Potasyum Nitrat Faydaları
kaynağı değiştir]
Karabarut[değiştir pril 21°
Erime noktası ° C
Kaynama noktası ° C
Higroskopisite @ 20°C, @ 30°C
Çözünürlük çözünürlük tablosuna bakınız.
Çözünemez maddeler max % (horticultural grade)
< 0,% (hydroponical grade)
DRT KNO3 fiziksel özellikleri Çözünürlük tablosu
Oda sıcaklığında potasyum nitratın maksimum çözünürlüğü (21°C) her ml suda g'dır.
Yeterli çözünmeme ürünün kalite problemi değil, su sıcaklığı ve oranını ayarlayamama problemidir!
KNO3 - K2SO4 - KCl kıyaslaması: Çözünürlük
Potasyum nitrat Sülfat (K2SO4): Potasyum nitrat Nitrata (KNO3) göre daha düşük oranlarda çözünür. 4°C'nin üzerindeki sıcaklıklarda, birim suda K2SO4?a nazaran kat daha fazla KNO3 çözünür.
KNO3 - K2SO4 - KCl kıyaslaması: Alım etkinliği
Klor içermeyen K kaynağı bitkiler için önemlidir.
Pozitif ve negatif iyonların alımında sinerjizm en çok Potasyum Nitrat'ta (KNO3) önem kazanmaktadır.
Genç arpa bitkisinin farklı potasyum nitrat kaynakları ile gübrelenmesinden sonra potasyum nitrat ve anyon alımı. En yüksek K alımı KNO3 uygulamasında görülmüştür!
Potasyum nitrat Kaynağının Önemi;
Bazı bitkilerde potasyum nitrat çok daha olumlu sonuç verir. Örnek olarak patates bitkisini alacak olursak, Bulgaristan da yapılan bir denemede Potasyum Nitrat kullanılarak % 14 daha fazla verim alındığı görülmüştür. Benzer bir çok çalışma yurdumuzda da yapılmıştır. Elbette Potasyum Nitrat uygulaması ile elde edilecek fayda, uygulamanın yapıldığı topraktaki besin miktarına göre değişir.
Bitkilerde azot farklı formlarda bulunur. N formları.
gaz azot N2
nitrous oksitleri NOx
amoniya NH3
amonyum NH4+
üre CO(NH2)2
organik R-NH
nitrik NO2-
nitrat NO3-
Genelde gübre olarak kullandığımız azotun 3 kaynağı vardır: nitrat, amonyum ve üre. Daha önceki bültenlerimizde daha geniş yer verdiğimiz gibi, bitkiler bir miktar amonyum alsa da nitrat tercih ettiği azot kaynağıdır ve uygulanan amonyum ve üre zamanla nitrata dönüşür ve bitki tarafından kullanılır. Hepsinin kullanım için yeri ve zamanı olmasına karşın, sonunda nitrata dönüşürler. Toprakta bitkilerin absorbe ettiği azotun ortalama %80'i nitrat formundadır. Geri kalanı amonyumdur. Nitrat toprakta hareketlidir, bitki tarafından doğrudan, yüksek etkinliktedir. Katyonların (K, Ca, Mg) alımını teşvik eder, klor gibi zararlı elementlerin yüksek oranlarda alımını sınırlar.
Azot kaynağının, iyon dengesine olan etkisi de önemlidir. Gübrelememizi amonyum ağırlıklı yaparsak bazı problemlerle karşılaşabiliriz.
Aşırı amonyum NH4+ beslemesi ve yetersiz toprak suyu noksanlığı domateste Çiçek Uçburnu Çürüklüğü riskini arttırır.
Kalite ve verim için Potasyum nitrat
Bitkide Potasyum nitrat Rolü:
K hücre bölünmesi için gereklidir. Fosfor ile beraber çalışarak kök gelişimini ve gövdede selüloz üretimini teşvik eder. proteinlerin üretimini teşvik eder (daha hızlı nitrat - protein dönüşümü), stomaların açılmasını düzenler (guard hücreler).
K fotosentezi teşvik eder (daha fazla CO2 assim., daha fazla şeker), su kullanım etkinliğini arttırır (daha az su gerekir/kg bitki), özümlenen maddelerin iletimini ve depolanmasını yoğunlaştırır (yaprak - meyve), özümleme dönemini uzatır ve yoğunlaştırır (daha yüksek meyve kalitesi) ve sonuçta bitkilerde daha iyi kalite sağlar = daha iyi renklenme, dayanıklılık, tat.
K azotlu gübrelerin etkinliğini arttırır, hastalık ve zararlı direncini arttırır, dona dayanımı arttırır, baklagillerde azot fiksasyonuna yardımcı olur.
Sonuç Olarak; DRT Potasyum Nitratın (KNO3) faydaları:
Yüksek saflık: sadece önemli besin maddeleri N ve K içerir.
Elde ediliş yöntemi ve kaynaklarından dolayı emsallerinden farklıdır.
% nitrat azotu, buharlaşmaz, hızlı etkili, diğer bitki besinleriyle sinerjizm içerisinde çalışır, zararlı maddeleri engeller ve yüksek kalite sağlar. Fertigasyon programlarında bütünlük sağlar.
Yüksek çözünürlüktedir.
Düşük higroskopisitesi ile kolay karışır.
Klor içermez.
Düşük EC: düşük yakma riski ve mükemmel karışabilirlik.
K+ ve NO3- sinerjizm; Nitrat potasyum nitrat alımını sülfatlardan daha fazla teşvik eder.
Kaliteli ve Uygun Ürün, Bol Kazanç.
POTASYUM NİTRAT PRİL
Potasyum Nitrat nedir?
