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Have you ever heard someone describe themselves as an INTJ or an ESTP and wondered what those cryptic-sounding letters could mean? What these people are referring to is their personality type based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

The Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator is a self-report inventory designed to identify a person's personality type, strengths, and preferences. The questionnaire was developed by Isabel Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs based on their work with Carl Jung's theory of personality types. Today, the MBTI inventory is one of the world's most widely used psychological instruments.

This article discusses how the Myers-Briggs types were created, what the 16 different MBTI types are, and how this personality typing system works.

The Development of the Myers-Briggs Test

Both Myers and Briggs were fascinated by Jung's theory of psychological types and recognized that the theory could have real-world applications. During World War II, they began researching and developing an indicator that could be utilized to help understand individual differences.

Myers created the first pen-and-pencil version of the inventory during the s, and the two women began testing the assessment on friends and family. They continued to fully develop the instrument over the next two decades.

An Overview of the Test

Based on the answers to the questions on the inventory, people are identified as having one of 16 personality types. The goal of the MBTI is to allow respondents to further explore and understand their own personalities including their likes, dislikes, strengths, weaknesses, possible career preferences, and compatibility with other people.

No one personality type is "best" or "better" than another. It isn't a tool designed to look for dysfunction or abnormality. Instead, its goal is simply to help you learn more about yourself. The questionnaire itself is made up of four different scales.

Extraversion (E) – Introversion (I)

The extraversion-introversion dichotomy was first explored by Jung in his theory of personality types as a way to describe how people respond and interact with the world around them. While these terms are familiar to most people, the way in which they are used in the MBTI differs somewhat from their popular usage.

Extraverts (also often spelled extroverts) are "outward-turning" and tend to be action-oriented, enjoy more frequent social interaction, and feel energized after spending time with other people. Introverts are "inward-turning" and tend to be thought-oriented, enjoy deep and meaningful social interactions, and feel recharged after spending time alone.

Sensing (S) – Intuition (N)

This scale involves looking at how people gather information from the world around them. Just like with extraversion and introversion, all people spend some time sensing and intuiting depending on the situation. According to the MBTI, people tend to be dominant in one area or the other.

People who prefer sensing tend to pay a great deal of attention to reality, particularly to what they can learn from their own senses. They tend to focus on facts and details and enjoy getting hands-on experience. Those who prefer intuition pay more attention to things like patterns and impressions. They enjoy thinking about possibilities, imagining the future, and abstract theories.

Thinking (T) – Feeling (F)

This scale focuses on how people make decisions based on the information that they gathered from their sensing or intuition functions. People who prefer thinking place a greater emphasis on facts and objective data.

They tend to be consistent, logical, and impersonal when weighing a decision. Those who prefer feeling are more likely to consider people and emotions when arriving at a conclusion.

Judging (J) – Perceiving (P)

The final scale involves how people tend to deal with the outside world. Those who lean toward judging prefer structure and firm decisions. People who lean toward perceiving are more open, flexible, and adaptable. These two tendencies interact with the other scales.

Remember, all people at least spend some time engaged in extraverted activities. The judging-perceiving scale helps describe whether you behave like an extravert when you are taking in new information (sensing and intuiting) or when you are making decisions (thinking and feeling).

The Myers Briggs Types

Each type is then listed by its four-letter code:

• ISTJ - The Inspector: Reserved and practical, they tend to be loyal, orderly, and traditional.
• ISTP - The Crafter: Highly independent, they enjoy new experiences that provide first-hand learning.
• ISFJ - The Protector: Warm-hearted and dedicated, they are always ready to protect the people they care about.
• ISFP - The Artist: Easy-going and flexible, they tend to be reserved and artistic.
• INFJ - The Advocate: Creative and analytical, they are considered one of the rarest Myers-Briggs types.
• INFP - The Mediator: Idealistic with high values, they strive to make the world a better place.
• INTJ - The Architect: High logical, they are both very creative and analytical.
• INTP - The Thinker: Quiet and introverted, they are known for having a rich inner world.
• ESTP - The Persuader: Out-going and dramatic, they enjoy spending time with others and focusing on the here-and-now.
• ESTJ - The Director: Assertive and rule-oriented, they have high principles and a tendency to take charge.
• ESFP - The Performer: Outgoing and spontaneous, they enjoy taking center stage.
• ESFJ - The Caregiver: Soft-hearted and outgoing, they tend to believe the best about other people.
• ENFP - The Champion: Charismatic and energetic, they enjoy situations where they can put their creativity to work. 
• ENFJ - The Giver: Loyal and sensitive, they are known for being understanding and generous.
• ENTP - The Debater: Highly inventive, they love being surrounded by ideas and tend to start many projects (but may struggle to finish them).
• ENTJ - The Commander: Outspoken and confident, they are great at making plans and organizing projects.

