Açık Öğretim Şifre Yenileme

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4
31. ağırlamak – принимать, выказывать
уважение, оказывать почести /
хороший приём
32. ağırlaşmak – усугубляться
33. ağırlıklar – тылы дивизии, полка,
обозы
34. AGİT – ОБСЕ
35. ağızdan emir – устный приказ
36. ahenk – гармония, слаженность,
согласованность
37. ahiren – в последнее время,
недавно, на днях
38. ahize, mikrotelefon – телефонная
трубка
39. ajan – агент, шпион
40. ajan grubu – резидентура
41. ajan grubu şefi – резидент
(уполномоченный иностранной
разведки)
42. ajan şebekesi – агентура
43. akabinde – сразу после,
впоследствии
44. akaryakıt gemisi – нефтеналивное
судно
45. akciğer ödemi – отек легких
5
46. akdetmek – заключать (договор,
соглашение и т. п.)
47. akıbet – конец, исход, участь
48. akın – налет
49. akıntı – течение
50. ako – отраженный сигнал, эхо
51. akrep tankı – танк-тральщик с
цепями
52. akrotim – пилотажная группа (для
показательных выступлений)
53. aksırtıcı gaz – отравляющее
вещество раздражительного
действия (чихательное)
54. aktif akustik homing torpido –
торпеда с активной системой
акустического самонаведения
55. aktif homing sistemi – система
активного самонаведения
56. aktif radar – активная РЛС
57. aktif tedbirler – активные меры
(активная оборона)
58. aktifleştirme – активизация
59. aktifleştirmek – активизировать
60. akustik mayın – акустическая мина
61. akyuvar – белое кровяное тельце
6
62. alan kazanmak – захватить район,
участок местности
63. alarm – тревога
64. alay – полк
65. alay emrine vermek – придавать
полку
66. albay – полковник, капитан 1-го
ранга
67. alçak Dünya yörüngesi – низкая
околоземная / опорная орбита
68. aldatmak – вводить в заблуждение
69. alet – прибор
70. alev makinesi – огнемет
71. alev tankı – огнеметный танк
72. alfa, beta, gama ışınları – альфа-,
бета-, гамма-излучение
73. algı – восприятие, перцепция
74. algılama – восприятие
75. algılayıcı – датчик, сенсор
76. alıkomak / alıkoymak – оставлять,
удерживать, сдерживать, отрывать,
отвлекать от чего-либо
77. alkol – алкоголь, спирт

7
78. Allah rahmet eylesin! – пусть Аллах
даст покой его душе (говорится
при упоминании об умерших)
79. Allah’tan rahmet dilemek – желать
(у)покоиться с миром
80. alt nişancı – наводчик курсового
пулемета
81. altimetre – высотомер, альтиметр
82. altyapı – инфраструктура
83. alyuvar – красное кровяное тельце
84. amasız kınamak – безоговорочно
осуждать
85. ambargo – эмбарго
86. ameliye – прием, операция
87. amfibi harekat – амфибийная
операция
88. amfibi hücum aracı – плавающее
десантно-штурмовое средство
89. amfibi tank – плавающий танк
90. amfibik – плавающий, амфибия
91. amfibik harekat – морская
десантная операция, амфибийная
операция
92. amonyak – аммиак
93. amonyak – нашатырный спирт
8
94. amortisör – амортизатор
95. ana gemi – плавучая база
96. ana güverte – главная палуба
97. ana jet üssü – авиационная база
98. ana kabin – ходовая рубка
99. ana rotor – несущий винт
100. ancaksız kınamak – безоговорочно
осуждать
101. aneroid – анероид1
102. angaje etme – вербовка
103. ani – незамедлительный
104. ankraj – закрепление, крепление,
анкеровка
105. anlaşmanın uzatılması – продление
соглашения
106. anlaşmazlık – непонимание,
разногласие
107. anten direği – антенная мачта
108. antenli mayın – антенная мина
109. antibalistik füze (ABM – Anti-
ballistic Missile)– противоракета
110. antidot – противоядие

1
прибор для измерения атмосферного давления,
тип барометра, действующий без помощи
жидкости
9
111. antigerilla faaliyetleri – действия
против партизан
112. antipersonel mayın –
противопехотная мина
113. antiradar füze –
противорадиолокационная ракета
114. anti-submarin roket (ASROC) –
АСРОК (Противолодочная ракета
ПЛУРО)
115. antitank mayın – противотанковая
мина
116. apron – летное поле, перрон
117. ara aşama – промежуточный этап
118. ara hattı – разграничительная линия
119. araç telsizi – передвижная
радиостанция
120. Araçdışı etkinlik – выход в
открытый космос
121. aralıksız – непрекращающийся,
непрерывный
122. arama bobini – искательная рамка
(миноискателя)
123. arama devriye usulü –
патрулирование в воздухе

10
124. arama kurtarma işleri – аварийно-
спасательные и поисковые работы
125. arama ve takip radarı – РЛС поиска
и слежения
126. arama-kurtarma filosu – поисково-
спасательная эскадрилья
127. arama-tarama filosu – минно-
тральная флотилия
128. aranjman – компоновка
129. araştırmacı – научный сотрудник
130. araştırma-geliştirme – НИОКР
131. arayüz – интерфейс
132. arazi tahkimi – укрепление
(местности)
133. arazi takip radarı – РЛС слежения за
рельефом
134. arazi temizlemek – дегазировать
местность
135. arazi zehirlemek – заражать
местность
136. arazinin gizleme ve yanaşma
imkanları – наличие на местности
укрытий и скрытых подступов
137. arazinin hakim bir noktası –
господствующая высота
11
138. arazinin hali – характер местности,
условия местности
139. araziye serpilme – рассредоточение
на местности
140. arka yamaç – обратный скат
141. arka yamaçtan geçmek – проходить
по обратному скату
142. arma – герб
143. armatür – арматура
144. arpacık – мушка
145. arsin – арсин
146. artçı – арьергард, тыльная
походная застава, остаточный
147. artçı ucu – тыльный дозор
148. artık radyasyon – остаточная
радиация
149. asayiş – общественный порядок,
спокойствие
150. asayiş – общественный порядок,
спокойствие, безопасность
151. asayiş – спокойствие, порядок
152. asi – бунтовщик, мятежник,
повстанец, непокорный,
бунтарский,
153. asıl kuvvetler – главные силы
12
154. asıl muharebe hattı – передний край
(обороны)
155. asıl muharebe sahası – основная
боевая позиция
156. asıl muharebe sahasının yarılmasını
karşılıyacak ihtiyatlar – резервы,
расположенные на направлении
вероятного прорыва основной
боевой позиции
157. asıl taarruz – наступление на
главном направлении, главный
удар
158. asıl taarruz bölgesi – направление
главного удара
159. asıl taarruz grubu – главная
наступательная группировка /
группа
160. asıl taarruz istikameti – направление
главного удара
161. asılsız – необоснованный
162. asimetrik tehditler – асимметричные
угрозы
163. asimilasyon – ассимиляция
164. Aşırı Derecede Yaralayan ve Ayrım
Gözetmeyen Etkileri Bulunan Belirli
13
Konvansiyonel Silahların
Kullanımının Yasaklanması veya
Sınırlandırılması Sözleşmesi –
Конвенция о запрещении или
ограничении применения
конкретных видов обычного
оружия, которые могут считаться
наносящими чрезмерные
повреждения или имеющими
неизбирательное действие
165. aşırıcılık – экстримизм
166. aşırılık – крайность, чрезмерность,
бесчинство
167. asit – кислота
168. asker – военнослужащий
169. asker alma – призыв в армию
170. asker sayısı – численность личного
состава
171. askere çağırmak – призывать в
армию
172. askeri ataşe – военный атташе
173. askeri bando / orkestra – военный
оркестр
174. askeri güç – военная сила

