Деир И Форекс

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The immortality of the writer

A Ramesside view ( BC)

One of a group of Ramesside manuscripts from Deir el-Medina bears the longest surviving ancient Egyptian passage in praise of writing and writers as the safest means of ensuring immortality. It occurs within a longer composition urging an apprentice to persevere with writing, in the tradition of the Satire of Trades. According to this passage, whereas offering-chapels and families may not survive a thousand years, a writer is kept alive by his writings. This is not exactly the same as bodyless immortality of the name, where immortal existence consists of the memory of a person among others. The ancient Egyptian belief in immortality included the belief that the dead needed food and drink, and this was provided by the recital of the 'offering formula': the passage below reveals the concern that monuments might be destroyed, and families and friends might not be present in future generations, and that therefore individuals required a wider audience to pronounce the offering formula for their names.

In Egyptology the passage is celebrated in particular for its list of famous names from the past, associated with writings (Paragraph 7 below). Of eight names, five are known from surviving compositions (Teachings of Hordedef and Ptahhotep; Khety possibly identified from the Satire of Trades; Khakheperraseneb from excerpts on one source; Prophecy of Neferty).

Papyrus Chester Beatty IV (British Museum ESA ), verso, column 2, line 5 to column 3, line 11

Transliteration and translation

The divisions into paragraphs follow the stanza-lengths indicated by rubric in the original (= words written in red: these are also shown red on this web-page).

Square brackets [ ] indicate an area destroyed on the original, slightly damaged papyrus

Paragraph 1

iw swt ir irr.k nn iw.k eunic-brussels.eu n sSw
ir nA n sSw rxyt Dr rk xprt Hr-sA nTrw
nA n sry eunic-brussels.eus
xpr eunic-brussels.eu mn r nHH
st Smt eunic-brussels.eu eunic-brussels.eu
smxm eunic-brussels.eu nb

If you would only accomplish this, becoming expert in writing:
Those writers of knowledge from the time of events after the gods,
those who foretold the future,
their names have become fixed for eternity,
though they are gone, they have completed their lifespan,
and all their kin are forgotten.

Paragraph 2

bw eunic-brussels.eu mrw m Hmty
wD iry m biA n pt
bw eunic-brussels.eu wAH iwat
m Xrdw[.sn] Hr dmw eunic-brussels.eu
ir eunic-brussels.eu iwat m sSw
m sbAyt irw

They did not make for themselves a chapel of copper,
or a stela for it of iron from the sky.
They did not manage to leave heirs,
from their children, to pronounce their names,
but they have achieved heirs out of writings,
out of the teachings in those.

Paragraph 3

di eunic-brussels.eu [mDAt] m Xry-Hbt
aanw m sA-mr.f
sbAyt eunic-brussels.eu mr
pA ar eunic-brussels.eu Sri
sA inr n st Hmt
m SAa m wr r kty dit r msw.f
r sS ntf eunic-brussels.eu tpy

They are given the book as ritual-priest,
The writing-board as loving-son.
Teachings are their chapels,
the writing-rush their child,
and the block of stone the wife.
From great to small, (all) are given as his children,
for the writer, he is their leader.

Paragraph 4

eunic-brussels.eu n aA Hwt st fx
eunic-brussels.eu m iwt
iw eunic-brussels.eu wD HsAw m iwtn
eunic-brussels.eu smxm
eunic-brussels.eu eunic-brussels.eu Hr eunic-brussels.eu Sfdw
irw Dr eunic-brussels.eu nfrw
sxA.f irt st n Hnty r nHH

The doors of their chapels are undone,
Their ka-priests have gone.
Their tombstones are smeared with mud,
their tombs are forgotten,
but their names are read out on their scrolls,
written when they were young.
Being remembered makes them, to the limits of eternity.

Paragraph 5

irt sS imi sw m ib.k
xpr rn.k m mitt
Ax Sfdw r wD
m qd r inhAt eunic-brussels.eu
irt nn Hwt.w mrw
n ib n dm eunic-brussels.eu
smwn r.f Ax m Xrt-nTr
rn m r n rmt

Be a writer - put it in your heart,
and your name is created by the same.
Scrolls are more useful than tombstones,
than building a solid enclosure.
They act as chapels and chambers,
by the desire of the one pronouncing their name.
For sure there is most use in the cemetery
for a name in the mouths of men.

Paragraph 6

s Aq XAr.f m iwtn
hAw.f nb ms n tA
in sS r dd eunic-brussels.euf
m r n dd n r
Ax Sfdw r pr qd
r Hwt Hr imntt
nfr st r bxnw
grg r wD m Hwt-nTr

A man is dead, his corpse is in the ground:
when all his family are laid in the earth,
It is writing that lets him be remembered,
in the mouth of the reciter of the formula.
Scrolls are more useful than a built house,
than chapels on the west,
they are more perfect than palace towers,
longer-lasting than a monument in a temple.

