɪz] bürümək, çulğamaq включать, составлять; охватывать;<br> inflammable [ınʹflæməb(ə)l] tez alışan, легко воспламеняющийся; горючий<br> framing [ʹfreımıŋ] bina edilmə; tikmə, tikilmə; 2ş quruluş 1. сооружение,<br>конструирование 2. cтруктура<br> engineer [ˌendʒɪ'nɪə] v. 1) qurmaq, quraşdırmaq 2) dan. təşkil etmək, düzəltmək создавать,<br>сооружать; проектировать<br> engineered işlənmiş, hazırlanmış, işlənib hazırlanmış; сконструированный;<br>разработанный; спроектированный<br> pole [pəul] şüvül, uzun ağac, dirək; столб; шест, жердь; кол; веха; рейка<br> balloon [bəʹlu:n] архит. шар на вершине колонны; круг с комментарием (на чертеже,<br>выведенном на экран дисплея)<br> dimensional [d(a)ıʹmenʃ(ə)nəl] məkan -i[-ı]; məkani; размерный, пространственный<br> lumber ['lʌmbə] n. uca və düz, tikintiyə yararlı ağac; пиломатериал; строительный лес 2)<br>заготовлять лесоматериал; деревянный каркас<br> enclose [ɪn'kləuz] örtmək, hasarlamaq (torpaq sahəsini)<br> masonry ['meɪsnrɪ] daş hörgü каменная или кирпичная кладка<br> designate ['dezɪgneɪt] tə'yin etmək, qeyd etmək, göstərmək определять, устанавливать;<br>указывать<br> fire resistant odadavamlı жароупорный, несгораемый, огнестойкий, огнеупорный<br> heavy ['hevɪ] adj ağır тяжёлый, тяжеловесный<br> beam [biːm] tir, ağac<br> girder ['gəːdə] tex. tir, ferma, çatı (tikinti işlərində)<br> dimension [dɪ'menʃən]1) ölçmə 2) pl. ölçülər, vahidlər размеры, величина; объём<br> far less xeyli kiçik, гораздо меньше<br> flooring [ʹflɔ:rıŋ] döşəmə; 1) настил, пол 2) настилка полов; покрытие пола; настил<br>пола; настилочный материал; укладка настила; флоринги (половые строганые доски)<br> incombustible [ˌɪnkəm'bʌstəbl] yanmayan, odadavamlı несгораемый; негорючий<br> reinforced concrete [͵ri:ınfɔ:stʹkɔŋkri:t] dəmirbeton железобетон<br> fill in а) tamamlamaq, artırmaq б) doldurmaq заполнять<br> arch [ɑːtʃ] n. tac, alaqapı 1) арка; свод, аркада<br> slab [slæb] şalban yanı (tirin yanından uzununa kəsilmiş bir tərəfi dəyirmi taxta); sal, lövhə;<br>plastina горбыль, сляб; плоская заготовка<br> sash [sæʃ] pəncərə çərçivəsi . оконный переплёт; оконная рама<br> closet ['klɔzɪt] 1) divar şkafı 2) tualet otağı стенной шкаф; уборная<br> wire glass [ʹwaıəglɑ:s] məftilli şüşə; армированное стекло; проволочное стекло, стекло с<br>проволочной сеткой, стекло с заплавленной проволочной сеткой<br> hollow ['hɔlou] n dəlik, deşik, oyuq; çuxur, yarğan 1. пустота, полость 2. углубление,<br>впадина; выемка; яма; рытвина<br> hallway [ʹhɔ:lweı] amer. dəhliz, karidor 1) коридор 2) прихожая, передняя, проход<br>внутри здания; вестибюль</p><h3>Post- reading activity:</h3><br> 1. What is a building?<br> 2. What divides buildings into classes based upon the manner of their construction, use or<br> occupancy?<br> 38<br> 3. What kind of construction do you know?<br> 4. What is frame construction?<br> 5. What is heavy-frame construction?<br> 6. What is light-frame construction?<br> 7. What does non- fireproof construction include?<br> 8. What can you say about fireproof construction?<br> 9. Where is wood used?<br> 10. Where is wire- glass used?<br>Practice:<br> I. Complete the following text using the active vocabulary of the text:<br> 1. … is a man-made structure with a roof and walls.<br> 2. Buildings stand more or less … in one place.<br> 3. … … embraces all buildings with exterior walls of wooden framework sheathed with<br>wood shingles or siding.<br> 4. Buildings belonging to frame construction naturally have floors and … of … .<br> 5. Buildings with frame construction are considered as … the most … type of<br>construction.<br> 6. Framing materials are usually …, … …, or structural … .<br> 7. In … … construction the vertical supports are few and heavy.<br> 8. Light-frame construction includes balloon, platform and … … … .<br> 9. Non-fireproof construction includes all buildings with … walls of … but with wood floor<br>construction and partitions.<br> 10. Fireproof construction includes all buildings constructed of … material.<h3> II. Put a question to the underlined words:</h3><br> 1. A building is a man-made structure.<br> 2. A building is a man-made structure with a roof and walls.<br> 3. The majority of building codes divide buildings into classes.<br> 4. Building framing is divided into two broad categories.<br> 5. Light-frame construction has become the dominant construction method in North<br> America and Australia because of its economy.<br> 6. Non-fireproof construction includes all buildings with exterior walls of masonry.<br> 7. Wood may be used only for under and upper floors.<br> 8. In building of great height the flooring must be of incombustible material.<br> 9. Wire glass is used in the windows when fireproof construction is built.<h3> III. Complete the sentences:</h3><br> 1. A building is … .<br> 2. Frame construction is … .<br> 3. Heavy-frame construction is … .<br> 4. Light-frame construction is … .<br> 5. Non-fireproof construction includes … .