14
175. askerî inzibat — а) воинский
порядок, б) комендантский
патруль, в) военная полиция
176. askerî inzibat sınıfı – комендантская
/ военно-патрульная служба,
комендатура
177. askeri istihabarat – военная разведка
178. askeri isyan — военный мятеж
179. askeri mahkeme – военный суд,
трибунал
180. askeri propaganda – военная
пропаганда
181. Askeri Tıp Fakültesi – военно-
медицинский факультет
182. askeri tören – военная церемония,
почетный караул, военный парад
183. askerlik bilimi – военное дело,
военная наука
184. askerlik çağı – срок воинской
повинности, призывной возраст
185. askerlik dairesi – военно-призывное
управление
186. askerlik kütüğü – книга учета
военнообязанных

15
187. askerlik meclisi – военно-
призывная комиссия
188. askerlik şubesi – военно-призывной
отдел
189. askerlik yükümlülüğü / mükellefiyeti
– воинская повинность
190. askı tertibatı – подвеска
191. askırtmak – вызывать чихание
192. askıya almak – поднимать
(затонувшее судно), откладывать,
задерживать принятие решения
193. ast birlik – подчиненное
(нижестоящее) подразделение
194. asteğmen – младший лейтенант
195. astroit – астероид
196. astronot – космонавт, астронавт
197. astsubay adayı onbaşı – ефрейтор-
кандидат в кадровый офицеры
198. astsubay başçavuş – фельдфебель
199. astsubay çavuş – кадровый сержант
200. astsubay kıdemli başçavuş –
старший фельдфебель
201. astsubay üstçavuş – старший
сержант профессиональной
подготовки
16
202. Asya’da İşbirliği ve Güven Arttırıcı
Önlemler Konferansı (CICA) –
Совещание по взаимодействию и
мерам доверия в Азии (СВМДА)
203. atak uçağı – самолет штурмовой
авиации, штурмовик
204. atalet – инерция
205. ataşe – аташе
206. ateş açmak – открыть огонь
207. ateş altına almak – вести огонь по
чему-либо, обстреливать, держать
под огнем
208. ateş altına almak – взять под
обстрел
209. ateş bölgesi – сектор обстрела,
полоса огня
210. ateş desteği – огневая поддержка
211. ateş desteği tertiplemek –
организовать огневую поддержку,
организовать (спланировать) огонь
поддерживающих средств
212. ateş gücü – огневая мощь
213. ateş hızı – интенсивность огня
214. ateş kaydırmak – переносить огонь

17
215. ateş kudreti / kuvveti – огневая
мощь, мощность огня
216. ateş mevzi – огневая позиция
217. ateş meydanı – полигон,
стрельбище, полоса обстрела
218. ateş planı – план огня, план
огневого обеспечения
219. ateş planına girecek birlik –
подразделение, привлекаемое для
огневого обеспечения
220. ateş toplamak – сосредоточивать
огонь
221. ateş toplamaları yapmak –
сосредотачивать огонь, вести
сосредоточенный огонь
222. ateş topu – огненный шар
223. ateşin koordine edilmesi – огневое
взаимодействие
224. ateşkes – прекращение огня,
перемирие
225. ateşleme buji(si) – пиросвеча
226. ateşleme düzeni – принцип
взрывного действия
227. ateşleme hakkı – воспламенитель

18
228. ateşleme kapsülü fişeği –
капсюльная втулка
229. ateşleme mekanizması – взрывное
устройство
230. ateşleme tertibatı – система
зажигания, воспламенения
231. ateşleme tertibatı – ударно-
спусковой механизм
232. ateşlerin tertiplenmesi – организация
системы огня
233. ateşli silah – огнестрельное оружие
234. atık – отходы
235. atım – выстрел
236. atış – стрельба, выстрел, огонь
237. atış gücü – огневая мощь
238. atış hattı – линия огня
239. atış hızı – скорострельность
240. atış idaresi – управление огнем
241. atış kontrol sistemi – система
управления (артиллерийским)
огнем
242. atış tatbikat cetveli – таблица
стрельб
243. atlamak – совершать прыжок,
прыгать
19
244. atlı – всадник, кавалерист, верхом,
в конном строю
245. atma vasıtası – средство доставки
246. atmosferik koşullar – атмосферные
условия
247. atom bombası – атомная бомба
248. av önleme hizmeti – служба
перехвата
249. av refakat uçağı – истребитель
сопровождения
250. av uçağı – истребитель
251. av-bombardıman uçağı –
истребитель-бомбардировщик
252. avcı botu – малый
противолодочный корабль,
морской охотник
253. avcı boy çukuru – ячейка, окоп для
стрельбы стоя (полного профиля)
254. avcı çukuru – стрелковая ячейка,
одиночный окоп
255. avcı diz çukuru – ячейка, окоп для
стрельбы с колена
256. avcı mevzii – стрелковая ячейка,
одиночный окоп

20
257. avcı yatma çukuru – стрелковый окоп
для стрельбы лежа
258. aviyonik – авиационная
электроника, авионика
259. av-önleme uçağı – истребитель-
перехватчик
260. Avrupa Birliği Dışişleri bakanı ve
AB Dış İlişkiler ve Güvenlik
Politikasından Sorumlu Yüksek
Temsilcisi – Высокий (Верховный)
представитель ЕС по иностранным
делам и политике безопасности
261. Avrupa Güvenlik ve İşbirliği
Teşkilatı (OSCE-AGİT) –
Организация по безопасности и
сотрудничеству в Европе
262. Avrupa’da Konvansiyonel Silahlı
Kuvvetler Antlaşması (CFE-AKKA)
– Договор об обычных
вооружённых силах в
Европе (ДОВСЕ)
263. ayak oltası – малозаметное
проволочное заграждение
264. ayak uydurmak (-a) – идти в ногу с

21
265. ayaklanma – восстание, бунт,
мятеж, смута, беспорядок
266. ayarlama – согласование,
регулирование, налаживание
267. aydınlatma – осветительная бомба
268. aydınlatma mermisi –
осветительный снаряд
269. ayırt etmek – различать, отличать
270. ayrılıkçı – сепаратист,
сепаратистский
271. ayrılıkçılık – сепаратизм
272. ayrılmaz – неотъемлемый
273. ayrımcı – дискриминационный
274. ayrışmak – разделяться
275. azaltma programı – программа
сокращения
276. azami menzil – максимальная
дальность
277. azim – решимость, воля
278. azimli – решительный, имеющий
твердое намерение, настойчивый
279. azimut açısı – азимутальный угол