Potasyum Nitrat () bitkiler için çok önemli iki besin maddesini taşıyan,
verim ve kalite artırıcı bir gübre çeşididir. Bitkiler tarafından tercih edilen %13
azot (N) ve %46 potasyum nitrat (K2O) ihtiva eder. İçerdiği bütün azot, nitrat (NO3)
biçimindedir ve bitkiler tarafından hemen alınabilir. Nitrat (–) elektrik yüklü
olduğu için diğer besin maddelerinin de (K+, Ca++, Mg++) alımını teşvik eder.
Gübrelerin harmanlanmasında ve sıvı gübre hazırlanmasında en iyi karışım
gübresidir.
Nerelerde kullanılır?
Potasyum Nitrat gübresi sodyum ve klor içermediğinden güvenli bir şekilde
bütün bitkilerde kullanılabilir. Sebzelerde her türlü sulama sistemiyle
kullanılabilir. Bol, düzgün ve kaliteli ürün alınmasını sağlar. Narenciyede
meyve miktarını ve kalitesini artırır; meyve dökümünü önler. Patateste daha iri
ve kaliteli ürün alınmasını sağlar. Depo kayıplarını azaltır. Kuru madde oranını
artırır. Sert çekirdekli meyvelerde çiçeklenmeyi, meyve miktarını ve kalitesini
yükseltir. Dormantlığı kırıcı olarak da rol oynar. Kavun ve karpuzda yüksek
aroma, renk ve şeker oranı sağlar. Kabuk parlaklığını, hastalıklara dayanıklılığı
artırır ve erken olgunlaşmayı sağlar. Pamukta koza adedini, ağırlığını ve lif
kalitesini artırır. Bütün çiçeklerde güvenli olarak kullanılır. Renk ve düzgünlük
gibi unsurlarla çiçek kalitesine doğrudan etki eder. Bağda ürün ve kaliteyi
artırır. Şeker miktarını yükseltir ve hastalıklara karşı direnci artırır. Tütünde
yüksek ürün ve kaliteli yaprak elde edilmesini sağlar.
Kullanım şekilleri
Potasyum Nitrat gübresi topraktan, yapraktan ve sulamayla birlikte (damla ve
yağmurlama) uygulanabilir. Üç ayrı tipi mevcuttur: Pril, kristal ve düşük pH
değerli potasyum nitrat.
Pril tipi direkt toprak uygulamaları için uygundur. Makine ve elle serpme
yoluyla kullanımı kolaydır. Diğer tanecik veya pril şeklindeki gübrelerle
karıştırılabilir. Ekim öncesi veya çapa ve sulamada uygulanır.
Kristal tipi ise damla sulama sistemleri ve yapraktan uygulamalar için
uygundur. Düşük pH’lıdır. Suda çabuk ve tamamen eridiğinden bütün sulama
sistemlerinde kolayca kullanılır ve sistemlerde tıkanma yapmaz. 1 litre sulama
suyunda gr Potasyum Nitrat eritilebilir. Çabuk sonuç almak için
yapraktan tatbik edileceği zaman ilaçla beraber verilebilir. Uygun dozajda
bütün ilaçlarla karıştırılıp atılabilir. Yağmurlama sistemiyle sulamada da
emniyetle kullanılabilir.
Potasyum Nitrat Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özellikleri
Görünümü:Beyaz kristal haldedir.
Kimyasal Adı:Potassium salt
Kimyasal Formülü:KNO3
Kullanım Alanı
Potasyum nitrat, suda tamamen çözünen bir potasyum nitrat bileşiğidir. Güherçile olarak da bilinen bileşik doğal halde kayaçlarda ve mağaralarda oluşan beyaz renkli kabuksu yapıda bulunur. Yapay üretimi Potasyum nitrat hidroksitin nitrik asit ile veya amonyum nitrat'la ya da potasyum klorürün sodyum nitrat'la tepkimeye girmesi sonucu gerçekleşir.
Potasyum nitrat, bitkiler için çok önemli iki besin maddesini taşıyan, verim ve kalite arttırıcı bir yapay gübrenin ana maddesi olarak da yaygın olarak kullanılır. Bitkilerin pek çok türü, atmosferdeki serbest azotu kullanamaz, azot tuzları olarak almak zorundadırlar. Oysa azot, organik bileşiklerin çok önemli bir bileşenidir. Potasyum nitrat, bitkilerin kullanabileceği bir azot ve potasyum nitrat kaynağı olarak önem taşır. Potasyum nitrat bitkinin meyve kalitesini ve raf ömrünü uzatır. Bu bileşik aynı zamanda, elektrokimyasal yöntemlerde kullanılan tuz köprülerinin yapısında da bulunur.
En saf KNO3 elde edilişi ise her zaman asit baz tepkimesi ile elde edilenidir. HNO3 + KOH → KNO3. Saflaştırılarak daha iyi kristaller elde edilebilmesi için 80 °C suda çözülerek yeniden kristallendirilir ve süzülerek süzgeç kâğıdı yardımı ile toplanılır.
Potasyum nitratın sanayide diğer yaygın kullanımı oksitleyici etkisinden dolayı kara barut ve havai fişek yapımıdır. Kara barut, gerekli miktarda KNO, kükürt ve odun kömürü karışımıyla elde edilebilir
Mağaralarda ve doğal kayaçlarda bulunan, beyaz kabuksu maddeye güherçile veya potasyum nitrat adı verilmektedir. Bilinen en yaygın kullanım şekli, tarım alanında tercih edilen gübrelerdir. Yüzde 38,7 potasyum nitrat, yüzde 61,3 oranında nitrat maddelerinin bir araya gelmesi ile oluşan güherçile yani potasyum nitrat suda tamamen çözünme özelliğine sahiptir. Ayrıca havai fişek gibi patlayıcıların içeriğinde de kullanılır.