<br> 6. Slow-burning construction designates … .<br> 7. Fireproof construction includes … .<h3> IV. Put the correct prepositions in the gaps:</h3><br> 1. The most … building codes divide buildings … classes based … the manner … their<br> construction.<br> 2. This division … classes applies … the manner … construction.<br> 3. Use … minimal structural material allows builders to enclose a large area … minimal<br> cost.<p> 39<br> 4. The heavy beams and girders … large dimension provide far less inflammable than the<br> slender joists … ordinary construction.<br> 5. … the buildings … fireproof construction wire glass is used … the windows.<br> 6. All structural and reinforced steel must be surrounded … hollow terra cotta and gypsum<br> tile.<br> 7. … building … great height the flooring must be … incombustible material.<br> 8. Use … minimal structural material permits builders to achieve a wide variety …<br> architectural styles.</p><p> V. Say whether the following statements are true or false. If they are false, explain why:<br> 1. A building is a natural structure.<br> 2. Frame construction embraces all buildings with exterior walls of reinforced concrete.<br> 3. Buildings of frame construction naturally have floors and partitions of concrete.<br> 4. Framing materials are usually wood, engineered wood, or structural steel.<br> 5. In heavy-frame construction the vertical supports are many and light.<br> 6. Light-frame construction includes timber framing, pole building framing or steel framing.<br> 7. Heavy-frame construction includes balloon, platform and light-steel framing.<br> 8. Slow-burning construction designates heavy timber framing.<br> 9. Fireproof construction includes all buildings constructed of inflammable material<br> throughout.<br> 10. Every single interior and exterior walls in fireproof construction is cement.</p><p> VI. Give the antonyms of the following words and word combinations:<br>To include, to allow, to weaken, to enclose, light-frame construction, fireproof construction,<br>interior, heavy, inflammable, incombustible, minimal, permanently.</p><p> 40<br> Lesson 7.<br>Grammar: The Noun. The Plurality of the Nouns.<br>(-s; -es)</p><h3> I. Complete the following sentences:</h3><br> 1. The building materials … brought to the construction site yesterday.<br> 2. The news … not interesting.<br> 3. The means … chosen by the builder lately.<br> 4. Plastics … used by everybody nowadays.<br> 5. Economics … a very interesting and important science.<br> 6. Deer …often seen in this forest.<br> 7. Traffic … dangerous in this street.<br> 8. Mathematics … considered the most useful subject at the secondary school.<h3> II. Choose the correct noun:</h3><br> 1. Nizami Ganjavi’s (works/ jobs) are taught at school.<br> 2. These (views/ scenaries) are approved by the architects.<br> 3. Her (suggestions/ advices) have been accepted by everybody.<br> 4. The (journeys/ travels) made by us last year were very exciting and interesting.<br> 5. My shirt is not tidy. Give me (an iron/ iron), please.<br> 6. The glass cutter needed (glass/ a glass) to repair the broken window.<br> 7. The (wood/ woods) they bought to make their windows is not good.<br> 8. Everybody liked her (work/ works). She is a talented writer.<br>Pre- reading activity:<br> 1. What kind of building materials do you know?<br> 2. What is the difference between building materials?<br> 3. May be the materials natural or artificial?<br>Text: The Properties of the Building Materials<br> Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several requirements. In most<br>cases it is important that they should be hard, durable, fire-resistant and easily fastened together.<br> The most commonly used materials are steel, concrete, stone, timber or wood and brick.<br>They differ in hardness, durability and fire-resistance.<br> Wood is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap and easy to work. Timber<br>is provided by different kinds of trees. Timber is at present not so much used in building<br>construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides<br>a number of valuable materials.<br> However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For the<br>interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of purposes. But wood has certain<br>disadvantages: it burns and decays.<br> Thatch is one of the oldest of building materials. Grass is a good insulator and easily<br>harvested. Many African tribes have lived in homes made completely of grasses and sand year-<br>round. In Europe, thatch roofs on homes were once prevalent but the material fell out of favor as<br>industrialization. But thatch has certain disadvantages as wood: it also burns and decays.<br> Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by man. It is characteristic of<br>many properties. They are mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat insulation<br>and fire-resistance. Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and<br>sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone<br>are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public building.<br> Natural stone is used for foundations and for the construction of dams. The main<br>varieties of building stone are basalt, granite, marble, sandstone and limestone.<br> A brick is best described as a “building unit”. Bricks were known many thousands of<br>years ago. They are the examples of artificial building materials. It may be made of clay by<br> 41<br> moulding and baking in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other<br>materials. In shape it is a rectangular solid and its weight is from 6,5 to 9 lb.<br> There exists variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous,<br>lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with<br>the help of mortar.<br> The shape and convenient size of brick enables a man to grip it with an easy confidence<br>and, because of this, brick building has been popular for many hundreds of years. The hand of<br>average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an<br>eight-hour working day.<br> It is necessary, therefore, for the “would be” bricklayer to practice handling a brick until<br>he can control it with complete mastery and until he is able to place it into any desired position.<br> The brick may be securely handled by placing the hand over the surface of the upper part<br>of a brick and by placing the thumb centrally down the face of the brick with the first joints of<br>the fingers* on the opposite face. It is better to protect the thumb and the fingers with leather<br>pads, which also prevent the skin from rough bricks.<br> Concrete is perhaps the most widely spread building material used nowadays. Concrete is<br>an artificial stone and it is a mixture of such natural ingredients or aggregates as cement, sand<br>and gravel or crushed stone together with sufficient water. Concrete has many valuable<br>properties. It sets under water, can be poured into moulds so as to get almost any desirable form,<br>and together with steel in reinforced concrete it has very high strength, and also resists fire.<br>Prestressed concrete is most widely used at present while prefabricated blocks are employed on<br>vast scale for skeleton structures.<br> Metals: Aluminium, principally in the form of various alloys, is highly valued for its<br>durability and especially for its light weight, while brass is frequently used for decorative<br>purposes in facing.<br> Steel has come into general use with the development of industry. Its manufacture<br>requires special equipment and skilled labour. Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing,<br>for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction.<br> Plastics are artificial materials used in construction work for a vast number of purposes.<br>Nowadays plastics can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of<br>foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics.<br>Plastics have some good advantages. they are lighter than metals, not subject to corrosion, and<br>they can be easier machined. Besides, they are inflammable, they can take any colour and<br>pattern. Plastics combine all the fine characteristics of a building material with good insulating<br>properties. So they are good electrical insulators. Moreover, they possess a high resistance to<br>chemical action.<br> A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior<br>and exterior design. It is no wonder that the architects and engineers have turned to them to add<br>beauty to modern homes and offices. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These<br>materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support. They can be worked<br>with ordinary builders’ tools.<br> Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or textile<br>impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat.<br>Laminate has been developed for both inside and outside use. It resists severe weather conditions<br>for more than ten years without serious deformation. As a structural material it is recommended<br>for exterior work. Being used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface.<br> Foamed glass is a high-porosity heat insulating material, available in block made of fine-<br>ground glass and a frothing agent.<br> Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to insure hest insulation of<br>exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction.<p> 42<br> Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapour and<br>gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound<br>adsorption, and it is easily sewn and nailed.<br> Structural foamed glass blocks designed to fill ceilings, and for making interior partitions<br>in buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation.<br> For insulation mineral wool or cinder wool is often resorted too.