22
B
280. bağımsız – автономный,
независимый
281. bağımsızlık referandumu –
референдум о независимости
282. bağlama düğmesi – линейный
зажим, клемма
283. bağlamak – соединять (средствами
связи)
284. bağlı – подчиненный
285. bağlı kuruluşlar – аффилированные
организации
286. bahsekonu – данный, тот, о
котором идет речь
287. bakaya – уклоняющийся от
призыва в армию
288. bakım – уход, осмотр, ремонт
289. bakteri – бактерия
290. balast tankı – балластная цистерна
291. balistik – баллистический
292. balistik füze – балистическая ракета
293. Balistik Füze Yayılmasına Karşı
Davranış İlkeleri Rehberi –
Международный кодекс поведения
по предотвращению
23
распространения баллистических
ракет
294. balistik kanunları – законы
балистики
295. balistik külah – баллистический
наконечник
296. balta – топор
297. bant – диапазон, полоса
298. baraj – загрождение, платина,
барьер(на выборах)
299. baraj ateşi – заградительный огонь,
огонь на воспрещение
300. barbarca – варварский
301. barınmak – укрываться, находить
приют / убежище
302. barış davasına hizmet etmek –
служить делу мира
303. Barış ve Güvenlik Kuşağı – пояс
мира и безопасности
304. barışçı yollardan çözüm – решение
мирными путями
305. barışçı yöntemler – мирные
средства / методы
306. Barışı Destekleme Harekatı –
операция по поддержанию мира
24
307. barışı destekleyen faaliyetler –
операции по поддержанию мира
308. barut – порох, заряд
309. barut hakkı – боевой заряд
310. barut hazinesi – зарядная камера
311. baş – нос, бак
312. baş (ana, grandi) direk – грот-мачта
313. baş başa görüşmeler – переговоры в
узком составе / с глазу на глаз
314. baş emir – приказ о введении в
действие нового устава
315. Baş İstihbarat İdaresi (GRU) –
Главное разведовательное
управление (ГРУ)
316. baş tapası – головной взрыватель
317. baş telefonu – наушники, головной
телефон
318. başarı emsali – история успеха,
успешный пример
319. başarı kriteri – критерий успеха
320. başarının genişletilmesi – развитие
успеха
321. başarıyı tamamlamak – завершать
успех

25
322. basına kapalı görüşme – закрытая
для прессы встреча
323. basınç – давление, напор
324. basınçlama – поддержание
давления
325. basitleşmek – упрощаться
326. başkan – председатель
327. başkanlığında – под
председательством
328. başkanlık seçimleri – президентские
выборы
329. başkatip – первый секретарь
330. baskı altında tutmak – держать под
огневым воздействием, подавлять
331. baskı silindiri – тормоз отката
332. baskın – налет, облава, обыск
333. baskın tesiri – внезапность, эффект
внезапности
334. baskının derecesi – сила удара и
степень внезапности
335. başkomutan – главнокомандующий
336. Başkonsolos – Генеральный Консул
337. başsağlığı dilemek – приносить /
выражать соболезнования
338. bastırma – подавлене
26
339. bataklık – болото
340. batarya – батарея
341. batırmak – топить
342. bayrak – флаг
343. bayrak çekmek – поднять флаг
344. beceri – способность, умение,
мастерство
345. behemahal – во что бы то ни стало,
непременно
346. beka – выживаемость, живучесть
347. bekleme mevzii – выжидательная
позиция
348. belirti, semptom, alamet – признак,
симптом
349. bellek aygıtı – флеш-накопитель,
накопитель памяти
350. benzin istasyonu – автозаправочная
станция
351. beraberindeki heyet –
сопровождающая делегация
352. beşik – люлька
353. besin maddeleri – пищевые
продукты
354. beton karıştırıcı – бетономешалка

27
355. beton mermisi – бетонобойный
снаряд
356. betonarme – железобеонный
357. betonkarar – бетономешалка
358. betonyer – бетономешлка
359. beyaz propaganda – белая
пропаганда
360. beygir kuvveti – лошадиная сила
(тех.)
361. beyin – ум, рассудок
362. beyin yıkama – промывание мозгов
363. bilahare – впоследствии
364. bildiri – заявление, декларация,
сообщение, коммюнике
365. bileşke – равнодействующая сила
366. bilgi akış zinciri – информационная
цепочка
367. bilgi güvenliği – информационная
безопасность
368. Bilgi harekat merkezi (BİLHAM) –
центр контроля за проведением
информационных операций
369. bilgi harekatı – информационная
операция
370. bilgi toplama – сбор информации
28
371. bilgiler – сведения, информация
372. bilgisayar korsanı – хакер
373. bilim çağı – информационный век,
информационная эра
374. bilimsel araştırmalar – научные
исследования
375. bilimsel endüstriyel şirketi – научно-
производственная фирма
376. bilimsel teknik devrim – научно-
техническая революция
377. bilincinde olmak – отдавать себе
отчёт (в чем-л.)
378. binbaşı майор – капитан 3-го ранга
379. bindirme – посадка, погрузка
380. bindirme iskelesi – причал погрузки
381. bindirme limanı – порт погрузки
десанта
382. bindirme sırası – очередность
погрузки
383. bindirme yeri – место погрузки
384. bir araya gelmek – встретиться
385. bir kez daha teyit etmek – вновь
подтвердить
386. bir şeye direniş göstermek – давать
отпор
29
387. bir yanı kuşatma – односторонний
охват
388. birici hat birlikleri – подразделения
первого эшелона
389. birinci hat birlikleri –
подразделения, части, войска
первого эшелона
390. birleşme – объединение, реакция
синтеза
391. Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) –
Организация объединенных наций
(ООН)
392. Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması / Şartı
– Устав ООН
393. birlik – подразделение, часть,
соединение
394. birlik mevcutları – личный состав
подразделений
395. biyolojik savaş – биологическая
война
396. biyolojik silah – биологическое
оружие
397. Biyolojik Silahlar Sözleşmesi
(Bakteriyolojik (Biyolojik) ve
Zehirleyici Silahların Geliştirilmesi,
30
Yapımı ve Stoklanmasının
Yasaklanması ve Bunların İmhasına
ilişkin Sözleşme) – Конвенция о
биологическом оружии
(Конвенция о запрещении
разработки, производства и
накопления запасов
бактериологического
(биологического) и токсинного
оружия и об их уничтожении
(КБТО))
398. bizzat söylemek suretiyle verilen
emir – устный приказ, отданный
лично
399. blöf – блеф
400. BM Genel Kurulu – Генеральная
Ассамблея ООН
401. BM Güvenlik Konseyi – Совет
Безопасности ООН
402. BM himayesi altında – под эгидой
ООН
403. BM Uyuşturucu ve Suç Ofisi –
Управление ООН по наркотикам и
преступности
404. bobin – катушка
31
405. boğaz savunması – оборона
проливов
406. boğucu gazlar – ОВ удушающего
действия
407. bölgesel – региональный
408. Bölgesel Silahların Kontrolü
Doğrulama ve Uygulama Yardım
Merkezi – Центр по содействию
проверке и выполнению
обязательств в рамках
регионального контроля над
вооружениями
409. bölme – отсек
410. bölücü – сепаратист
411. bölük – рота
412. bölük erkanı – управление роты
413. bomba atar – гранатомет
414. bomba atar – гранатомет
415. bomba gövdesi – корпус бомбы
416. bomba yuvası – узел подвески
бомбовой нагрузки
417. bombalı araç – начиненный
взрывчаткой (заминированный)
автомобиль
418. borda – борт
32
419. Bordo Bereliler – «бордовые
береты» (в РФ – «краповые
береты»), спецназ
420. boru – труба
421. boşaltma – выгрузка
422. boşaltma istasyonu – станция
выгрузки
423. boşluklu imla hakkı –
кумулятивный снаряд
424. boylam – долгота
425. boylam derecesi – градус долготы
426. boyut – измерение, аспект, размер,
габарит, вектор
427. boyut kazanmak – приобрести
измерение
428. branda – брезент
429. broşür – брошюра
430. bu vesileyle … en derin saygılarını
yinelemek – пользоваться случаем,
чтобы возобновить уверения в
своем весьма высоком уважении
431. buhar – пар
432. buharlaşmak – испаряться
433. buji – свеча