Potasyum nitrat maddelerinin oluşumundan meydana gelen bileşimin bilinen diğer adı güherçiledir. Suda tamamen çözünme özelliğine sahiptir ve doğal olarak kayaların üzerinde beyaz kabuğumsu bir şekilde bulunur. Potasyum nitrat doğal olarak doğada bulunabileceği gibi, yapay yollardan da elde edilmesi mümkün bir maddedir. Potasyum nitrat klorür ve sodyum nitrat maddelerinin bir araya getirilerek tepkimeye girmelerini sağlamak, güherçile elde etmenin en yaygın yöntemleri arasındadır.
Mısır ve Hindistan ülkelerinde potasyum nitratla karşılaşmak oldukça yaygındır. Bitkilerin daha verimli ve kaliteli yetişmesi içi hazırlanan gübreleri içinde potasyum nitrat mutlaka yer almaktadır. Bitkilerin potasyum nitrat tüketebilecekleri bir azot kaynağı niteliği taşımaktadır.
Eroin Nedir? Tarihçesi, Kullanım Alanları ve Zararları Nelerdir?
Gübre yapımında potasyum nitrat sıklıkla tercih edilirken, sanayi alanında da potasyum nitratin asitleyici özelliğinden fazlasıyla yararlanılır. Ayrıca havai fişek ve patlayıcı yapımında da kullanılmaktadır.
İçindekiler
1.Güherçile (Potasyum Nitrat) Nedir?
2.Güherçilenin Özellikleri Nelerdir?
3.Güherçilenin Kullanım Alanları Nelerdir?
4.Güherçile Nasıl Elde Edilir?
Güherçile (Potasyum Nitrat) Nedir?
Güherçile (Potasyum Nitrat) Nedir?Yüzde 38,7 potasyum nitrat, yüzde 61,3 oranında nitrat maddelerinin bir araya gelmesi ile oluşan potasyum nitrat, pek çok kişinin güherçile adı ile bildiği ve çeşitli kullanım alanına sahip bir maddedir. Kimyasal formülü KNO3'tür. Doğal olarak doğada bulunabileceği gibi, uygun oranlarda potasyum nitratı bir araya getirerek de güherçile maddesini elde etmek mümkündür. Kayaç ve mağara üzerinde doğal olarak bulunan potasyum nitrat, toprağın mayalanma özelliği sonucunda ortaya çıkan beyaz renkli kabuk oluşumlardır.
Güherçilenin Özellikleri Nelerdir?
Güherçilenin Özellikleri Nelerdir?Suda çözünme özelliğine sahip olan potasyum nitrat, aynı zamanda oda sıcaklığında ortotrombik kristal yapısını alır ve santigrat dereceyi geçen sıcaklıklarda parçalara bölünerek potasyum nitrat özelliğine ulaşır. Suda çözünürlüğü suyun sıcaklığı ile doğru orantılıdır. Su sıcaklığı arttıkça potasyum nitratın da çözünmesi artar. Suda çözünmesine karşı, alkolde çözünme özelliği yoktur. Patlayıcı yapımında kullanılmasına karşın, potasyum nitratın tek başına patlayıcı özelliği bulunmamaktadır.
Güherçilenin Kullanım Alanları Nelerdir?
Güherçilenin Kullanım Alanları Nelerdir?Güherçile, kendine özgü maddesel özellikleri ile sanayide birçok ürünün yapımında tercih edilen bir bileşendir. Kimya ve metal bilimlerinde de önemli bir yere sahip olması, maddelerin oksitlenmesi için tercih edilmesine neden olmaktadır. Kibrit ve cam sanayisinde, tütün yapımında yanıcı madde olarak, konserve ürünlerin paketlenmesinde ve tarım ürünleri için gübre yapımında sıklıkla potasyum nitrat tercih edilmektedir.
İlginizi Çekebilir: Paraben Nedir?
Sağlık alanında doğal bir antiseptik olarak potasyum nitrat kullanılmaktadır. Ancak uzun süre potasyum nitrat solumak kansızlık ve nefrit gibi hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Potasyum nitrat tuzu özelliğinde olan birçok, sülfat ve potasyum nitrat karbonat gibi maddeler, hem sanayi alanında hem de kimya alanında oldukça değerli maddeler arasındadır. En çok kullanım alanı ise, bitkiler için son derece önemli bir yere sahip olmasından dolayı gübre yapımıdır.
Güherçile Nasıl Elde Edilir?
Güherçile Nasıl Elde Edilir?Kokusuz ve tadı çok keskin olmayan bir madde olan potasyum nitrat diğer adıyla güherçilenin ayırt edilmesi ilk etapta oldukça zordur. Kullanım alanı epey yaygın olduğundan, tanınması konusunda nerede bulunur ya da nasıl elde edilir gibi pek çok soru bilim adamları ve sanayi alanında çalışanların akıllarını karıştırmaktadır. Yaklaşık olarak santigrat dereceye ulaştığında potasyum nitratta çözünmeye başlamaktadır. Güherçile maddesini elde etmek için potasyum nitrat maddelerini bir araya getirmek gerekmektedir. Bunun dışında bilim alanında kullanılacak potasyum nitrat için farklı yöntemlerle de bu madde rahatlıkla elde edilebilmektedir. Potasyum nitratın içeriğinde klor ve sodyum gibi maddelere rastlanmadığı için, bitkilerin verimli bir şekilde yetişmesinde rahatlıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bitkiler için tercih edilen her türlü sulama sistemine potasyum nitrat dâhil ederek, bitkilerin verimli bir şekilde büyümesi sağlanır.