<br> All building materials are divided into three main groups: 1) Main building materials<br>such as rock and artificial stones, timber and metals. 2) Binding materials such as lime, gypsum<br>and cement. 3) Secondary or auxiliary materials which are used for the interior parts of the<br>buildings.<br> We use many building materials for bearing structures. Binding materials are used for<br>making artificial stone and for joining different planes. For the interior finish of the building we<br>use secondary materials.<br> Natural building materials are: stone, sand, lime and timber. Cement, clay products and<br>concrete are examples of artificial building materials.<br>Active vocabulary:<br>property ['prɔpətɪ] xüsusiyyət, xassə свойство, качество<br>structural ['strʌktʃərəl] tikinti, struktur, quruluş структурный, строительный; конструктивный<br>purpose ['pəːpəs] n məqsəd; цель, намерение; замысел, стремление<br>requirement [rɪ'kwaɪəmənt] tələbat, ehtiyac, tələb требование, необходимое условие<br>case [keɪs] hal, hadisə случай; обстоятельство, положение;<br>hard [hɑːd] adj ağır; çətin; bərk жёсткий, твёрдый; тугой, негибкий, негнущийся<br>durable ['djuərəbl] davamlı, möhkəm, bərk надёжный, прочный, стойкий, крепкий<br>mining [ʹmaınıŋ]- mədən işi; 1) горное дело 2) горная промышленность<br>plywood [ʹplaıwud]- faner; фанера, клеёная фанера<br>veneer I [vıʹnıə]- şpon, birqatlı faner; шпон; однослойная фанера<br>fire-resistant ['faɪərɪ'zɪst(ə)nt] odadavamlı; огнестойкий, тугоплавкий, огнеупорный<br>fasten ['fɑːsn] bağlamaq, bərkitmək, ilişdirmək прикреплять, привязывать; связывать<br>easily ['iːzɪlɪ] adv asanlıqla легко; свободно, без труда<br>commonly ['kɔmənlɪ] sadə, adi; обычно, обыкновенно, как правило, в большинстве случаев<br>steel [stiːl] n.polad сталь<br>concrete ['kɔnkriːt] n beton бетон; бетонировать<br>stone [stoun] n daş камень (как материал)<br>wood [wud] n taxta, meşə; taxta mə'mulatı; дерево (материал); древесина<br>thatch [θætʃ] n. güləş örtük а) солома, тростник (как материал для кровли) б) соломенная<br>или тростниковая крыша, крыша из пальмовых листьев<br>basalt [ʹbæsɔ:lt,bəʹsɔ:lt]- bazalt (tünd rəngli çox bərk və sıx vulkanik. süxur); базальт<br>brick [brɪk] n kərpic кирпич;<br>moulding [ʹməuldıŋ] tökmə, tökülmə (qəlib vasitəsilə); формовка, отливка<br>baking [ʹbeıkıŋ]- qızdırıb bitişdirmə (yapışdırma); спекание; обжиг; сушка,<br>kiln [kıln] yandırıb və qurutmaq üçün soba; промышленная печь для сушки или обжига<br>differ ['dɪfə] v fərqlənmək отличаться (от кого-л. / чего-л.; в чём-л.) ; различаться (чем-л.)<br>hardness ['hɑːdnəs] bərklik, твёрдость, прочность;<br>durability [ˌdjuərə'bɪlətɪ] davamlılıq, продолжительность, длительность<br>fire-resistance [ʹfaı(ə)rı͵zıstəns] odadavamlılıq, огнестойкость<br>ancient ['eɪnʃənt] adj qədim, köhnə древний; старинный, старый<br>light [lɑɪt] adj yüngül; лёгкий; легковесный<br>cheap [tʃiːp] adj ucuz, дешёвый, недорогой</p><p> 43<br> certain ['səːtn] adj müəyyən точный, определённый<br>disadvantage [ˌdɪsəd'vɑːntɪdʒ] çatışmamazlıq, недостаток<br>burn [bəːn] v (burnt; burnt) yandırmaq, yanmaq, гореть, пылать<br>decay [dɪ'keɪ] v çürümək, dağılmaqгнить, разлагаться<br>belong [bɪ'lɔŋ] məxsus olmaq, aid olmaq (to) принадлежать (кому-л.) , быть (чьей-л.)<br>собственностью<br>characteristic [ˌkærɪktə'rɪstɪk]1. n. səciyyəvi xüsusiyyət 2. a. səciyyəvi характерный,<br>отличительный; типичный, типовой, типический<br>compactness [kəm'pæktnəs] qalınlıq, плотность, степень уплотнения, компактность;<br>уплотнённость<br>porosity [pɔː'rɔsətɪ] məsaməlilik, пористость; зубчатость<br>mechanical [mɪ'kænɪk(ə)l] mexaniki, механический; машинный 2) автоматический; 3)<br>технический<br>strength [streŋθ] güc, qüvvət сила<br>sound [sɑund] n səs; səs-küy; a. sağlam; möhkəm звук; шум; устойчивый, стабильный,<br>прочный<br>heat [hiːt] n istilik; тепло, теплота<br>insulation [ˌɪnsju'leɪʃən] təcrid etmə, ayırd etmə, izolyasiya etmək изоляция; изоляционный<br>материал<br>artificial [ˌɑːtɪ'fɪʃəl] sün'i, qeyritəbii, qondarma, uydurma искусственный, не природный,<br>ненатуральный<br>refer [rɪ'fəː] istinad eləmək, aid olmaq (nəyəsə, kiməsə) направлять; отсылать (к кому-л. /<br>чему-л.)<br>mixture ['mɪkstʃə] qarışıq, qatışıq перемешивание, смешивание, смесь<br>crush [krʌʃ] həvəngdə döymək, əzmək мять<br>crushed [krʌʃt] 1) мятый, дроблёный; размельчённый<br>manufacture [ˌmænju'fæktʃə] n. istehsal, hazırlanma; производство; изготовление; обработка<br>require [rɪ'kwaɪə] tələb eləmək, приказывать, требовать<br>equipment [ɪ'kwɪpmənt] n ləvazimat; avadanlıq; təchizat оборудование;<br>skilled [skɪld] adj məharətli, mahir, искусный, квалифицированный, умелый, опытный<br>labour ['leɪbə] n əmək, iş; работа; труд<br>plastics ['plæstɪks] plastik material, пластмасса; синтетические материалы<br>combine ['kɔmbaɪn], [kəm'baɪn] v. birləşdirmək, əlaqələndirmək объединять, сочетать<br>insulating ['ɪnsjuleɪtɪŋ] tex. təcrid edilmiş, ayrılmış, təklənmiş, изолирующий, изоляционный,<br>непроводящий (электричество, тепло, звук)<br>it is no wonder – təəccüblü deyil<br>turn to [təːn] müraciət etmək, dönmək; обращаться<br>add [æd] v əlavə etmək прибавлять, присоединять; добавлять<br>laminate [ʹlæmın(e)ıt] çoxlaylı təbəqə; təbəqəli plastik; слоистое изделие, многослойный<br>материал; слоистый пластик; многослойный лист<br>sandwich [ʹsænwıdʒ]- qçtəbəqəli konstruksoya; трёхслойная структура; трёхслойная<br>конструкция<br>foamed glass- penoşüşə (məsaməli şüşə); пеностекло<br>vapour [ʹveıpə]- buxarlanma; пар; испарение;<br>mineral wool- шлаковая вата; минеральная вата<br>adsorption [ədʹzɔ:pʃ(ə)n]- adsorbsiya (bərk və ya məsaməli cisimlər səthinin qaz və mayeləri<br>udması); адсорбция<br>divide [dɪ'vaɪd] ayırmaq, bölmək; делить (на несколько частей, групп), разделять<br> 44<br> rock [rɔk] 1) qaya, sıldırım qaya, sıldırım 2) dağ süxuru;1) скала, утёс 2) горная порода;<br>богатая руда 3) а) камень, булыжник<br>binding ['baɪndɪŋ] a. bərkidici, tutucu, tutqaclı соединяющий; связующий<br>join [dʒɔɪn] v birləşdirmək, birləşmək, qoşulmaq; соединять, объединять, связывать,<br>скреплять<br>lime [laɪm] əhəng известь<br>gypsum ['ʤɪpsəm] gips; гипс<br>auxiliary [ɔːg'zɪljərɪ] a. köməkçi, yardımçı вспомогательный<br>interior [ɪn'tɪərɪə]1. a. Daxili 2. n. daxil, iç, daxili tərəf внутренняя часть<br>sand [sænd]n qum песок; гравий<br>bearing ['bɛərɪŋ] dayaq опора<br>bearing structure несущая конструкция<br>plane [pleɪn] yastılıq, düzlük, rəvanlıq плоскость б) плоская поверхность (о предметах,<br>имеющих относительно плоские грани, очертания)<br>clay [kleɪ] gil глина</p><h3>Post- reading activity:</h3><br> 1. Which requirements should materials meet that are used for structural purposes?<br> 2. How do the materials differ in?<br> 3. What can you say about wood?<br> 4. What did you learn about stone?<br> 5. Are bricks the examples of artificial building material?<br> 6. What is concrete?<br> 7. How do we get concrete?<br> 8. What can you say about steel and plastics?<br> 9. Which groups are all building materials divided into?<br> 10. Which building materials are natural?<br> 11. What kind of material is lime?<br> 12. What group of building materials do rock and artificial stones belong to?<br>Practice:<br> I. Complete the sentences by using the active vocabulary of the lesson:<br> 1. You can use these materials for… purposes.<br> 2. They didn’t tell us their … .<br> 3. The bricklayer used … while building the wall.<br> 4. Cement, sand and water were mixed in order to obtain … .<br> 5. Lime, gypsum and cement are … … .<br> 6. Main building materials are … and … stones, … and metals.<br> 7. The manufacture of steel requires special … and … … .<br> 8. Wood has certain … because it burns and … .<br> 9. Bricks are referred to the … building materials.<br> 10. The architects and engineers often turn to … to add beauty to modern homes and offices.<br> 11. In order to make artificial stone and join different planes we usually use … materials.<br> 12. Stone, sand, … and timber are … building materials.<h3> II. Put a question to the underlined words:</h3><br> 1. The building materials should meet several requirements.<br> 2. These materials are hard, durable, fire-resistant.<br> 3. We didn’t know their requirements when they came.<br> 4. Steel, concrete, stone, wood and brick differ in hardness, durability and fire-resistance.<br> 5. Those stones were used by stonemason last Friday.<br> 6. Wood has certain disadvantages because it burns and decays.<br> 45<br> 7. Bricks are artificial building materials.<br>8. All building materials are divided into three main groups.<br>9. We use many building materials for bearing structures.<p>III. Say what you know about the following building materials:<br>1. Lime is… .<br>2. Concrete is … .<br>3. Thatch is used …<br>4. Rock and artificial stones belong to … .<br>5. Cement is … .<br>6. Sand is used for … .<br>7. Timber is … .<br>8. Rock is … .<br>9. Artificial stone is … .<br>10. Wood is … .<br>11. Steel is … .<br>12. Gypsum belongs to … .<br>13. Clay is … .</p><h3>IV. Translate the following sentences into English:</h3><br>1. Tikinti məqsədi üçün işlədilən materiallar bərk, davamlı, oda davamlı olmalıdır.<br>2. Polad, beton, daş, taxta və kərpic ən çox işlədilən tikinti materiallarıdır.<br>3. Tikinti materialları möhkəmlik, odadavamlılıq və uzunmüddətliyə görə bir- birlərindən<br> fərqlənirlər.<br>4. Taxta ən qədim tikinti materialıdır.<br>5. Daşın əsas xüsusiyyətləri onun mexaniki gücü, bərkliyi, məsaməliliyi, səs və istilik<br> keçirməməsi və oda davamlılığıdır.<br>6. Kərpic süni tikinti materialıdır.<br>7. Beton sementin, qumun, əzilmiş daşın və suyun qatışığıdır.<br>8. Poladın istehsalı xüsusi avadanlıq və bacarıqlı əmək tələb edir.<br>9. Əhəng, gips və cement bitişdirici materiallardır.<br>10. Aparıcı tikililər üçün bir çox tikinti materialları istifadə olunur.<h3>V. Put the correct prepositions in the gaps:</h3><br>1. These building materials are used … structural purposes.