33
434. bulanık – мутный, неотчётливый,
расплывчатый
435. bulantı – тошнота
436. bulgu – открытие, изобретение,
находка, симптом
437. bullpup – булл-пап (схема
компановки винтовок и автоматов,
при которой ударный механизм и
магазин расположены в прикладе
позади спускового крючка)
438. bulut depolama – облачное
храненилище данных
439. bünye – структура
440. bütüncül – тоталитарный,
единовластный, целостный
441. bütünleşme – интеграция
442. büyük kısım – главные силы
443. büyük sevk ve idare – управление
боевыми действиями крупных
соединений, оперативное
руководство
444. büyükamiral – маршал флота
445. Büyükelçi – Чрезвычайны и
Полномочный Посол
446. Büyükelçilik – посольство
34
447. buzkıran – ледокол

C, Ç
448. çabuk atış – беглый огонь
449. çağdışı – несовременный,
анахроничный, непризывной
450. çağrı – призыв
451. çağrı merkezi – колл-центр,
контактный центр
452. çağrımızı yenilemek – вновь
решительно призвать
453. çalışma frekansı – рабочая частота
454. çalışma yemeği – рабочий обед /
ужин
455. çalışma ziyareti – рабочий / деловой
визит
456. çalıştırma kolu – рукоятка затвора
457. çan – колокол
458. can kaybı – человеческие жертвы
459. can yeleği – спасательный жилет
460. Çanakkale Boğazı Müstahkem
Mevkii – укрепленный район
пролива Дарданеллы
461. cankurtaran – спасатель

35
462. cankurtaran sal – спасательный
плот
463. cankurtaran simidi – спасательный
круг
464. canlandırma – активизация
465. canlandırmak – оживлять,
активизировать
466. canlı bomba – смертник
467. canlı kalkan – живой щит
468. canlı ve cansız hedefler – живая
сила и боевая техника
469. CAOC (combined air operations
centre) – многонациональный
центр управления действиями
авиации НАТО (МЦУДА)
470. çap – диаметр
471. çap – калибр
472. çarkçı – механик
473. çarpıcı – бросающийся в глаза,
привлекательный
474. casusluk – шпионаж
475. çatal ayaklı kundak – тренога
476. çatal kundak – раздвижной лафет
477. çatı – крыша, патронат

36
478. çatışma – столкновение, конфликт,
схватка, конфронтация
479. çavuş – сержант, младший унтер-
офицер срочной службы
480. caydırıcılık – сдерживание,
принуждение
481. cebren geçiş – форсирование
482. cebri yürüyüş – форсированный
марш
483. çekili araç – буксируемое
транспортное средство
484. çekilme – отход
485. çekim – притяжение, гравитация
486. çekimser kalmak – воздерживаться
при голосовании
487. çekirdek – ядро
488. çekiş – тяга
489. çekiş kuvveti, itici kuvvet – сила
тяги
490. çekmek – вовлекать, втягивать
491. çelenk koymak / bırakmak –
возложить венок
492. çelik – сталь
493. çelik kablo – стальной канат / трос

37
494. çelişkileri körüklemek – разжигать
противоречия
495. celp – призыв
496. cengel – джунгли
497. cep / cüce denizaltısı – сверхмалая
подводная лодка
498. cephane – боеприпасы
499. cephane gemisi – транспорт
боеприпасов
500. cephe – фронт
501. cephe genişliği – ширина фронта
502. Çernobil reaktör kazası – авария на
Чернобыльской АЭС
503. cerrah – хирург
504. cerrahi – хирургический
505. ceset – труп
506. çete – банда, партизанский отряд
507. cetvel – шкала
508. çevik – подвижный
509. çevik keşif elemanları – подвижные
разведывательные подразделения
510. çevikleşmek – приобретать
подвижность
511. çeviklik – поворотливость,
проворство, стремительность
38
512. çevirme – обход, окружение
513. çevirme manevrası – обход,
обходный маневр, маневр на
окружение
514. çevirmek – окружать, охватывать
515. çevresel uydu – орбитальный
спутник
516. çevrim – (телефонная, радио-) сеть
517. çevrim – цикл
518. çevrim çağrı işareti – позывной
радиосети
519. ceza görmek / yemek – понести
наказание
520. cezalandırma operasyonları –
карательные операции
521. çiçek hastalığı – оспа
522. cidar – стенка
523. çift kullanımlı – двойного
назначения
524. çift taraflı ajan – двойной агент
525. çift tekneli – с двойным корпусом
526. çifte vatandaşlık – двойное
гражданство
527. çığ – лавина
528. çiğnemek – попирать, нарушать
39
529. cihaz – аппарат, прибор,
инструмент
530. çıkar – интерес (политический,
экономический), выгода, польза
531. çıkarma birlikleri – подраделения
морского десанта
532. çıkarma filosu – десантная
флотилия
533. çıkarma gemisi – десантный
корабль
534. çıkarma grubu – десантная группа
535. çıkarma harekatı – морская
десантная операция
536. çıkarma motoru – десантный катер
537. çıkarma plajı – участок высадки
538. çıkarma platformu / dok –
десантный транспорт-док
539. çıkarma yük gemisi (LKA) –
десантный грузовой трнаспорт
540. çıkış noktası – исходный пункт
541. çıkış türbini – тяговая турбина
542. cinayet – убийство, преступление
543. cinayet davası – уголовное дело
544. cinayet işlemek — совершить
убийство
40
545. cinayet mahkemesi — уголовный
суд
546. cinsel istismar – сексуальное
надругательство (насилие)
547. çırpınma – конвульсии, корчи
548. çoğulcu – плюралист
549. çok / son derece gizli – совершенно
секретно
550. çok amaçlı uçak – многоцелевой
самолет
551. çok başlıklı – с разделяющейся
головной частью
552. çok boyutlu – многомерный,
многоплановый
553. çok girişli vize – многократная
виза, мультвиза, виза с
многократным въездом
554. çok ileri sürülmüş topçu gözetlemesi
– артиллерийское наблюдение на
дальних подступах
555. çok ivedi – весьма срочно
556. çok kısa dalgalar – ультракороткие
волны
557. çok uluslu – многонациональный

41
558. çok yüksek kudretli –
сверхкрупный, сверхмощный
559. çökertmek – сровнять с землей
560. çokkültürlülük –
мульикультурализм
561. çoknamlulu roketatar – реактивная
система залпового огня (РСЗО)
562. cowling – обтекатель
563. çözüm süreci – урегулирование,
процесс урегулирования
564. çözünrlük – разрешение (экрана)
565. cruise füzesi – крылатая ракета
566. cüce gezegen – карликовая планета
567. çukur – котлован
568. çukur imlalı hakkı – кумулятивный
разрывной заряд
569. Cuma namazı – пятничная молитва,
пятничный намаз
570. çürük – негодный к военной
службе (категория Д)

