V Subclavia

Özet

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the anatomical structure of the brachial plexus in the common buzzard (Buteo buteo). Five common buzzards (two females and three males) provided by the Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre of Kafkas University were used. The nerves of the brachial plexus and the accessory brachial plexus were dissected and photographed. Two plexuses were found the brachial plexus and the accessory brachial plexus. It was also found that the v. jugularis, the a. carotis communis and the n. vagus were located medially of the brachial plexus, while the v. subclavia and the a. subclavia were located in the caudal part of the plexus. In addition, it was observed that the accessory brachial plexus was located in the cranial region, and that it originated from a merger of the ventral branches of cervical spinal nerve 10 and 11 (C10 and C11). The mean diameters of C10 and C11 were measured as +/- and +/- mm, respectively. It was found that the brachial plexus originated from a merger of the ventral branches of the last three cervical spinal nerves (C11, C12, and C13) with the ventral branches of the first two thoracic (T1 and T2) spinal nerves. There was no gender difference in terms of the formation of the brachial plexus and the accessory brachial plexus. The diameters of these branches, which joined at the point of origin of the brachial plexus, were measured as +/- (C11), +/- (C12), +/- (C13), +/- (T1) and +/- mm (T2). Thus, the formation of the brachial plexus in the common buzzard, the spinal nerves that formed the plexus, and the innervation areas of these nerves were observed and presented.

Abstract:

Amaç: Vena jugularis interna ve vena subclavia, baş-boyun ve üst ekstremitelerden venöz kanın kalbe dönüşünü sağlayan major vasküler yapılardır. Genellikle kardiyak venöz kateterizasyon uygulamalarında kullanılırlar. Bu venlerin vena brachiocephalica ile birleşme yerlerinin yakınlarında kapakları bulunmaktadır. Venöz kanın perifere geri dönüşüne engel olan bu kapakların yapılacak cerrahi girişimlerde hasarlanma riskinin azaltılmasına katkıda bulunabilmek amacıyla, her iki vene ait kapakların topografik ve morfometrik özelliklerini araştırmayı planladık. Gereç ve yöntem: Bu çalışmada formalinle fikse edilmiş, belirgin vasküler patolojisi bulunmayan 8 adet erişkin erkek kadavrasında boyun disseksiyonları yapılarak vena jugularis interna ve vena subclavia'lar tamamıyla görünür hale getirildi. Damar lümenleri longitudinal olarak açıldı. Kapaklar, morfolojik ve morfometrik olarak değerlendirildi; angulus venosus, funduszeue.info, articulatio sternoclavicularis ve incisura jugularis gibi referans yapılara uzaklıkları ölçülerek yerleşimleri tanımlandı. Bulgular: Vena jugularis interna'ya ait kapaklarin %75'i bicuspit, %18,75'inin unicuspit iken olguların %6,25'inde kapak bulunmadığı, vena subclavia'ya ait kapakların %93,7 bicuspit, %6,2 tricuspit olduğu görüldü. Kapak derinliği vena subclavia'larda ortalama 8,9 mm (4,,8 mm), vena jugularis interna'larda ortalama 6,7 mm (3,,5 mm); kapağın articulatio sternoclavicularis'in alt köşesine uzaklığı, vena subclavia için ortalama 43,3 mm (20,,3 mm), vena jugularis interna için ortalama 36,6 mm (28,9 mm,5 mm); kapağın incisura jugularis'in orta noktasına uzaklığı, vena subclavia için ortalama 73,0 mm (62,,0 mm), vena jugularis interna için ortalama 51,1 mm (40,,8 mm) olarak ölçüldü. Sonuç: Venöz kateterizasyonda vena jugularis interna ve vena subclavia'ya yapılacak diğer girişimlerde ven kapaklarının yaralanma riskinin en aza indirilmesi, kapakların yerleşim ve anatomik özelliklerinin bilinmesi ile mümkün olacaktır. Objective: Intenal jugular vein and subclavian vein are the major vessels, returning the venous blood to heart from head-neck and upper extremities. Generally, they are used in cardiac venous catheterization procedures. The valves of these veins are close to the brachiocephalic vein comissure. To decrease injury risk of the valves during the surgery, that was performed to prevent the returning of venous blood to periphery, we aimed to investigate the topographic and morphometric features of valves of the both veins. Material and method: The internal jugular vein and subclavian vein were examined in eigth formalin fixed adult cadavers without significant vascular pathology for these study. Vascular lumens were dissected longitudinally. Valves were evaluated morphologically and morphometrically; their locations were defined according to their distance with reference structures such as angulus venosus, first rib, sternoclavicular joint and jugular notch. Results: The valve type of the internal jugular vein was bicuspid in 75% of the specimens, unicuspid in %, without valve in % and in subclavian vein were found bicuspid %, tricuspid % in the specimens . The mean (average) of valve depth was mm ( mm to mm) in subclavian vein and mm( mm to mm) in internal jugular vein the distance between the valve and inferior corner of the sternoclavicular joint was mm ( mm to mm) for subclavian vein, mm ( mm to mm) for internal jugular vein and the distance between the valve and midpoint of jugular notch was mm ( mm to mm) for subclavian vein and mm ( mm to mm) for internal jugular vein. Conclusion: Knowledge of the location and anatomic features of the valves, will minimize the risk of vein valve injury during the venous catheterization and other internal jugular vein and subclavian vein procedures.