<br>2. Building materials differ … hardness, durability and fire-resistance.<br>3. Wood belongs … one … the oldest building materials used … man.<br>4. Bricks are the examples … artificial building materials.<br>5. Concrete is referred … the artificial building materials.<br>6. Steel came … general use … the development … industry.<br>7. The architects and engineers have turned … plastics to add beauty to modern homes and<br> offices.<h3> VI. Match the words in pairs:</h3><br>1. Structural a) equipment<br>2. Several b) insulation<br>3. Structural c) materials<br>4. Certain d) structures<br>5. Mechanical e) homes<br>6. Heat f) insulation<br>7. Sound g) disadvantages<br>8. Artificial h) material<br> 46<br> 9. binding i) strength<br> 10. bearing j) labour<br> 11. modern k) materials<br> 12. special l) purposes<br> 13. crushed m) requirements<br> 14. skilled n) stone<br> VII. Give the antonyms of the following words:<br>Important, modern, ancient, special, common, artificial, natural, hard, easily, together, main,<br>auxiliary materials, many, general, interior, different, to finish, skilled, disadvantage.<p> 47<br> Lesson 8.<br>Grammar: The Attributive Clause<br>Subject + the Attributive Clause + Predicate…<br>Subject + Predicate + Object + the Attributive Clause<br> I. Fill in the gaps with the proper correct conjunctive word:</p><p> 1. The house … they lived two years ago was built by this bricklayer.<br> 2. The year… this house was built was a leap-year.<br> 3. The bricklayer … built our house last year is an able workman.<br> 4. The reason … the construction of this structure has been postponed is unknown.<br> 5. The builder … work is perfect is going to build this palace.<br> 6. The joiners … we sent our material last month haven’t begun to work yet.<br> 7. The building in … they live was built ten years ago.</p><h3> II. Choose the Correct Conjunctive Word:</h3><br> 1. The street … we live is wide and straight (which, where).<br> 2. The reason for … builders postponed the construction is clear now (why, what).<br> 3. The manager … salary was very low refused to work with them (whose, who).<br> 4. I know the surveyor … is measuring the site now (whom, who).<br> 5. The house was built by my uncle … worked at this construction company then (which,<br> who).<br> 6. The way through … the workers usually come is very muddy (that, where).<br> 7. This is everything … this construction company sent us yesterday.<br>Pre- reading activity:<br> 1. Which professions do you know?<br> 2. What kind of building professions do you know?<br> 3. Can a person be a good specialist without loving his profession?<h3> Text: Some Building Professions</h3><p> A man, who has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore<br>enough skill to be considered a skilled worker at his trade*, is called tradesman or craftsman.<br> He may be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, slater-and-tiler*, plumber,<br>electrician, house painter, glazier, floor-and-wall tiler, plasterer, paper-hanger, steeplejack, hot<br>water fitter* and so on.<br> Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed<br>stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He renders brickwork,<br>including the insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer. In<br>some districts of Great Britain, bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles and slanting and lay<br>plaster and granolithic floors. But elsewhere these are plasterer’s specialities.<br> Carpenter is a man who erected wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and<br>window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wallboard. He builds or dismantles wood or metal<br>formwork. The two trades of carpenter and joiner were originally the same, and most men can do<br>both, but specialize in one or the other. In the USA the term “carpenter” includes a joiner. The<br>word is derived from the French word charpente, which means a wood or metal framework.<br> Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench on wood, which has<br>been cut and shaped by the machinists. His work is finer than the carpenter’s, much of it being<br>highly finished and done in a joinery shop which is not exposed to weather*.<br> In Scotland a joiner is a carpenter-and-joiner.</p><p> 48<br> Mason is a stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is usually<br>also a mason. A fixer or a fixer mason or a builder mason is a mason who sets prepared stones in<br>walls, whether the stone be only facing or to the full wall thickness.<br> Plasterer is a tradesman who may be a fibrous plasterer or a plasterer in solid work. The<br>latter lays successive coats of plaster or rendering and fixes fibrous plaster such as mould<br>сornices and wall pattern. He can use a horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply<br>stucco*.