D
571. dağcı birlikleri – горные отряды,
отряды альпинистов

42
572. dağılım – отклонение, разобщение,
распределение, рассеивание
573. daimi temsilci – постоянный
представитель
574. daire başkanlığı – департамент
575. dairevi hata ihtimali – круговое
вероятное отклонение
576. dalga bandı – диапазон волн
577. dalgıç – водолаз
578. dalış derinliği – глубина
погружения
579. dalış limiti – предельная глубина
погружения
580. dalış zamanı – время погружения
581. damlatmak – закапывать (капли)
582. damperli kamyon – самосвал
583. danışmanlık – консультирование,
консалтинг
584. dar anlamda – в узком смысле слова
585. darbe – переворот, удар
586. darbe indirmek – наносить удар
587. davet – приглашение
588. daveti üzerine – по приглашению
589. davetine icabetle – по приглашению
590. davetlisi olarak – по приглашению
43
591. dayalı yan – прикрытый фланг
592. dayanak – опора
593. dayanıklı hedef – защищенная цель
594. dayanışma – солидарность,
сплочённость
595. defi imla hakkı – вышибной заряд
596. değer – ценность
597. dehşet – страх, испуг
598. delege kartı – мандат делегата,
делегатский мандат
599. delme külahı – бронебойный
наконечник
600. demet bomba – кассетная бомба
601. demir – якорь
602. demirleme yeri – якорная стоянка
603. demirli mayın – якорная мина
604. demokratik geçiş –
демократический трансфер
605. demokratik irade – демократическая
воля
606. demokratik olgunluk –
демократическая зрелость
607. deneme – испытание
608. deniz altı gemisi – подводный
корабль
44
609. deniz altından deniz altına atılan füze
(UUM – Underwater To Underwater
Missile) – ракета класса
«подводная лодка-подводная цель»
610. deniz altından havaya füze (UAM –
Undrewater To Air Missile) – ракета
класса «подводная лодка-воздух»
611. deniz altından karaya füze (USM –
Underwater To Surface Missile) –
ракета класса «подводная лодка-
поверхность»
612. Deniz Astsubay Hazırlama Okulu –
центр по подготовке унтер-
офицеров ВМС
613. Deniz Eğitim Komutanlığı – учебное
командование ВМС
614. deniz eri – матрос (воинское
звание)
615. deniz harbi silahları – вооружение
ВМС
616. deniz harekatı – боевые действия на
море
617. Deniz Harp Okulu – училище ВМС
618. Deniz Hava Kuvvetleri – авиация
ВМС
45
619. Deniz Kuvvetleri – военно-морские
силы (ВМС), военно-морской флот
(ВМФ)
620. deniz marebesi – морской бой
621. deniz nakliyatı – морские перевозки
622. deniz savaşı – война на море,
морской бой
623. deniz ticaret harbi – торговая война
на море
624. deniz uçağı – самолет морской
авиации
625. deniz ulaştırılması – морские
перевозки
626. deniz üssü – военно-морская база
(ВМБ)
627. deniz üstü gemisi – надводный
корабль
628. deniz vasıtaları – морские
(плав)средства
629. denizaltı ağ maniası –
противолодочная сеть
630. denizaltı avcısı – противолодочный
корабль, корабль ПЛО
631. denizaltı filosu – флотилия
подводных лодок
46
632. denizaltı gemisi – подводная лодка
633. denizaltısavar gemisi –
противолодочный корабль,
корабль ПЛО
634. denizaltısavar (ASW) silahları –
противолодочное вооружение
635. denizci – матрос, моряк
636. denizcilik – морское дело
637. Denizcilik Seyrüsefer Güvenliğine
Karşı Yasa Dışı Eylemlerin
Önlenmesi Sözleşmesi – Конвенция
о борьбе с незаконными актами,
направленными против
безопасности морского
судоходства
638. denizden çıkarma – высадка с моря
639. deplasman– водоизмещение
640. deplasmanlı su çekimi – осадка
641. depolama kapasitesi – объем памяти
(компьютера)
642. depolamak – хранить
643. deprem – землетрясение
644. deprembilim – сейсмология
645. derhal – незамедлительный

47
646. derinliğine ve genişliğine
tertiplenmek – рассредоточиваться
в глубину и по фронту
647. derlemek – собирать,
коллекционировать, отбирать
648. destek ateşi – поддерживающий
огонь, огневая поддержка, огневое
сопровождение
649. destek bölüğü – рота поддержки
650. destek silahları – средства усиления
/ поддержки, поддерживающие
средства
651. destek sözleri – слова поддержки
652. destek teyit etmek – подтвердить
поддержку
653. destroyer – эскадреный миноносец
654. destroyer gemisi – эсминец
655. detonatör – детонатор
656. devamlı atış – непрерывный огонь
657. devamlı talimat (D/T) – постоянно
действующая инструкция,
руководство
658. devirmek – свергнуть
(правительство)

48
659. Devlet Başkanlığı Seçimleri –
президентские выборы
660. Devlet Güvenlik Komitesi (KGB) –
Комитет государственной
безопасности
661. devlet ziyareti – государственный
визит
662. devlet dışı aktör –
негосударственный актор / субъект
663. devre – схема, цепь, сеть (связи)
664. devreye sokmak – приводить в
действие, вводить в эксплуатацию,
заинтересовывать
665. devrim – революция
666. devriye – дозор, патруль
667. devriye denizaltısı – патрульная
подводная лодка
668. devriye gemisi – патрульный катер,
корабль
669. devriye uçuşu – патрулирование в
воздухе
670. devvar kule – вращающаяся башня
671. dezenfeksiyon – дезинфекция
672. dezenfeksiyon – дезинфекция

49
673. dezenfekte etmek –
дезинфицировать
674. difteri – дифтерия
675. dijital – цифровой
676. dik yamaç – крутой склон
677. dik(ine) kalkış-iniş yapan – с
вертикальным взлетом и посадкой
678. dikenli tel – колючая проволока
679. dikey (amudi) dümen –
вертикальный руль
680. dikey indirme aracı – средство
вертикальной посадки
681. dikliği çıkmak – брать подъем
682. din hizmeti – религиозная служба,
служба военных мусульманских
священников
683. din istismarcılığı – использование /
эксплуатация религии
684. dingil pimi – чека
685. dini çelişkiler –
межконфессиональные
противоречия
686. dinleme – подслушивание
687. dinleme kamarası –
гидроакустический пост
50
688. dip mayın mayını – донная мина
689. dipçik – приклад
690. diplomatik dokunulmazlık –
дипломатический иммунитет
691. Diplomatik İlişkiler üzerine Viyana
Konvansiyonu – Венская конвенция
о дипломатических сношениях
692. diplomatik ilişkilerin yeniden
kurulması – восстановление
дипломатических отношений
693. diplomatik yol – дипломатический
канал
694. diplomatlarını taşıyan konvoy –
конвой с дипломатами
695. direksiyon simidi – руль
696. direkt desteğe memur etmek –
осуществлять / назначить
непосредственную поддержку
697. direkt destek – непосредственная
поддержка
698. direkt destek topçusu – артиллерия
непосредственной поддержки
699. direniş – сопротивление,
противодействие, отпор, бойкот
700. diri diri yakmak – сжечь заживо
51
701. dış istihbarat – внешняя разведка
702. Dış İstihbarat Hizmeti (SVR) –
Служба внешней разведки (СВР)
703. dış kaynak kullanımı – аутсорсинг
704. dış liman – внешний рейд
705. dış müdahale / karışma – внешнее
вмешательство
706. dış tehditler – внешние угрозы
707. dişli – зубчатое колесо, шестерня
708. dişli kutusu – редуктор
709. dıştan yanmalı motor – двигатель
внешнего сгорания
710. diyafragma – диафрагма
711. diyalog yoluyla – путем диалога
712. dizel motor – дизельный двигатель
713. dizel-elektrik makineli denizaltı –
дизельная подводная лодка
714. dizüstü bilgisayar – ноутбук
715. doğal afet – стихийное бедствие
716. Doğal Afet Yardım Harekatı –
операция по борьбе с ЧС
717. doğal engel – естественное
препятствие, преграда
718. doğal uydu – естественный спутник