Paragraph 7

in iw wn dy mi Hr-dd.f
in iw ky mi ii-m-Htp
bw xpr hAw n.n mi nfrti
Xty eunic-brussels.eu tpy
di.i rx.k rn n ptH-m-DHwty
xa-xpr-ra-snb
in iw ky mi ptH-Htp
kA-ir.s m mitt

Is there anyone here like Hordedef?
Is there another like Imhotep?
There is no family born for us like Neferty,
and Khety their leader.
Let me remind you of the name of Ptahemdjehuty
Khakheperraseneb.
Is there another like Ptahhotep?
Kaires too?

Paragraph 8

nA n xryt srt iy
pr m eunic-brussels.eu xpr
eunic-brussels.eu m Tsw
di eunic-brussels.eu msw n ktw
r iwat mi eunic-brussels.eu
eunic-brussels.eu eunic-brussels.eu r tA-tmm
Sd m sbAyt
st Smt smx eunic-brussels.eu
m sS r eunic-brussels.eu eunic-brussels.euw

Those who knew how to foretell the future,
What came from their mouths took place,
and may be found in (their) phrasing.
They are given the offspring of others
as heirs as if their (own) children.
They hid their powers from the whole land,
to be read in (their) teachings.
They are gone, their names might be forgotten,
but writing lets them be remembered.

References

• Lichtheim (English translation, with introduction and references to previous publications)

Copyright © University College London. All rights reserved.

Since the Deir el-Bersha Project has been investigating several cemetery and settlement sites at Deir el-Bersha and the surrounding region. In excavations started in the early Old Kingdom cemetery, located primarily on the escarpment north of the Wadi Nakhla, and this work has already yielded surprising results. The cemetery not only turned out to be very large but also contained many hundreds of burials. The methods of burial in fact continue a tradition already well established in the preceding dynasties, i.e. adults and children were interred in or under a variety of burial containers. However, new is that this container was mainly placed directly on the bedrock and surrounded and covered up by many stones and boulders, thus forming the so-called rock circle tomb. The author also discovered similar tombs in Deir Abu Hinnis, just north of Deir el-Bersha, whilst it was already known that in Nuwayrat a similar contemporary rock circle cemetery existed. A preliminary report on the work in the rock circle cemeteries in Deir el-Bersha and Deir Abu Hinnis is presented, in which a selection of tombs is illustrated and some initial results described. Thus, it will become clear that this type of tomb was actually common in this part of Middle Egypt.

Bíodh a fhios agat go bhfuil an cumas ag trádáil agus trádáil forex in aon mhargadh lena n-áirítear crypto caillteanas airgeadais chomh maith le gnóthachain. Ná déan trádáil le hairgead nach féidir leat a ligean le ligean. Is féidir go gcaillfidh tú do chuid airgid go léir agus tú ag trádáil mar tá go leor fachtóirí ann nach bhfuil faoi do smacht féin ná faoi ár gcuid féin. D’fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt bróicéirí forex freagrach duit as caipiteal trádála a sháraíonn d’iarmhéid agus a théann thar corrlach. Bíodh a fhios agat gur TÚ an fhreagracht seo. Forex Lens ní ghlacann sé freagracht ar bith as aon chaillteanais a thabhóidh tú mar thoradh ar ár seirbhísí, comharthaí forex, comharthaí crypto, cuntais bhainistithe nó aon chomharthaí margaidh eile a d’fhéadfaimis a sholáthar ó am go ham. Forex Lens le húsáid mar uirlis oideachais chun cabhrú leat a fheiceáil conas a oibríonn trádálaithe gairmiúla lae agus trádálaithe swing ó lá go lá agus ó sheachtain go seachtain. Nuair a chláraíonn tú mar shíntiúsóir aontaíonn tú leis sin Forex Lens Ní comhairle airgeadais a sholáthar ach dearcadh oideachasúil a sholáthar ar na margaí. Ní ghlacaimid aon fhreagracht as gnóthachain nó caillteanais i do chuntas mar thoradh ar ár gcomharthaí agus / nó seirbhísí nó aon táirgí a bhaineann le forex ar aon cheann dár láithreáin ghréasáin lena n-áirítear an ceann seo.

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May 17,    

We catch up with lighting design firm principals, Edward Bartholomew and Peter Hugh, to explore diversity, equity, inclusion and respect (DEIR) in the lighting industry.

Edward Bartholomew is Principal of Bartholomew Lighting and Co-Founder of Light Justice.  

Peter Hugh is President of Hugh Lighting Design and Chair of the DEIR Committee of the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES)

Topics we explore:

1. Why is Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Respect (DEIR) a lighting industry topic?  ()

2. Why aren't there more minorities in the lighting industry?  ()

3. What noticable improvements have been made across the industry during the last 3 years?  ()

4. What is Light Justice?  ()

5. What progress is the IES DEIR committee making?  ()

MORE INFO: IES Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Respect »

MORE INFO: Light Justice »