Taking the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator can provide a lot of insight into your personality, which is probably why the instrument has become so popular. Even without taking the formal questionnaire, you can probably immediately recognize some of these tendencies in yourself.

When working in group situations in school or at work, for example, recognizing your own strengths and understanding the strengths of others can be very helpful. When you are working toward completing a project with other members of a group, you might realize that certain members of the group are skilled and talented at performing particular actions. By recognizing these differences, the group can better assign tasks and work together on achieving their goals.

How MBTI Differs From Other Instruments

The MBTI is just one approach to personality typing. Personality typing refers to systems that categorize people based on their traits, tendencies, and other characteristics. Other popular types of personality tests include:

However, the Myers-Briggs types differ in some important ways. First, the MBTI is not really a "test." There are no right or wrong answers, and one type is not better than any other type. The purpose of the indicator is not to evaluate mental health or offer any type of diagnosis.

Also, unlike many other psychological evaluations, your results are not compared against any norms. Instead of looking at your score in comparison to other people's results, the instrument's goal is to simply offer further information about your unique personality.

Reliability and Validity

According to the Myers & Briggs Foundation, the MBTI meets accepted standards of reliability and validity. The official website for the test suggests that it has a 90% accuracy and test-retest reliability rating. One study found that while the scale showed strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability, variations were observed.

Other studies indicate that the reliability and validity of the instrument have not been adequately demonstrated. For example, some research suggests that around many people get differing results when they later retake the test and the test is not a good predictor of success in different careers.

The MBTI Today

Because the Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator is relatively easy to use, it has become one of the most popular psychological instruments currently in use today. Approximately two million U.S. adults complete the inventory each year.

The real MBTI must be administered by a trained and qualified practitioner that includes a follow-up of the results. Today, the questionnaire can be administered online via the instrument publisher, CPP, Inc., and includes receiving a professional interpretation of your results.

The current version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator includes 93 forced-choice questions in the North American version and 88 forced-choice questions in the European version. For each question, there are two different options from which the respondent must choose.

Ubuntu One是由Canonical公司經營的檔案儲存與同步的服務。這項服務可讓使用者同步檔案。Ubuntu One 服務已經在年6月1號正式退休。

特色[編輯]

Ubuntu One在Ubuntu 和以後的版本提供（內建）客戶端應用程式，而在Windows平台已開發了測試版。^[4]目前Mac OS X的客戶端應用程式Beta版已經發布。^[5]免費的版本提供2GB（後來更新為5GB）的網路儲存空間，而使用者可以以20GB(20點)為單位每個月負擔美元來儲值使用空間。

Ubuntu One Mobile在iPhone和Android平台。提供音樂串流軟體。而手機套件軟體需每月付款美元。

Ubuntu One的服務與現有的SpiderOak、Dropbox、eunic-brussels.eu、Mozy、Wuala、Humyo、iDisk、Jungle Disk和Live Mesh類似。它是以Python寫成。

Ubuntu One與其他雲端服務不同點在於它融入許多其他的服務比方Evolution電子郵件軟體，Tomboy便條紙軟體和CouchDB等等。^[6]Ubuntu One可以線上編輯Evolution聯絡人，亦可以編輯Tomboy便條，甚至可以同步手機聯絡人（與Funambol合作）。並且可以使用Ubuntu One帳號購買Ubuntu One音樂店（與7digital合作）沒受DRM保護的音樂。

以後更展望讓Ubuntu One的會員能夠使用區域網路與其他人分享檔案（而不需要使用到Ubuntu One雲端）也希望能進一步使用Ubuntu One同步Firefox書籤。^[7]另外也希望同步在Ubuntu 軟體中心安裝的檔案。

批評[編輯]

Ubuntu One被Ubuntu 社群批評。^[8]

因為Kubuntu和其他Ubuntu的衍生版（直到年6月）都還沒有Ubuntu One的服務。^[9]然而，原生版的Ubuntu One也遭遇批評。^[10]

其他還有關於批評Ubuntu One 音樂店選擇以專利的mp3作為音樂格式，另外還有其營運收入對於Ubuntu 社群的貢獻也很模糊。另外Amarok開發團隊以宣佈他們暫且不會把對於Ubuntu One 音樂店的支援加入（不像是對於Magnatune 媒體商店,會捐出自己收入的10％給Amarok發展社群。^{[來源請求]}

產品原始碼以及其他Ubuntu One的專案統統需遵守Canonical貢獻者協議，要求貢獻者分配一些版權給Canonical公司，允許Canonical公司以非開放原始碼 的許可證發布這些貢獻。^[11][12]

關閉[編輯]

Canonical 已經宣布旗下的 Ubuntu One 服務將會在年6月1號正式退休。Ubuntu CEO Jane Silber 的解釋是：「如果他們想提一項服務，那他們的目標就是跟全球的對手競爭，但如果要將 Ubuntu One 發展到這個規模的話，那便需要投入他們不願意付出的投資金額。」^[13]

參見[編輯]

參考[編輯]

外部連結[編輯]

Cloud service operated by Canonical Ltd.