52
719. doğru akım kaynağı – источник
постоянного тока
720. doğrudan doğruya bir taarruz –
наступление с ходу
721. doktrin – доктрина
722. dokunmatik ekran – тач-скрин
723. doldurmak – заряжать
724. doldurucu – заряжающий
725. donanma – (боевой) флот
726. donanma amiral gemisi –
флагманский корабль
727. donatım ve vasıtaların yükletilmesi –
погрузка вооружения, боевой
техники и средств транспорта
728. donatmak – снаряжать, оснащать,
оборудовать, экипировать
729. dönüm noktası – поворотный /
переломный момент
730. dönüş dümeni – руль направления
731. dönüş mekanizması – возвратный
механизм
732. dörtlü – квартет
733. döşeme – настил
734. dost arazi – местность на стороне
своих войск
53
735. Dost Düşman Tanıma / Tanımlama –
IFF – система радиолокационного
опознавания «Свой-чужой»
736. dostluğun nişanesi – символ дружбы
737. dövmek – бить, колотить,
подвергать артиллерийскому
обстрелу
738. doz – доза
739. dozer – бульдозер
740. dozer bıçağı – нож бульдозера
741. dozer tankı – бульдозерный танк
742. duba – понтон
743. dumansız barut – бездымный порох
744. dümen – руль
745. dümen odası / kamarası – рулевая
рубка
746. dümen suyu – кильватер
747. dünya çevresindeki yörünge –
околоземная орбита
748. dünya yörüngesi – околоземная
орбита
749. durum – положение, ситуация,
местоположение, позиция,
расположение

54
750. durum ve yön göstergesi –
курсопрокладчик, автоштурман
751. düşey – вертикально
752. düşman – враг, противник
753. düşman arazi – местность на
стороне противника
754. düşman kıyılarına taaruz –
наступательные действия на
побережье противника
755. düşman muhaberesini çalmak –
перехватывать связь противника
756. düşman toplarını susturma –
подавление орудий противника
757. düşman uzağında – при отсутствии
соприкосновения с противником, в
условиях отсутствия
соприкосновения с противником
758. düşmana yaklaşmak – сближаться с
противником
759. düşmanı bağlamak / tespit etmek –
сковать противника
760. düşmanı hırpalamak – изматывать
противника
761. düşmanı itmek – теснить
противника
55
762. düşmanın maneviyatını bozmak –
деморализовать противника,
подорвать моральное состояние
противника
763. düşmanın taarruz edeceği arazi
parçası – направление вероятного
наступления противника
764. düşmanla temas – соприкосновение
с противником
765. düşmanla temas sağlanmak –
устанавливать соприкосновение с
противником
766. düşünce kuruluşu – мозговой трест,
аналитический центр
767. düşünür – мыслитель
768. duyurma – уведомление,
оповещение
769. duyurmak (-e) – доводить до
сведения, сообщать
770. düzen – (боевой) порядок
771. düzenini bozmak – дезорганизовать
772. düzenleyen – организатор
773. düzenleyici – организатор

56
E
774. ebat – измерение, размер
775. egemenlik – суверенитет
776. eğilim – тенденция
777. eğilme – изгиб
778. eğitim el bombası – учебная граната
779. eğitim mayınları – учебные мины
780. eğitimi tazeleme çağrısı – призыв с
целью переподготовки
781. egzersiz – тренировка, учение
782. egzos borusu – выхлопная труба
783. egzoz – выхлоп
784. ek – приложение
785. ekip – отряд, экипаж
786. Ekselansları – Его / Её
Превосходительство
787. eksen – ось
788. eksiksiz – полноценный
789. eksilen destek ateşini tamamlamak –
компенсировать ослабление огня
поддерживающих средств
790. ekvator – экватор
791. el bombası – ручная граната
792. elde tutmak – удерживать, занимать
(территорию, позицию)
57
793. eldiven – рукавицы, перчатки
794. ele almak – обсуждать
795. elektrik kaynak takımı – прибор для
электросварки
796. elektrikli iskandil – эхолот
797. elektromanyetik alan –
электромагнитное поле
798. elektromanyetik atış –
электромагнитный импульс
799. elektron – электрон
800. elektronik istihbarat –
радиоэлектронная борьба,
радиоэлектронная разведка
801. elektronik karıştıma – электронное
противодействие
802. elektronik savaş —
радиоэлектронная борьба (РЭБ),
электронная война
803. elektronik yanıltma uygulayan
tehdidi – ECM (electronic
countermeasures) – электронные
меры противодействия
804. elverişli şartlar altında – при
благоприятной обстановке

58
805. elzem – очень нужный, крайне
необходимый
806. emir – приказ
807. emir tekniği – порядок отдачи и
оформления приказа
808. emir ve komuta – командование и
управление (войсками)
809. emir yaymak – отдавать приказ,
доводить приказ до исполнителей
810. emir yürütmek – выполнять приказ
811. emme – абсорбация, впитывание,
всасывание
812. emniyet – охранение
813. emniyet kuvvetleri – подразделения
охранения, силы охранения
814. emniyet sürgüsü – предохранитель
815. emniyet tertibatı – предохранитель
816. emniyetle isabet – надежное
поражение
817. empoze etmek – навязывать
818. emre verilen – приданный (о
подразделениях)
819. emre vermek – придавать
820. emsal – подобие, пример,
прецедент
59
821. endişe – беспокойство, тревога,
опасение, сомнение
822. endişeyle gözlemlemek – с тревогой
наблюдать
823. enerji güvenliği – энергетическая
безопасность
824. enformasyon operasyonu –
информационная операция
825. enfraruj – инфракрасный
826. engebe – неровности местности,
пересечённая местность,
естественное препятствие
827. engel – заграждение, препятствие,
завал
828. engelleme sahası – полоса
заграждений
829. engellemek – заграждать,
устраивать заграждение
830. engelleri temizlemek – устранять /
ликвидировать препятствия
831. enlem – широта
832. enlem derecesi – градус широты
833. envanterde bulunmak – находиться
на вооружении
834. e–posta – электронная почта
60
835. er – рядовой, матрос срочной
службы, матрос
836. erime potası – «плавильный котел»
837. erişim – доступ, связь, сообщение,
приобщение (к чему-л.),
достижение (чего-л.)
838. erken ihbar ikaz – раннее
оповещение
839. erken ikaz radarı – РЛС раннего
предупреждения
840. eş zamanlılık – синхронизм
841. esas barut hakkı – основной заряд
842. esef – сожаление, сочувствие
843. eşgüdüm – координация,
согласование
844. esinlendirici – вдохновитель
845. esir – военноепленный, пленник
846. esir etmek – брать в плен
847. eşkıya – бандит, разбойник
848. eşlik etmek – сопровождать
849. espiyonaj – шпионаж
850. etil – этил
851. etki – влияние, воздействие
852. etkileme – воздействие

