Дц Адмирал Форекс

The worlds biggest market at your desk

Admiral Markets
Introduction to Foreign Exchange Trading The worlds biggest market at your desk

Contents
Chapter 1 Foreign Exchange (Forex) Basics Chapter 2 Why trade foreign currency? Chapter 3 How foreign exchange prices work Chapter 4 How trading works 10 Chapter 5 Your trading plan 13 Chapter 6 Before you start 16 Chapter 7 Further information 18
Disclaimer information Any information contained in this document does not constitute financial advice. This content is provided for the purpose of assisting traders to make independent judgments and is subject to change at any time without notice. Admiral is not liable for any loss or damage, including without limitation, any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly from the use of or reliance on such information. Trading foreign exchange carries a high level of risk, and may not be suitable for all investors. The high degree of leverage available can magnify profits and as well as losses. You can lose more than your initial deposit. Before trading, please carefully consider the risks and inherent costs and seek independent advice as required. There are also risks associated with online trading including, but not limited to, hardware and/or software failures, and disruptions to communication systems and internet connectivity. Admiral utilises numerous backup systems and procedures to minimise such risks and reduce the duration and severity of any disruptions and failures. Admiral is not liable for any loss or damage, including without limitation, any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly as a result of failures, disruptions or delays.

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Chapter 1
Foreign Exchange (Forex) Basics
What is Forex?
Forex or FX is the common abbreviation for Foreign Exchange. If you've ever travelled to another country, you probably had to find a currency exchange booth at the airport, and then exchange the money you have in your wallet or purse into the currency of the country you are visiting. When you do this, you have essentially participated in the Forex market you have exchanged one currency for another. Or in Forex trading terms, assuming you are an Australian visiting America, you've sold Aussie dollars and bought United States dollars. Before you fly back home, you stop by the currency exchange booth to exchange the United States Dollars that you have left over and notice the exchange rates have changed. It's these changes in the exchange rates that allow you to make money in the foreign exchange market. Foreign exchange is the Worlds largest and most active market. Its where banks and dealers exchange large amounts of foreign currency, mostly to facilitate trade and investment between countries. Its open all day and night - except at the weekends and its volume amounts to about $5 trillion a day. Compared to the measly $ billion a day volume of the Australian Stock Exchange or even the relatively small $22 billion a day volume of the New York Stock Exchange, the foreign exchange market is absolutely huge. That massive $5 trillion number covers the entire global foreign exchange market, but retail traders (like Admiral Markets clients) trade the spot market and that's about 30% or $ trillion per day.

Who Trades Forex?

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Companies take part in the foreign exchange market for the purpose of doing business. For instance, Apple must first exchange its U.S. dollars for the Japanese yen when purchasing electronic parts from Japan for their products. Since the volume they trade is much smaller than those in the interbank market, this type of market player typically deals with commercial banks for their transactions. Just like companies, smaller national governments participate in the Forex market for their operations, international trade payments, and handling their foreign exchange reserves. At the bottom of the Forex ladder are the retail traders. It used to be very hard for retail traders to engage in the Forex market but, thanks to the advent of the Internet, electronic trading platforms, and retail brokers like Admiral Markets, the difficult barriers to entry in Forex trading have been removed.

When Can You Trade Forex?

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Chapter 2
Why trade foreign currency?
Liquidity
Because the foreign exchange market is global and includes all of the Worlds largest banks, you can be sure that theres always someone to trade with unlike the share market where you might want to buy a particular share, but no one wants to sell (or vice versa). This ability to trade at any time is called liquidity. High liquidity means there is always someone to trade with, and there is little risk of a single trader or entity being able to move the price, as can happen in other markets, like the stock market. You need to learn what influences movements in a currency pair and, just as importantly, how to use technical analysis to improve your chances of success.

Trade at home, from a caf, or on holiday

Easy to understand
The learning curve in the share market is steep and the amount of analysis required can be daunting. You need to understand dividends, price-earnings ratios, and how to assess the quality of corporate management before deciding which shares are likely to move in which direction. By comparison, foreign exchange is relatively straightforward. You take a currency youre familiar with (say, the Australian dollar) and look at its value against another currency. There are only a few major currencies that lend themselves to Forex trading.