POTASYUM NİTRAT
Genel Bilgi:
Potasyum nitrat, KNO3 kimyasal formülüne sahip olan, beyaz katı renkli ve kokusuz bir kimyasal bileşiktir. Potasyum nitrat iyonları K+ ve nitrat iyonları NO3−'ün iyonik bir tuzudur . Bundan dolayıda alkali metal bir nitrattır.
Doğada güherçile adıyla doğal bir mineral olarak bulunmaktadır.
Potasyum nitrat suda orta seviyede çözünür ve alkolde çözünmez , fakat sıcaklık arttırıldığında suda ki çözünürlüğü de artar. Çok fazla nem çekici özelliği monash.pw değildir; indirgeyici ajanlarla patlayıcı hale gelebilir, ama tek başına patlayıcı bir özelliği yoktur.
Potasyum nitratın en yaygın kullanım alanları: gübre, ağaç kütüğü çıkarma, roket itici gazlar ve havai fişeklerdir. Ayrıca siyah toz olarak bilinen barutun da temel bileşenidir. İşlenmiş etlerde potasyum nitrat, hemoglobin ile reaksiyona girer ve pembe bir renk oluşturur.
Gıda endüstrisinde ise işlenmiş etlere potasyum nitrat ilavesi yapılöaktadır. Bu sayede potasyum nitrat etteki hemoglobinle reaksiyona girerek etin daha kırmızı gözükmesini sağlamaktadır.
Sıcaklık ° C arasında olduğu zaman potasyum nitrat, potasyum nitrit ile sıcaklığa bağlı bir dengeye ulaşır:
2 KNO3&#; 2 KNO2 + O2
Potasyum nitrat, çok büyük miktarlarda bir nitrat kaynağı olarak çeşitli kullanım alanına sahiptir.
Hassas dişlerin tedavisinde ve hassas dişlere sahip olan kişiler için üretilmiş olan diş macunlarında kullanılmaktadır. Eski zamanlardan beridir astım rahatsızlığının tedavisinde de kullanılmaktadır. Tayland'da sistit, piyelit ve üretrit hastalık belirtilerini azaltmak için böbrek preparatlarında temel bileşen olarak kullanılır. Yüksek tansiyon hastalığında eskiden hipotansif olarak kullanılmaktaydı.
Ayrıca potasyum nitrat, tuz köprüsünde elektrolit olarak kullanılır. Aerosollü yangın söndürücülerde aktif bileşen olarak kullanılır. Alüminyum temizleyici olarak da görev alır.
POTASSIUM NITRATE
Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula KNO
3. It is an ionic salt of potassium nitrate ions K+ and nitrate ions NO3−, and is therefore an alkali metal nitrate.
It occurs in nature as a mineral, niter. It is a source of nitrogen, and nitrogen was named after niter.
Potassium nitrate is one of several nitrogen-containing compounds collectively referred to as saltpeter or saltpetre.
Major uses of potassium nitrate are in fertilizers, tree stump removal, rocket propellants and fireworks. It is one of the major constituents of gunpowder (black powder).[6] In processed meats, potassium nitrate reacts with hemoglobin and generates a pink color.[7]
Etymology
Potassium nitrate, because of its early and global use and production, has many names. Hebrew and Egyptian words for it had the consonants n-t-r, indicating likely cognation in the Greek nitron, which was Latinised to nitrum or nitrium. Thence Old French had niter and Middle English nitre. By the 15th century, Europeans referred to it as saltpeter[8] and later as nitrate of potash, as the chemistry of the compound was more fully understood.
The Arabs called it "Chinese snow" (Arabic: &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; thalj al-&#;&#;n). It was called "Chinese salt" by the Iranians/Persians[9][10][11][12][13] or "salt from Chinese salt marshes" (Persian: &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; namak sh&#;ra ch&#;n&#;).[14][15]
Properties
Potassium nitrate has an orthorhombic crystal structure at room temperature, which transforms to a trigonal system at °C ( °F).
Potassium nitrate is moderately soluble in water, but its solubility increases with temperature. The aqueous solution is almost neutral, exhibiting pH at 14 °C (57 °F) for a 10% solution of commercial powder. It is not very hygroscopic, absorbing about % water in 80% relative humidity over 50 days. It is insoluble in alcohol and is not poisonous; it can react explosively with reducing agents, but it is not explosive on its own.[3]
Thermal decomposition
Between – °C (1,–1, °F), potassium nitrate reaches a temperature-dependent equilibrium with potassium nitrite:[16]
2 KNO3 &#; 2 KNO2 + O2
History of production
From mineral sources
In Ancient India, saltpeter manufacturers formed the Nuniya caste.[17] Saltpeter finds mention in Kautilya's Arthashastra (compiled BC - CE), which mentions using its poisonous smoke as a weapon of war,[18] although its use for propulsion did not appear until medieval times.
A purification process for potassium nitrate was outlined in by the chemist and engineer Hasan al-Rammah of Syria in his book al-Furusiyya wa al-Manasib al-Harbiyya (The Book of Military Horsemanship and Ingenious War Devices). In this book, al-Rammah describes first the purification of barud (crude saltpeter mineral) by boiling it with minimal water and using only the hot solution, then the use of potassium nitrate carbonate (in the form of wood ashes) to remove calcium and magnesium by precipitation of their carbonates from this solution, leaving a solution of purified potassium nitrate, which could then be dried.[19] This was used for the manufacture of gunpowder and explosive devices. The terminology used by al-Rammah indicated a Chinese origin for the gunpowder weapons about which he wrote.[20]
At least as far back as , Chilean saltpeter deposits were exploited in Chile and California.