61
853. etkili menzil – прицельная
дальность
854. etkinleştirme – активизация
855. etkinleştirmek – активизировать
856. etnik temizlik – этническая чистка
857. e-Vize – электронная виза
858. evren – вселенная
859. evrim – эволюция
860. eyalet – область, округ, губерния,
эялет, провинция
861. eylem – акция, действие
862. ezici çoğunluk – подавляющее
большинство
863. ezilme – давка
864. eziyet – мучение, страдание
865. ezme – подавлене

F
866. faal tutulması – поддержание
боеготовности
867. facia – бедствие, катастрофа,
трагедия, беда
868. fahri konsolos – почетный консул
869. fail – действующий, преступник
870. faksimile – фототелеграф
62
871. farazi düşman – условный
противник
872. faydalı ağırlık – полезный вес
873. fedakarlık – беззаветность,
самопожертвование,
самоотверженность
874. Federal Güvenlik Servisi (FSB) –
Федеральная служба безопасности
(ФСБ)
875. Federal Soruşturma Bürosu (FBI) –
Федеральное бюро расследований
(ФБР)
876. Federal uzay ajansı Roskosmos –
Федеральное космическое
агенство Роскосмос
877. felaket – бедствие, катастрофа,
беда, несчастье
878. felç – паралич
879. felç etmek – парализовать
880. fener – фонарь
881. ferdi eğitim – обучение личного
состава
882. feshetmek – расторгнуть,
аннулировать (договор и т.п.),
распустить (парламент и т.п.)
63
883. fesih – расторжение,
аннулирование (договора и т.п.),
роспуск (парламента и т.п.)
884. fiberoptik – оптоволокно
885. fidye – выкуп
886. fiili – действительный,
существующий
887. fikir alışverişi – обмен мнениями
888. fikir bilimi – наука об идеях
889. fikir teatisi – обмен мнениями
890. filika – (корабельная) шлюпка
891. fillotilla – дивизион кораблей
892. filo – флотилия, флот, эскадра
893. filtre – фильтр
894. firar – дезертир
895. fırkateyn – фрегат
896. fırlatıcı – пусковая установка
897. fırlatıcı – пусковая установка
898. fırlatma koltuğu –
катапультируемое сидение
899. fırlatma platformu – стартовая
платформа
900. fırlatma rampası – стартовая
платформа / площадка
901. fırlatmak – запускать
64
902. fiş – штекер, вилка
903. fişek – патрон
904. fişek hazinesi – магазин
905. fişek yatağı – патронник
906. fisyon – расщепление, деление
907. fiziksel zarar – физический ущерб
908. flama – сигнальный флажок
909. flap – закрылок, щиток, руль,
подкрылок
910. flaş sürücüsü – флеш-накопитель,
накопитель памяти
911. forklift – грузоподъемник,
погрузчик с вилочным захватом
912. fosgen – фосген
913. Frankfurt Okulu – Франкфуртская
школа
914. frekans bandı – диапазон частот
915. frekans modülasyonu – частотная
модуляция
916. frengi – сифилис
917. fuhuş – безнравственность,
разврат, проституция
918. funya / fünye – запал, взрыватель,
капсульная втулка
919. funya yuvası – запальное гнездо
65
920. füsyon – реакция синтеза
921. füze – ракета (управляемая)
922. füze filosu – эскадрилья ракет
923. füze grubu – ракетная группа
924. füze kuyusu – пусковая шахта
ракеты
925. füze saldırısı – ракетный удар
926. füze savunma – противоракетная
оборона (ПРО)
927. füze sistemi – ракетный комплекс
928. Füze Teknolojisi Kontrol Rejimi –
Режим контроля за ракетными
технологиями
929. füze üssü – ракетная база
930. füzesavar füze (ABM – Anti-ballistic
Missile)– противоракета

G
931. G-2 – разведывательный отдел /
отделение
932. G-3 – оперативный отдел /
отделение
933. galaksi – галактика
934. gambot – канонерская лодка,
артиллерийский катер
66
935. gargara etmek – полоскать горло
936. gayri meşru – нелегитимный,
нелегальный
937. gayri safi yük – полный вес
938. gayriresmi ziyaret – неофициальный
визит
939. gaz arama ekipleri – команды
химической разведки
940. gaz bombası – бомба, снаряженная
ОВ / химическая бомба
941. gaz çizmeleri – защитные чулки
942. gaz elbisesi – защитная одежда
943. gaz kolu – педаль газа
944. gaz maskesi – противогаз
945. gaz mayını – химический фугас,
мина
946. gaz mermisi – химический снаряд
947. gaz mermisi – химический снаряд
948. gaz taarruzu – химическое
нападение
949. gaz türbini – газовая турбина
950. gazyağı – керосин
951. Gece Görüş Dürbünü – бинокль
ночного видения

67
952. Gece Görüş Gözlüğü – очки
ночного видения
953. geçerli – действующий
954. geçici / muvakkat garnizon –
временный гарнизон, лагерь
955. geçit – брод, переправа, горный
проход, ущелье, перевал
956. gedik – брешь, проход, трещина
957. gedik açmak – совершать прорыв
958. gedikli aday onbaşı – ефрейтор,
кандидат в унтер-офицеры
сверхсрочной службы
959. gedikli başçavuş – старший унтер-
офицер сверхсрочной службы
960. gedikli çavuş – младший унтер-
офицер сверхсрочной службы
961. gedikli er – матрос сверхсрочной
службы
962. gedikli üst çavuş – унтер-офицер
сверхсрочной службы
963. gelişmeler – события
964. gemi – корабль, судно
965. gemi mürettebatı – экипаж корабля
966. gemi silahları – вооружение
корабля
68
967. gemi sınıfları – классы кораблей
968. gemi teknesi – корпус корабля
969. gemi tipleri – типы кораблей
970. gemi topu – корабельное орудие
971. gemi uçağı – авианосец
972. geminin su altı kesimi – подводная
часть корабля
973. gemisavar füzesi –
противокорабельная ракета
974. gemiye alma – погрузка
975. genel destek – общая поддержка
976. genel karargah – общая часть
штаба, общий штаб
977. genel kurul toplantısı – пленарное
заседание, пленарная сессия
978. genel müfettiş – главный инспектор
979. genel seçimler – всеобщие выборы
980. genel seferberlik – всеобщая
мобилизация
981. Genel Sekreteri – Генеральный
Секретарь
982. genel taktik – общая тактика
983. Genelkurmay Başkanı – Начальник
Генерального Штаба (НГШ)
984. generatör – генератор
69
985. genetik silah – генетическое оружие
986. geniş yankılar uyandırmak – иметь
большой резонанс
987. genişlik – ширина фронта
(наступления, обороны)
988. gerçek kişi – физическое лицо
989. gerçeklik – подлинность
990. gerekçe – мотив
991. gerekçeli – мотивированный
992. gerginliğin gevşetilmesi – разрядка
напряжённости
993. gerginlik – напряжённость,
напряжение, обострённость,
994. geri – тыл
995. geri bölge – тыловой район, тыл
996. geri dönüş yayı – возвратная
пружина
997. geri hizmet – тыл
998. geri hududu – тыловая граница
999. geri tepmesiz top – безоткатное
орудие
1000. geri ve hizmet birlikleri –
подразделения тыла и
материально-технического
обеспечения
70
1001. gerilerin derinliği – глубина
(обороны, тылов)
1002. gerilim – напряжение,
напряженность
1003. gerilla – партизан
1004. gezegen – планета
1005. gezgin – путешественник
1006. gidiş tertibatı – ходовая часть
1007. giriş izni – доступ, допуск
1008. girişim – инициатива,
предпринимательство
1009. girişimi üzerine – по инициативе
кого-л.
1010. girme – проникновение, вклинение
1011. gizlenme – маскировка
1012. gizli – секретно
1013. gizli (kapalı) kaynaklar – секретные
(закрытые) источники
1014. gizli barınak – тайник
1015. gizli dinleme – прослушка
(телефона)
1016. gizlilik derecesi – степень / гриф
секретности