<br> A construction manager, or CM, provides services similar to those of general<br>constructor, but represents client’s interest during all phases of the building process – design as<br>well as construction. They are usually paid a negotiated fee for the scope of services rendered.<br> For example, working with the architect during design, the CM provides updates cost<br>projections so that a client will know probable costs, which the project evolves. A general<br>constructor, however, doesn’t usually enter the scene until after the design is complete.<br> The CM decides who bids the job, picks up the request for invitation to bid, evaluates the<br>bids, and awards work to the most reasonable bidder. The CM also prepares contracts and sends<br>them out to the subcontractors. The owner signs the contracts with each subcontractor, unlike a<br>general constructor who signs these contracts. As a result, the subcontractors are under the CM’s<br>direction.<br> A construction manager may also be responsible for the safety of workers on the<br>construction site.<br> Active vocabulary:<br>steeplejack ['stiːpldʒæk] - kəlləçarxçı; высотник, верхолаз<br>apprentice [ə'prentɪs] - şagird, usta köməkçisi; ученик, подмастерье<br>tradesman [treıdzmən] - peşəçi, sənətçi; ремесленник, мастеровой<br>craftsman ['krɑːftsmən] - sənətçi, sənətkar; 1) ремесленник 2) искусный мастер<br>carpenter ['kɑːpɪntə] - dülgər; плотник; столяр<br>joiner ['dʒɔɪnə] – xarrat; столяр; плотник (в строительстве)<br>bricklayer ['brɪkˌleɪə] - bənna, kərpic ustası; каменщик по кладке кирпича<br>mason ['meɪsn]- bənna; каменщик; каменотёс<br>slater ['sleɪtə] - şifer düzən; кровельщик<br>tiler ['taɪlə] – kirəmit və kafel ustası; 1) черепичных дел мастер 2) печь для обжига<br>(черепицы, плиток, изразцов) 3) кровельщик<br>plumber ['plʌmbə] - su kəməri işçisi; 1) водопроводчик 2) паяльщик 3) слесарь (-<br>водопроводчик)<br>glazier [gleɪziə]- şüşəsalan; стекольщик<br>plasterer ['plɑːstərə] - malakeş, suvaqçı; штукатур<br>salt glaze [sɔːlt gleɪz] - duz qabı; соляная глазурь<br>stoneware ['stəunwɛə] - saxsı qab-qacaq; керамические изделия, обливные гончарные<br>изделия; (обливная) глиняная посуда<br>drain [dreɪn] - kanalizasiya xətti; канализационная труба<br>set [set] -1) dəst; 2) qurğu; aqreqat; комплект, набор; прибор; аппарат; установка, агрегат<br>chimney ['tʃɪmnɪ] - boru, tüstülük, baca; 1) дымовая труба; дымоход 2) камин<br>manhole ['mænhəul] - baca, deşik; смотровой колодец; лаз; люк<br>render ['rendə] –göstərmək; ifa etmək; представлять<br>flooring [ʹflɔ:rıŋ] - döşəmə; 1) настил, пол 2) настилка полов<br>asbestos [æsʹbestəs] – azbest; асбест, горный лён<br>dismantle [dɪs'mæntl] – sökmək; разбирать, демонтировать<br>sewerage ['sjuərɪdʒ] – kanalizasiya; канализационная система, канализация (города)</p><p> 49<br> chimney cap ['tʃɪmnɪkæp] - buxarı lövhəsi; дымовой колпак; дефлектор, зонт дымовой<br>трубы;<br>expose [ɪks'pəuz] - müdafiyəsiz qoymaq; выставлять; обнажать; подвергать действию<br>(атмосферных влияний); подвергать (опасности, случайностям )<br> Post- reading activity:<br> 1. What is a man called a skilled worker for?<br> 2. Who is called tradesman or craftsman?<br> 3. What does the bricklayer do?<br> 4. What does the carpenter do?<br> 5. Who is called a joiner?<br> 6. What does the mason do?<br> 7. Who is prepared the contracts by?<br>Practice:<br> I. Complete the sentences:<br> 1. … … … is called a tradesman or a craftsman?<br> 2. Bricklayer is a tradesman who … … … .<br> 3. … … … is a specialized bricklayer.<br> 4. Carpenter is a man who … … … .<br> 5. Joiner is a man who … … … .<br> 6. In Scotland a joiner is … … .<br> 7. Mason is … … .<br> 8. A fixer or a fixer- mason or a builder mason is … … … .<br> II. Match the words with their definitions:<br> a) Apprentice 1) specialist?<br> b) Tradesman 2) a specialist who is busy in putting bricks.<br> c) Slater 3) sewerage<br> d) Bricklayer 4) a plate for salt<br> e) salt glaze5) a worker who puts water pipes<br> f) drain 6) a person who works under the builder’s control<br> g) manhole 7) to destroy<br> h) ismantle 8) a man who puts slaters on the roof<br> i) plumber 9) hole (or pipe) for chimneyd<br> III. Put a question to the underlined words:<br> 1. Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork.<br> 2. The construction manager provides updates cost projections.<br> 3. His work is finer than the carpenter’s.<br> 4. He renders brickwork, including the insides of manholes.<br> 5. A builder mason sets prepared stones in walls.<br> 6. They are usually paid a negotiated fee for the scope of services rendered.<br> 7. In some districts of Great Britain bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles.<br> 8. He dismantled wood or metal formwork two days ago.<br> IV. Fill in the gaps according to the text:<br> 1. … is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints. Fixes wood floors and other wall board.<br> 2. In the USA the term … includes a joiner.<br> 3. In Scotland … is a carpenter and joiner.