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Low transaction costs

is a ratio of at least but is usually In order to buy $10, worth to US dollars, for example, you only have to pay $ to enter the trade, because you effectively borrow the remainder, or $9, To show you the kind of returns this level of leverage can offer, suppose you buy Australian dollars and the Australian dollars value rises from $US to $US A currency can move by this amount, or more, in a matter of a few hours when markets are moving swiftly. It represents a change of percent, but since you have leverage of , your profit on the upward move will be times , or percent based on the initial amount you pay. With this amount of leverage, even very small moves in the value of a currency can result in quite large gains and losses. You will need to learn the basic rules of risk management to trade safety in the market and how to place stop-loss as well as stop-limit orders (that is, orders to close a position when the price reaches a set level). You will need to take some time to lean about trading plans, risk to reward ratios, money management, position sizing, fundamental analysis and technical analysis before you begin.

Leverage
The foreign exchange market offers the availability to profit from a large position in the market for a small upfront cost, known as the initial margin. This is called leverage. The maximum leverage in the share market is usually , which means your contract is for 20 times the initial margin (deposit) you paid. In the foreign exchange market leverage

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Chapter 3
How foreign exchange prices work
Currency pairs
Each currency has a universal three-letter code (the ISO code) that all foreign exchange participants use to identify it. The code for Australian dollar is AUD and the US dollar is USD. Currencies are always quoted in pairs, such as AUD/USD, GBP/USD or USD/ JPY. The reason they are quoted in pairs is because in every foreign exchange transaction, you are simultaneously buying one currency and selling another. The first listed currency to the left of the slash ("/") is known as the base currency, while the second one on the right is called the counter or quote currency. When buying, the exchange rate tells you how much you have to pay in units of the quote currency to buy one unit of the base currency. When selling, the exchange rate tells you how many units of the quote currency you get for selling one unit of the base currency. The base currency is the "basis" for the buy or the sell. If you buy EUR/USD this simply means that you are buying the base currency, or Euros, and that you are simultaneously selling the quote currency, or U.S Dollars. You would buy the pair if you believe the base currency will appreciate (gain value) relative to the quote currency. You would sell the pair if you think the base currency will depreciate (lose value) relative to the quote currency. When you see a quote that looks like this: AUD/USD you know that what is being valued (the base currency) is one Australian dollar ($A1) and that its value is being given in terms of US dollars (the counter currency). Most currencies (Japanese yen, Swiss francs, and Canadian dollars to name a few) are quoted with the US dollar as the base currency, that is, pricing the US currency in terms of its value in the other currency, but there are four notable exceptions: British Pounds (GBP), Euros (EUR), Australian dollars (AUD) and New Zealand dollars (NZD). These are quoted the other way around. Although buying British pounds is the same as selling US dollars, if you always think in terms of how the base currency will move when placing your trade, you are less likely to get confused.

Major, Minor and Commodity Currencies

Long/Short, Bid/Ask
First, you should determine whether you want to buy or sell. If you want to buy (which actually means buy the base currency and sell the quote currency),

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you want the base currency to rise in value and then you would sell it back at a higher price. In trader's talk, this is called "going long" or taking a "long position." Just remember: long = buy. If you want to sell (which actually means sell the base currency and buy the quote currency), you want the base currency to fall in value and then you would buy it back at a lower price. This is called "going short" or taking a "short position". Just remember: short = sell. The bid is the price at which your broker is willing to buy the base currency in exchange for the quote currency. This means the bid is the best available price at which you (the trader) will sell to the market. The ask is the price at which your broker will sell the base currency in exchange for the quote currency. This means the ask price is the best available price at which you will buy from the market. Another word for ask is the offer price. In foreign exchange terms, the difference between the bid and the ask price is known as the spread. Other names for the same thing are the bid-ask spread or buy-sell spread.

Suppose the Australian dollar is going up in value and rises from US cents to USc. In the Forex market, this is expressed as a move from $US to $US This is the smallest move that a currency can make against another and is known as one pip. There are pro accounts available that quote currency pairs beyond the standard "4 and 2" decimal places to "5 and 3" decimal places. They are quoting fractional PIPS, also called "pipettes." For instance, if GBP/USD moves from to , that USD move higher is one PIPETTE.

Standard, Mini and Micro contract

Pips & Pipettes

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Chapter 4
How FX trading works
Spot Foreign exchange and CFDs
Most foreign exchange trading in Australia occurs in the spot market via instruments called currency contracts for difference (CFDs), but there are other ways to trade. Among them are instruments listed on official exchanges, such as currency futures. Spot trades require an initial margin to start with, and further margin payments on a daily basis if the market moves against you (down when you have bought, for example). This means you need more than the initial margin in order to trade if the market moves rapidly against you.