From caves
A major natural source of potassium nitrate was the deposits crystallizing from cave walls and the accumulations of bat guano in caves.[21] Extraction is accomplished by immersing the guano in water for a day, filtering, and harvesting the crystals in the filtered water. Traditionally, guano was the source used in Laos for the manufacture of gunpowder for Bang Fai rockets.
LeConte
Perhaps the most exhaustive discussion of the production of this material is the LeConte text.[22] He was writing with the express purpose of increasing production in the Confederate States to support their needs during the American Civil War. Since he was calling for the assistance of rural farming communities, the descriptions and instructions are both simple and explicit. He details the "French Method", along with several variations, as well as a "Swiss method". N.B. Many references have been made to a method using only straw and urine, but there is no such method in this work.
French method
Turgot and Lavoisier created the Régie des Poudres et Salpêtres a few years before the French Revolution. Niter-beds were prepared by mixing manure with either mortar or wood ashes, common earth and organic materials such as straw to give porosity to a compost pile typically 4 feet ( m) high, 6 feet ( m) wide, and 15 feet ( m) long.[22] The heap was usually under a cover from the rain, kept moist with urine, turned often to accelerate the decomposition, then finally leached with water after approximately one year, to remove the soluble calcium nitrate which was then converted to potassium nitrate by filtering through potash.
Swiss method
LeConte describes a process using only urine and not dung, referring to it as the Swiss method. Urine is collected directly, in a sandpit under a stable. The sand itself is dug out and leached for nitrates which were then converted to potassium nitrate using potash, as above.
From nitric acid
From until the World War I era, potassium nitrate for black powder and fertilizer was produced on an industrial scale from nitric acid produced using the Birkeland–Eyde process, which used an electric arc to oxidize nitrogen from the air. During World War I the newly industrialized Haber process () was combined with the Ostwald process after , allowing Germany to produce nitric acid for the war after being cut off from its supplies of mineral sodium nitrates from Chile (see nitratite).
Production
Potassium nitrate can be made by combining ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate hydroxide.
NH4NO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) → NH3 (g) + KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
An alternative way of producing potassium nitrate without a by-product of ammonia is to combine ammonium nitrate, found in instant ice packs,[23] and potassium nitrate chloride, easily obtained as a sodium-free salt substitute.
NH4NO3 (aq) + KCl (aq) → NH4Cl (aq) + KNO3 (aq)
Potassium nitrate can also be produced by neutralizing nitric acid with potassium nitrate hydroxide. This reaction is highly exothermic.
KOH (aq) + HNO3 → KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
On industrial scale it is prepared by the double displacement reaction between sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate chloride.
NaNO3 (aq) + KCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + KNO3 (aq)
Uses
Potassium nitrate has a wide variety of uses, largely as a source of nitrate.
Nitric acid production
Historically, nitric acid was produced by combining sulfuric acid with nitrates such as saltpeter. In modern times this is reversed: nitrates are produced from nitric acid produced via the Ostwald process.
Oxidizer
A demonstration of the oxidation of a piece of charcoal in molten potassium nitrate
The most famous use of potassium nitrate is probably as the oxidizer in blackpowder. From the most ancient times until the late s, blackpowder provided the explosive power for all the world's firearms. After that time, small arms and large artillery increasingly began to depend on cordite, a smokeless powder. Blackpowder remains in use today in black powder rocket motors, but also in combination with other fuels like sugars in "rocket candy". It is also used in fireworks such as smoke bombs.[24] It is also added to cigarettes to maintain an even burn of the tobacco[25] and is used to ensure complete combustion of paper cartridges for cap and ball revolvers.[26] It can also be heated to several hundred degrees to be used for niter bluing, which is less durable than other forms of protective oxidation, but allows for specific and often beautiful coloration of steel parts, such as screws, pins, and other small parts of firearms.
Meat processing
Potassium nitrate has been a common ingredient of salted meat since antiquity[27] or the Middle Ages.[28] The widespread adoption of nitrate use is more recent and is linked to the development of large-scale meat processing.[6] The use of potassium nitrate has been mostly discontinued because of slow and inconsistent results compared to sodium nitrite compounds such as "Prague powder" or pink "curing salt". Even so, potassium nitrate is still used in some food applications, such as salami, dry-cured ham, charcuterie, and (in some countries) in the brine used to make corned beef (sometimes together with sodium nitrite).[29] When used as a food additive in the European Union,[30] the compound is referred to as E; it is also approved for use as a food additive in the United States[31] and Australia and New Zealand[32] (where it is listed under its INS number ).[3]
Food preparation
In West African cuisine, potassium nitrate (saltpetre) is widely used as a thickening agent in soups and stews such as okra soup[33] and isi ewu. It is also used to soften food and reduce cooking time when boiling beans and tough meat. Saltpetre is also an essential ingredient in making special porridges, such as kunun kanwa[34] literally translated from the Hausa language as 'saltpetre porridge'. In the Shetland Islands (UK) it is used in the curing of mutton to make reestit mutton, a local delicacy.[35]
Fertilizer
Potassium nitrate is used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and potassium nitrate – two of the macronutrients for plants. When used by itself, it has an NPK rating of [36][37]
Pharmacology
Used in some toothpastes for sensitive teeth.[38] Recently, the use of potassium nitrate in toothpastes for treating sensitive teeth has increased.[39][40]
Used historically to treat asthma.[41] Used in some toothpastes to relieve asthma symptoms.[42]
Used in Thailand as main ingredient in kidney tablets to relieve the symptoms of cystitis, pyelitis and urethritis.[43]
Combats high blood pressure and was once used as a hypotensive.[44]
Other uses
Electrolyte in a salt bridge
Active ingredient of condensed aerosol fire suppression systems. When burned with the free radicals of a fire's flame, it produces potassium nitrate carbonate.[45]
Works as an aluminium cleaner.