Ubuntu One is an OpenID-based single sign-on service operated by Canonical Ltd. to allow users to log onto many Canonical-owned Web sites. Until April , Ubuntu One was also a file hosting service and music store that allowed users to store data "in the cloud".

The service enabled users to store files online and sync them between computers and mobile devices, as well as stream audio and music from cloud to mobile devices.

In April , Canonical announced that the cloud storage and synchronization features would be shut down at the end of July 31 of , leaving the sign-on features intact.^[4]

Features[edit]

Ubuntu One had a client application that ran on Ubuntu and later, Windows XP or newer, and Mac OS X and higher. Other Linux distributions not running GNOME were supported through a console client.^[5] The source code is available through launchpad and can easily be compiled for other Unix-like operating systems, such as FreeBSD.^[6] There was an Ubuntu One music app for iOS devices.^[7] A free Ubuntu One account offered 5 GB of storage.

The Ubuntu One service was similar to Microsoft OneDrive, iCloud, Dropbox, Google Play Music, Amazon Cloud Player. Its client code was written in Python. It used Twisted for its low-level networking and Protocol Buffers for protocol description. Data was synced over a custom protocol called "ubuntuone-storageprotocol", and stored on Amazon S3.^[8]

Ubuntu One offered automatic upload of photos taken from Android mobile devices for immediate synchronization across computers; integration with Mozilla Thunderbird for contacts and with Tomboy for notes due to the access to the local CouchDB instance.^[9] It also had capabilities for purchasing DRM-free music while synchronizing them automatically with an Ubuntu One Account via the Ubuntu One Music Store (in partnership with 7digital).

Ubuntu One published APIs for developers wishing to build applications with file and data synchronization or music streaming.

An Ubuntu One account gave users access to the Canonical Store, Launchpad, Ubuntu One and other Ubuntu services; an Ubuntu One account allowed users to store files within the cloud, store their contacts details within the interface, access the Ubuntu One Music Store to buy music from and activate the Ubuntu Software Center. Other sites that support OpenID authorization also had support for Ubuntu One.^[10]

History[edit]

In June , the Ubuntu Single Sign On account was re-branded under Ubuntu One as part of consolidating Canonical's online services under the Ubuntu One brand. Also, the announcement identified Ubuntu Pay as another service to come under the brand. Following a security breach in July , Canonical put the Ubuntu Forums under the brand, meaning that Forum users now log in using Ubuntu One, rather than with the previous username-password system.

On April 2, , Canonical announced shutting down of select Ubuntu One services. As of the day of announcement, it was no longer possible to purchase storage space or music. File services would be unavailable from June 1, but existing users were allowed to download their content until July 31, when all stored data would be permanently deleted.^[4][11] Canonical explained that they were not willing to make more investment in Ubuntu One, which would be required to compete with other services. Instead, their priority is making a "converged operating system for phones, tablets, desktops."^[4] The company also announced plans to release the source code for the Ubuntu One server software to the public under an open-source license. The shutdown of cloud storage and synchronization services does not affect the single sign-on function of Ubuntu One, which will remain in place.

On July 31, the service was shut down and all of the users' files were deleted.

In August Canonical released the file syncing code under the GNU AGPL. Some other server parts remain to be released, with no ETA.^[12][13]

Reception[edit]

Ubuntu One has been criticized within the Ubuntu community for using proprietary server software.^[14][15]

There was no native client integration for the Kubuntu variant of the Ubuntu operating system, as of January ^[16][17] Kubuntu integration was under development and had also received a grant from the Google Summer of Code

Further criticism concerned the unclear revenue share that would be granted to the community.^[18] The Amarok development team announced that they would not add support for the Ubuntu One Music Store to the Amarok media player for the moment,^[19] unlike the Magnatune media store, which returns 10% of the revenue produced via the interface to Amarok.^[20]

Storage[edit]

Storage was out-sourced to Amazon S3.^[21] Files stored in the Ubuntu One file stores were not encrypted.^[22]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]