Example Forex trade

1 December
Buy AUD$, at USD$ Pay initial margin Commission USD $, (value) AUS $ nil USD $, (value) + AUD $ nil USD $

5 December
Sell AUD$, at $US Initial margin returned Commission Profit

Three Types of Market Analysis

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Fundamental Analysis
Fundamental analysis is a way of looking at the market by analysing economic, social, and political forces that affects the supply and demand of an asset. The idea behind this type of analysis is that if a country's current or future economic outlook is good, their currency should strengthen. If demand for a countrys goods or services is increasing, or the number of people wanting to invest there is growing, they need to buy that countrys currency before they can buy its goods or invest and then the currency tends to rise in value. Investment in Australia, for example, is attractive when our economy is strong, when share prices on the stock market are expected to move higher, when companies are paying good dividends, and when interest rates are rising. When these things are happening, the Australian dollar tends to move higher against other currencies. The Australian dollar is like a tiny share in the wealth of the nation as a whole. Some of the economic indicators that show how healthy the economy is include: Interest rates - the dollar tends to move up when interest rates are rising. Global growth and demand for resources Australia produces commodities including metals, coal and agricultural products such as wheat and wool. When demand for these goods is increasing, this supports the currency. The economic cycle - Indicators include housing statistics, retail sales, automotive sales figures and employment levels. Budget and trade deficits and surpluses surpluses indicate strong growth and a rising Australian dollar, deficits the opposite.

Inflation inflation reduces investment returns, and rising inflation tends to reduce the longterm value of the currency. Indicators of inflation include the consumer price index and the money supply statistics.

Technical Analysis
Technical analysis is the framework in which traders study price movement. The theory is that a person can look at historical price movements and determine the current trading conditions and potential price movement. The market is like a balance thats set as new information about fundamentals comes to hand, swinging in one direction and then another, and from time to time finding a point where it might rest briefly until more new information is available. As all this happens, prices show patterns that tend to be repeated. Identifying these patterns by examining charts of past price behaviour is called technical analysis. The main evidence for using technical analysis is that, theoretically, all current market information is reflected in price. If price reflects all the information that is out there, then price action is all one would really need to make a trade. Technical analysis provides the basis on which most traders make their trading decisions. As fundamental factors always show up in price formation, many traders make their decisions based on technical analysis alone. Charts allow you to analyse market pattern and trend data and provide a visual representation of price and volume levels that you can use to determine the next likely move for a currency. There is no such thing as absolute certainty when forecasting price movement. The market can do anything, and often defies both logic and the forecasts of charts.

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Among the patterns and indicators traders use to forecast the way a market is likely to move are: Trend lines - lines joining higher and higher low points (uptrend) or lower and lower high points (downtrend). Prices breaking through these lines can indicate the beginning of a possible change in price direction. Moving averages - smooth out past movements and indicate a possible new trend if the price moves through the average. Reversal patterns - such as head-and-shoulders, tops and bottoms, triple tops and rounded tops. Support and resistance - price points that a market has had difficulty moving through in the past. Relative strength indicators - show whether the market can be considered overbought. Fibonacci levels - levels that indicate a continued move in the current direction is breached. MACD or Moving Average Convergences/ Divergerence used to help spot early trends and trend reversals. Cyclicity indicators - markets go through cycles of bullish and bearish phases with periods in which they tend to return to their average. Cyclicity indicators help reveal such cycles.

Sentiment analysis
Each trader's thoughts and opinions, which are expressed through whatever position they take, helps form the overall sentiment of the market. Theres one thing thats constant about the markets behaviour, its that traders tend to overreact, pushing prices to higher levels than their true value, and then overreach in the opposite direction, pushing them to levels below true value. Sentiment analysis is all about picking these reactions. Although the indicators of market sentiment, such as moving averages and a currencys average true range (ATR) are traditionally thought of as technical analysis tools, technical analysis focuses on past price movements. Sentiment analysis attempts to understand what is driving trader decisions for now and the immediate future. Volume of trade is one indicator that can help determine which direction the weight of trading money is flowing, and this can help reveal what the market believes is going to happen, which is market sentiment. Its the difference between what the charts indicate the market is likely to do based on its past behaviour, and what it actually does as each unique market situation unfolds.