Component (usually about 98%) of some tree stump removal products. It accelerates the natural decomposition of the stump by supplying nitrogen for the fungi attacking the wood of the stump.[46]
In heat treatment of metals as a medium temperature molten salt bath, usually in combination with sodium nitrite. A similar bath is used to produce a durable blue/black finish typically seen on firearms. Its oxidizing quality, water solubility, and low cost make it an ideal short-term rust inhibitor.[47]
To induce flowering of mango trees in the Philippines.[48][49]
Thermal storage medium in power generation systems. Sodium and potassium nitrate salts are stored in a molten state with the solar energy collected by the heliostats at the Gemasolar Thermosolar Plant. Ternary salts, with the addition of calcium nitrate or lithium nitrate, have been found to improve the heat storage capacity in the molten salts.[50]
As a source of potassium nitrate ions for exchange with sodium ions in chemically strengthened glass.
As an oxidizer in model rocket fuel called Rocket candy.
In folklore and popular culture
Potassium nitrate was once thought to induce impotence, and is still rumored to be in institutional food (such as military fare) as an anaphrodisiac; however, there is no scientific evidence for such properties.[51][52]
In (musical), John Adams asks his wife Abigail to make saltpeter for the Continental Army. She, eventually, is able to do so in exchange for pins for sewing.[53]
In the Star Trek episode "Arena", Captain Kirk injures a gorn using a rudimentary cannon that he constructed using potassium nitrate as a key ingredient.
In 21 Jump Street, Jenko, played by Channing Tatum, gave a rhyming presentation about potassium nitrate for his chemistry class.
Potassium nitrate[1]
Potassium nitrate
Potassium nitrate monash.pw
Potassium nitrate monash.pw
Potassium nitrate
Other names
Saltpeter
Saltpetre
Nitrate of potash[2]
Identifiers
Main hazardsOxidant, harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed on skin. Causes irritation to skin and eye area.
Other anionsPotassium nitrite
Other cationsLithium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Rubidium nitrate
Caesium nitrate
Related compoundsPotassium nitrate sulfate
Potassium nitrate chloride
Supplementary data page
Structure and
propertiesRefractive index (n),
Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic
dataPhase behaviour
solid–liquid–gas
Spectral dataUV, IR, NMR, MS
Potassium nitrate
Potassium nitrate (KNO&#;) is a soluble source of two major essential plant nutrients. It’s commonly used as a fertilizer for high-value crops that benefit from nitrate (NO&#;-) nutrition and a source of potassium nitrate (K+) free of chloride (Cl&#;).
Production
Manufacturers typically make potassium nitrate fertilizer (sometimes referred to as nitrate of potash or NOP by reacting potassium nitrate chloride (KCl) with a nitrate source. Depending on the objectives and available resources, the nitrate may come from sodium nitrate, nitric acid or ammonium nitrate. The resulting KNO3 is identical regardless of the manufacturing process. Potassium nitrate is commonly sold as a water-soluble, crystalline material primarily intended for dissolving and applying with water or in a prilled form for soil application. Traditionally, this compound is known as saltpeter.
Agricultural use
Potassium Nitrate
Growers value fertilizing with KNO&#; especially in conditions where a highly soluble, chloride-free nutrient source is needed. In such soils, all of the N is immediately available for plant uptake as nitrate, requiring no additional microbial action and soil transformation. Growers of high-value vegetable and orchard crops sometime prefer to use a nitrate-based source of nutrition in an effort to boost yield and quality. Potassium nitrate contains a relatively high proportion of K, with an N to K ratio of approximately one to three. Many crops have high K demands and can remove as much or more K than N at harvest.
Applications of KNO&#; to the soil are made before the growing season or as a supplement during the growing season. A diluted solution is sometimes sprayed on plant foliage to stimulate physiological processes or to overcome nutrient deficiencies. Foliar application of K during fruit development advantages some crops, since this growth stage often coincides with high K demands during the time of declining root activity and nutrient uptake. It’s also commonly used for greenhouse plant production and hydroponic culture.
Management practices
Potassium nitrate
Both N and K are required by plants to support harvest quality, protein formation, disease resistance and water-use efficiency. Therefore, to support healthy growth, farmers often apply KNO&#; to soil or through the irrigation system during the growing season.
Potassium nitrate accounts for only a small portion of the global K fertilizer market. It’s primarily used where its unique composition and properties can provide specific benefits to growers. Further, it’s easy to handle and apply, and is compatible with many other fertilizers, including specialty fertilizers for many high-value specialty crops, as well as those used on grain and fiber crops.
The relatively high solubility of KNO&#; under warm conditions allows for a more concentrated solution than for other common K fertilizers. However, farmers must carefully manage the water to keep the nitrate from moving below the root zone.
Non-agricultural uses
Potassium nitrate has long been used for fireworks and gunpowder. It’s now more commonly added to food to maintain the quality of meat and cheese. Specialty toothpastes often contain KNO&#; to alleviate tooth sensitivity. A mixture of KNO&#; and sodium nitrate (NaNO&#;) is used for storing heat in solar energy installations.
Saltpetre, also spelled Saltpeter, also called Nitre, or Niter, any of three naturally occurring nitrates, distinguished as (1) ordinary saltpetre, or potassium nitrate, KNO3; (2) Chile saltpetre, cubic nitre, or sodium nitrate, NaNO3; and (3) lime saltpetre, wall saltpetre, or calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2. These three nitrates generally occur as efflorescences caused by the oxidation of nitrogenous matter in the presence of the alkalis and alkaline earths.
Ordinary Saltpetre.