<br> 4. Mason is … worker or … setter.<br> 5. The word “carpenter” is derived from French word “charpente” which means … or<br> metal… .<br> 6. … and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer.<br> 7. Carpenter builds or … wood.<br> V. Give the synonyms of the following words:</p><p> 50<br> To build, construction, job, trade, tradesman, house, carpenter, general, similar, specialized,<br>to prepare, to repair, to erect, to lay.</p><p> 51<br> Lesson 9.<br>Grammar: The Future Indefinite Active; The Future Indefinite Passive:<br> Shall + infinitive (without “to”) shall be + Participle II<br> Will + infinitive (without “to”) will be + Participle II<br> I. Use the correct form of the verbs:<br> 1. The builders (to calculate) the sizes of beams and girders tomorrow.<br> 2. The engineer (to determine) the weight supported by the structure soon.<br> 3. As soon as they (to deliver) bricks to the construction site, the bricklayer (to start) to<br> work.<br> 4. If they (to begin) their work in time, they (to finish) it in a month.<br> 5. When the architect (to design) the house, they (to choose) a place to build it next year.<br> 6. They (to repair) their house in a week as it is very old.<br> 7. After they (to consider) the regulations, they (to make) a decision soon.</p><h3> II. Use the correct form of the verbs:</h3><br> 1. The weight or loads supported by the structure (to determine) by the workmen in two<br> days.<br> 2. Our house (to repair) by these builders next year.<br> 3. This street (to pave) with stones soon.<br> 4. They (make) slanting roofs on the houses in a month.<br> 5. The furniture (to buy) for this house the day after tomorrow.<br> 6. The columns (to whitewash) by our workers tomorrow.<br> 7. The girders (to make) smooth by the joiner in a day.<br>Pre- reading activity:<br> 1. What do roof loads mean for you?<br> 2. Can we live without any roof of the house?<br> 3. What do you know about floor loads?<h3>Text:Floor and Roof Loads</h3><br> Before calculating the required sizes of beams, girders, or columns to support the weights<br>upon them it is necessary first to determine the weight or loads supported by the structure. These<br>consist of the dead loads and the live loads. By dead load is meant the weight of the construction<br>itself, the walls, floors, ceilings, roof, and permanent partitions. By live load is meant the weight<br>of the furniture, equipment, occupants, stored material, snow on the roof, and movable partitions.<br>The live loads should include all except the dead loads. Wind pressure, really a lateral load, is<br>often classed as a live load but may be considered as producing a separate stress.<br> The various building codes specify the weights per square or cubic foot of wood, stone,<br>steel, concrete, plaster, terra cotta, and other structural materials comprising the dead loads. They<br>likewise regulate the live load per square foot, which depends on the use or occupancy of the<br>building and which must be employed in calculating the weights upon the structural members.<br> On flat roofs and those of slight pitch the snow load will be at the maximum and the wind<br>pressure at the minimum. As the pitch of the roof increases, the snow load will decrease and the<br>wind load increase. The Boston building law includes the following regulations:<br> Roofs shall be designed to support safely minimum live loads as follows:<br> Roofs with a pitch of 4 in. or less per foot, a vertical load of 40 psf of horizontal projection.<br> Roofs with pitch of more than 4 and not more than 8 in. per food, a vertical load of 15 psf<br>of horizontal projection, and a wind load of 10 psf of surface acting at right angles to one slope,<br>these two loads being assumed to act either together or separately.<br> Roofs with pitch of more than 8 and not more than 12 in. per foot, a vertical load of 10 psf<br>of horizontal projection, and wind load of 15 psf of surface acting at right angles to one slope,<br>these two loads being assumed to act either together or separately.<p> 52<br> Roofs with pitch of more than 12 in. per foot, a vertical load of 5 psf of horizontal<br>projection, and wind load of 20 psf of surface acting at right angles to one slope, these two loads<br>being assumed to act either together or separately.<br> The expected snow load naturally varies in different parts of the country, as exhibited by<br>the requirements of the local building codes.</p><p> Active vocabulary:<br> calculate ['kælkjuleɪt] 1) hesablamaq 2) haqq-hesab çəkmək, hesablamaq; вычислять;<br>подсчитывать; калькулировать<br> beam [biːm] tir, ağac; балка; брус, перекладина<br> girder ['gəːdə] tex. tir, ferma, çatı (tikinti işlərində); балка; балочная ферма; прогон;<br>ригель;<br> column ['kɔləm] n sütun, colonna; 1. колонна 2. столб(ик)<br> weight [weɪt] n çəki; ağırlıq; 1) вес; масса поддерживать </p> <span class=nest...

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