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Chapter 5
Creating a trading plan
Developing Your Trading Plan
Trading in foreign exchange can be risky, especially if you havent traded before. Most people who lose money trading in leveraged markets (such as the Forex market) do so because they havent undertaken the essential learning, have no trading discipline and no set trading plan. Don't follow someone else's trading advice blindly. Just because someone may be doing well with their method, it doesn't mean it will work for you. We all have different market views, thought processes, risk tolerance levels, and market experience. Have your own personalized trading plan and update it as you learn from the market. Finding strategies that work and then preparing a trading plan takes some research and time to ensure it covers every essential aspect of keeping your risk capital safe and maximising your chances of success. Your trading plan should have the following as essential elements: Your objective in trading - this might be a target return or an expected percentage gain on winning trades. Many traders in forex target a number of pips per week as their trading objective. Use of trading strategies that have been proved to work in the past. How you will decide when to enter (buy or sell) - this will come from your understanding of proven trading strategies and proper use of technical analysis. Use of stop losses - stop losses are essential for risk management, and require close study so that you use them appropriately for your position size and amount at risk. eunic-brussels.eu phone + email [email protected] How you will decide when to exit a trade. This is also a result of your understanding of the trading strategies and the proper use of technical analysis and chart patterns. Definition of your risk-management system risk-management rules are designed to preserve your risk capital by limiting the amount you put at risk on any one trade.

Sound money management

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1. Dont risk more than 1 percent of your capital on any one trade. This rule, along with correct position sizing will keep you from risking too much of your capital at once, and from showing a disproportionately large loss on any trade. 2. Learn about stop losses and how to use them. A stop-loss order (known as a stop) is an order to exit your position at a particular price as a means of limiting losses or helping to protect profits already made on positions that are still open. Determine the price level of your stop-loss by reference to the specific currency pair you are trading and its past behaviour, as indicated by charting signals, rather than by simply placing it to keep losses to a known dollar amount. Pay particular attention to support and resistance, trend lines, and recent volatility when placing stops. 3. Know how to calculate your risk-reward ratio, or the ratio of how much you are likely to gain to how much you have at risk. The reward, or possible gain is based on the target price for the currency, which is the level you expect the exchange rate to reach based on your technical analysis. The risk is the total amount at risk based on where you place your stop, also calculated by reference to chart signals and patterns. Unlike shares, where a minimum risk reward ratio would be a possible gain of $3 for every $1 risked the minimum acceptable ration in the Forex market is 4. Determine your position size based on how much you will lose if the stop is triggered at the indicated level, and the 1 per cent rule. You should know in advance how much the likely maximum loss will be on the trade.

5. Realise that no matter how well you know the rules, emotion can step in and overrule that rational knowledge. Hesitation through uncertainty before entering a trade, and the tendency to hold on to a losing position in the hope that it will turn around and prove you right, are among the most common trading errors.

Data and software

Trading psychology
The psychology of trading relates to how well a trader manages his trading capital and the risks involved in leveraged trading. The only successful traders are those who keep strictly to the money management rules that have been found to work. The psychology of trading examines why there is a conflict, if any, between what we think and understand about the markets and what we go on to do. The reason traders especially beginners dont follow the rules is that they have not understood their own relationship to money and to greed. Leveraged trading in forex will challenge you to know yourself better and to learn what you really think about money and greed. It will also challenge you to accept responsibility for your results in the knowledge that there is no one else to blame.

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There is no substitute for experience in learning about your own ability to keep from overtrading, hesitating, and risking too much, from adjusting stop-loss levels without sound reasons or from holding a losing position past the maximum loss level. But awareness of these possibilities and the reason for them in your own mind everyone being different in this regard can make the experience more valuable. A good place to start is Mark Douglass book, Trading in the zone, which is written for traders generally, and is directly applicable to forex trading.

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Chapter 6
Getting Started
Chose a Forex broker
Choosing a suitable foreign exchange broker is not as easy as it sounds. One of the best ways is on a recommendation from other traders, but as a guide you should look for a broker that: Is reputable and offers secure handling of clients funds, in particular segregation from their own and ideally offering protection for those funds including unrealised profits, and cash on deposit against their own financial failure. Check that your Forex provider holds a licence from the Australian Securities and Investments Commissions (ASIC), the regulatory body for Australian financial markets. Offers not only the best spreads between bid and ask prices, but also consistent spreads that arent widened significantly during times of market volatility remember this is the cost of trading; Does not requote prices, unless there are exceptional conditions, but allows you to trade at or very close to the price quoted on the screen; Allows you to deposit funds and withdraw earnings smoothly and speedily; Has a responsive, fully featured and easy-to-use trading platform; Offers competent, easily available account and technical support, especially after the account is opened.

Learn the trading platform

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Demo and Live Accounts

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Chapter 7
Further information

Without the essential information on trading plans and strategies, Forex trading is more of a gamble than a source of income. Use these resources to help you learn more.

Technical Analysis Resources

Foreign Exchange Books

Trading Plans
Art of Trading By Christopher Tate Better trading By Daryl Guppy (Australia)

Trading Psychology
Trading in the Zone By Mark Douglas (USA)

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