Potassium nitrate occurs as crusts on the surface of the Earth, on walls and rocks, and in caves; and it forms in certain soils in Spain, Italy, Egypt, Iran, and India. The deposits in the great limestone caves of Kentucky, Virginia, and Indiana have probably been derived from the overlying soil and accumulated by percolating water. In former times, the demand for saltpetre as an ingredient of gunpowder led to the formation of saltpetre plantations, or nitriaries, which were common in France, Germany, and other countries; the natural conditions were simulated by exposing heaps of decaying organic matter mixed with alkalis (lime, etc.) to atmospheric action. Potassium nitrate was used at one time in many different diseased conditions, especially asthma; but now it is rarely used medicinally, except as a diuretic. Its alleged value as a drug for suppressing sexual desire is purely imaginary.
Potassium nitrate is white in colour and soluble in water; it has a vitreous lustre and a cool and salty taste.
Potassium Nitrate
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) is obtained through a reaction of NaNO3 and potassium nitrate chloride (KCl). It is an important input in the production of crystal, enamel for covering ceramic or metallic surfaces, metal treatments and gunpowder, among others.
Toothpastes intended to prevent caries and to reduce painful sensitivity of the teeth are regulated as over-the-counter (OTC) anticaries drug products at Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR), Part Such products may contain up to 5% potassium nitrate as a tooth desensitizing ingredient.
Dentinal hypersensitivity occurs when gingival recession exposes dentin at the cervical margins of teeth. Twenty-four periodontal patients, with postoperative hypersensitive dentin were treated by burnishing saturated potassium nitrate (KNO3) to relieve pain. Using a visual analogue scale with participants acting as their own control, a subjective assessment of pain was measured and compared before and after KNO3 application. Thirty-six regions involving 98 teeth were assessed. A significant reduction of sensitivity and pain was achieved by using a saturated KNO3 solution
Potassium nitrate has been used in a dentifrice or gel to alleviate dentinal hypersensitivity. The aim of this study was to compare a 3% potassium nitrate/% sodium fluoride mouthwash with a % sodium fluoride control mouthwash in a 6-week double-blind study. Fifty subjects were evaluated using 2 tactile methods and cold air sensitivity (dental air syringe), along with subjective perception of pain (0 to 10 scale) at baseline and at 2 and 6 weeks. There was a general decrease in dentinal hypersensitivity levels in both groups over the 6-week study period as demonstrated by all 4 methods of assessment. There was also a statistically significant difference in decrease in sensitivity between the groups. /The authors concluded that/ this study showed that a 3% potassium nitrate/% sodium fluoride mouthwash appears to have therapeutic potential to alleviate dentinal hypersensitivity.
The effect on dentinal hypersensitivity from the use of a new dentifrice containing % potassium nitrate and % stannous fluoride in a silica base (Colgate Sensitive Maximum Strength Toothpaste, Colgate-Palmolive Co.) over an 8-week period was compared to a commercially available dentifrice containing % potassium nitrate and % sodium fluoride in a silica base (positive control (Sensodyne Fresh Mint Toothpaste, Block Drug Company, Inc.)) and to a commercially available nondesensitizing dentifrice containing % sodium fluoride in a silica base (negative control (Colgate Winterfresh Gel, Colgate-Palmolive Co.)). A total of participants were stratified into 3 balanced groups according to baseline mean air blast (thermal) and tactile (Yeaple Probe) sensitivity scores, gender, and age. Participants brushed their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for 1 minute. Dentinal hypersensitivity examinations were conducted at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks by the same dental examiner. After 4- and 8-weeks' use of their assigned products, participants in the new dentifrice group demonstrated statistically significant improvements (p < ) in tactile and air blast sensitivity, as compared to those using the positive and negative control dentifrices.
A multicenter clinical trial conducted by the authors compared the desensitizing efficacy of a new 5 percent potassium nitrate: percent sodium fluoride dentifrice along with two clinically proven, commercially available desensitizing dentifrices to a placebo dentifrice. Sensitivity to cold air and tactile stimulation, along with patients' subjective assessments, were evaluated to assess the dentinal desensitizing efficacy of the test dentifrices. Results demonstrated that after four weeks, participants who used the new dentifrice formulation experienced significant decreases in dentinal sensitivity compared to the placebo group for all measured indexes.
BACKGROUND: Potassium nitrate has been used previously in a dentifrice or gel to alleviate dentinal hypersensitivity. The aim of this study was to compare a 3% potassium nitrate/% sodium fluoride mouthwash with a % sodium fluoride control mouthwash in a 6-week double-blind study. METHODS: Fifty subjects were evaluated using 2 tactile methods and cold air sensitivity (dental air syringe), along with subjective perception of pain (0 to 10 scale) at baseline and at 2 and 6 weeks. RESULTS: There was a general decrease in dentinal hypersensitivity levels in both groups over the 6-week study period as demonstrated by all 4 methods of assessment. There was also a statistically significant difference in decrease in sensitivity between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that a 3% potassium nitrate/% sodium fluoride mouthwash appears to have therapeutic potential to alleviate dentinal hypersensitivity.
Following deep restorations in vital teeth, postoperative pain of various durations frequently occurs, even if the teeth were asymptomatic before treatment. In this study, a potassium nitrate-polycarboxylate cement was used as a liner and was found clinically to tend to preserve pulpal vitality and significantly eliminate or decrease postoperative pain.
Potassium Nitrate - KNO3
What is Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)?
KNO3 is a chemical compound with chemical name Potassium Nitrate.
Potassium nitrate also called saltpeter or niter, a white solid soluble in water formed by fractional crystallization of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate chloride solutions. It occurs naturally as niter in rocks in India, South Africa and Brazil. When heated it decomposes to give the nitrite and oxygen. Unlike sodium nitrate it is non-deliquescent. Potassium nitrate is used in gunpowder, fertilizers and in the laboratory preparation of nitric acid.
Potassium nitrate is the most common desensitizing agent in over-the-counter dentifrices. At a concentration of 5%, potassium nitrate in conjunction with sodium or monofluorophosphate fluoride significantly reduces symptoms within 2 weeks of daily use. Potassium nitrate ions penetrate the length of the dentinal tubule and block repolarization of the nerve ending.
Frequent and regular application of a potassium nitrate dentifrice is necessary to avoid recurrence of symptoms, maintain a high abundance of extracellular potassium nitrate ions, and maintain the inter dental nerves in a hyperpolarized state. Potassium nitrate, often called saltpeter, occurs as an efflorescence in caverns and on soils in arid regions.
Synthesis of Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)
Potassium nitrate is a salt. It is prepared by neutralizing an acid. When potassium nitrate hydroxide neutralizes nitric acid potassium nitrate is formed.
KOH + HNO3 → KNO3 + H2O
Neutralizing nitric acid always makes “nitrate” salts. Other acids make other types of salts.
Potassium nitrate contains potassium nitrate (a soft, light, and silver metal), oxygen, and nitrogen (a colourless and odourless gas). It is an alkali metal nitrate because it is an ionic salt of potassium nitrate ions K+ ions and nitrate ions NO3−. It is solid white or sometimes white to dirty grey in colour. Potassium nitrate is soluble in hot water. This compound releases oxygen when heated or decomposed. It is a strong oxidizing agent It is widely used in the removal of the stump, fireworks, fertilizers, etc. It is a major constituent of black powder and food preservation techniques.
Properties of Potassium Nitrate – KNO3
KNO3Potassium Nitrate
Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass g/mol
Density g/cm3
Boiling Point °C
Melting Point °C
Potassium Nitrate structure (KNO3 Structure)
Potassium Nitrate - KNO3
Potassium Nitrate Structure
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3 ) Uses
It is used as a form of fertilizer as it contains all the macronutrients needed for the plants to grow.
It is used as gunpowder in explosives such as bombs, grenades, etc.
Used in the manufacturing and production of cigarettes.
It is used extensively used in the preservation of hides
It has medicinal applications such as a diuretic in medicine
Used in toothpaste to make the teeth less sensitive to pain
Used in the food industry to preserve meat against microbial agents
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3 ) Health Hazards
Potential exposure – Potassium Nitrate is used in chemical analysis, as a food additive in fertilizers in medications as a vasodilator and as antidote for cyanide poisoning.
Short term exposure – Potassium nitrate can affect when breathed in. Contact can cause eye and skin burns. Breathing the dust or mist can irritate the nose, throat and lungs and may cause coughing with phlegm. Higher exposures can cause pulmonary edema, a medical emergency that can be delayed for several hours. This can cause death.
Long term exposure – Repeated skin contact causes dermatitis, drying and cracking. May cause lung irritation, bronchitis may develop. There is limited evidence that potassium nitrite may damage the developing fetus.
Medical surveillance – If symptoms develop or overexposure is suspected, the following may be useful, blood test for methemoglobin. Lung function tests. Consider chest X-ray after acute overexposure.
Potassium nitrate is an inorganic salt which has a molecular KNO3 formula. This is a common form of nitrate which has been used for numerous uses as a component, including agricultural preservatives, fertilizers, tree stump removal, rocket propellants, which fireworks.
Potassium nitrate is a common active ingredient that exerts an anti-sensitive effect in toothpaste. It offers enhanced protection against the painful sensitivity of the teeth to ice, sun, acids, sweets or touch.
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
Is potassium nitrate harmful to humans?
A number of health hazards can present potassium nitrate. It can trigger breathing issues when inhaled, including coughing and shortness of breath. Contact with the skin or eye can lead to discomforts such as redness, itching, and pain.
What contains potassium nitrate?
Potassium nitrate is a nitric acid crystalline potassium nitrate salt. Many products in households, agriculture, and industry use potassium nitrate. For solar power plants, there are examples of toothpaste, fertilizers, fireworks, pesticides and molten salt.
Is potassium nitrate safe in toothpaste?
There is often confusion between nitrates and nitrites. The FDA recognizes nitrates used in potassium nitrate as secure and efficient for use in anti-sensitive dental products. Additionally, temporary pain relief is provided by delicate toothpaste.
What are the dangers of potassium nitrate?
Contact can trigger irritation of the eyes and skin. Potassium nitrate respiration may irritate the nose and throat causing sneezing and coughing. High concentrations may interfere with the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen that causes headache, tiredness, dizziness, and blue skin and lips.
What is potassium nitrite used for?
In the production of heat transfer salts, potassium nitrite is used. Potassium nitrite as a food additive E is a sodium nitrite-like preservative and is approved for use in the EU, USA, Australia and New Zealand.
Is potassium nitrate harmful to humans?
Potassium nitrate when breathed in will impact you. * Touch can cause discomfort to the eyes and skin. * Potassium nitrate for breathing can irritate the nose and throat causing sneezing and coughing.”
Is potassium nitrate a carcinogen?
Nither IARC nor the EPA have listed carcinogenicity nitrates. There are however several potential mechanisms that can metabolize nitrates to N-nitroso compounds, some of which are carcinogenic.
What plants benefit from potassium nitrate?
Potassium nitrate grows good lawns by encouraging deep-rooted lush, robust stems. By supporting solid stems and well-developed flowers it benefits roses and other flowering plants. The farmers depend on potassium nitrate to grow good crops. Plants which are rich in carbohydrates like potatoes need potassium nitrate to develop tuber.