71
1017. global ve bölgesel dengeler –
глобальное и региональное
соотношение сил
1018. Göç Kartı – миграционная карта
1019. göğüs göğüse muharebe –
рукопашный бой
1020. gök cismi – небесное тело
1021. gönüllü – добровольный,
доброволец
1022. görerek ateş – огонь прямой
наводкой
1023. görerek ateş etmek – вести огонь
прямой наводкой
1024. görev – задача
1025. görev dağılımı – распределение
задач / обязанностей
1026. göreve başlama töreni –
инаугурация, церемония
вступления в должность
1027. görevlendirmek – ставить боевую
задачу
1028. görevlerini oyalama mukavemeti ile
yapmak – выполнять боевую
задачу путем ведения
сковывающих боевых действий
72
1029. görme muhabere vasıtaları –
зрительные сигнальные средства
связи
1030. görsel – визуальный
1031. görüntü algılayıcı – датчик
изображения
1032. görüntüleme sistemi – система
формирования изображений
1033. görüş alışverişi – обмен мнениями
1034. görüşme – встреча
1035. görüşmeler – переговоры
1036. görüşmeleri başarısızlığa uğratmak
amacıyla – с целью срыва
переговоров
1037. gösteri – демонстрация
1038. gösteriş taarruzu – ложное
наступление, демонстративные
действия
1039. gövde – корпус, фюзеляж
1040. göz bebekleri – зрачки
1041. göz yaşı getiren gazlar –
слезоточивые газы
1042. gözcü – наблюдатель, дозорный
1043. gözetleme – наблюдение

73
1044. gözetleme uçağı – самолет-
корректировщик
1045. gözetleme uydusu –
разведывательный спутник,
спутник-шпион
1046. gözetleme yeri – наблюдательный
пункт
1047. gözlem uçuşları – наблюдательные
полеты
1048. gözlemci – наблюдатель
1049. greyder – грейдер, прицепная или
самоходная машина для
планировки и профилирования
площадей и откосов,
разравнивания и перемещения
грунта, снега или сыпучих
строительных материалов
1050. gri propaganda – серая пропаганда
1051. grip – грипп
1052. güç boşluğu – вакуум силы
1053. güç dağıtım birimi – блок
распределения питания
1054. güç kaynağı – источник питания
1055. güç kullanımı – применение силы
1056. güdüm sistemi – система наведения
74
1057. güdümleme – наведение
1058. güdümlü füze – управляемая ракета
1059. güdümlü füze gemisi – ракетный
корабль, ракетоносец
1060. güdümlü hava füzesi – авиационная
управляемая ракета
1061. güdümlü mermi – управляемый
реактивный снаряд
1062. güdümlü tanksavar füzesi –
противотанковая управляемая
ракета (ПТУР)
1063. güdümsüz füze / roket –
неуправляемая ракета
1064. gümrük beyannamesi – таможенная
декларация
1065. gündem – повестка дня
1066. Güneş Sistemi – солнечная система
1067. Güney Deniz Saha Komutanlığı –
Южная военно-морская зона
1068. Güneydoğu Avrupa İstikrar Paktı –
Пакт стабильности для Юго-
Восточной Европы
1069. günlük emir – строевой,
административный приказ

75
1070. gütmek – проводить (политику и т.
п.), преследовать (цель и т. п.)
1071. güven mektubu – верительная
грамота
1072. güven sarsmak – подорвать доверие
1073. Güven ve Güvenlik Arttırıcı
Önlemleri (GGAÖ) – меры по
укреплению безопасности и
доверия
1074. güvenilir – надёжный,
заслуживающий доверие,
достоверный
1075. güvenlik – безопасность
1076. güvenlik birimleri – силы
безопасности
1077. güvenlik güçleri – силы
безопасности
1078. güvenlik istihbaratı – разведка с
целью обеспечения национальной
безопасности, служба разведки
безопасности
1079. güvenlik kaygıları – вызовы
безопасности
1080. Güvenlik Konseyi – Совет
Безопасности
76
1081. güvenlik mimarisi – архитектура
безопасности
1082. güvenlik mülahazaları temelinde – из
соображений безопасности
1083. güvenlik sistemi – система
безопасности
1084. güvenlik tehditleri – вызовы
безопасности
1085. güvenlik uygulamaları – меры
безопасности
1086. güverte kirişi – бимс, палубное
перекрытие, поперечная балка
1087. güverte subayı – офицер
плавсостава

H
1088. haber merkezi – узел связи, пункт
сбора донесений
1089. haber toplama – сбор информации
1090. haberci – связной, посыльный
1091. haberci kısmı – отделение
фельдъегерской службы
1092. haberlerin ulaştırılması – доставка
сведений, донесений
1093. haberleşme uydusu – спутник связи
77
1094. hacim – объем
1095. hacker – хакер
1096. hafif kol köprüsü – легкий мост
1097. hafif makineli tüfek – ручной
пулемет
1098. hafif silahlar – легкое вооружение
1099. hafif tank – легкий танк
1100. hafızasında saklamak – сохранять в
памяти
1101. haftalık dergi / gazete –
еженедельник
1102. hain – предатель, изменни
1103. hain saldırı – вероломный теракт,
злодеяние, бесчинство
1104. hakedilmiş – заслуженный
1105. haketmek – заслужить, быть
достойным
1106. hakiki mayınlar – боевые мины
1107. hakiki mermi – боевой выстрел
1108. hakim – обладающий властью,
обладающий преимуществом,
господствующий, доминирующий,
возвышающийся
1109. hakimiyet kurmak – установить
господство
78
1110. halat – канат, тросс
1111. halk ayaklanmaları – народные
восстания
1112. halk kitleleri – народные массы
1113. halk ve basınla temas subayı –
офицер для связи с гражданскими
учреждениями и прессой
1114. halkın iradesi – воля народа
1115. halkoyu – референдум
1116. hami – покровитель
1117. hamle – стремительный бросок,
нападение, выпад, атака
1118. hangar güvertesi – ангарная палуба
1119. hararet tesiri – тепловое излучение /
поражение
1120. harbi – шомпол
1121. harekat – военная операция
1122. harekat alanı karargahı –
оперативный штаб, штаб
оперативного звена, штаб ТВД
1123. harekat emri – оперативное
распоряжение, оперативная
директива, боевой приказ
1124. harekat kabini – ходовая рубка

79
1125. harekat merkezi – центр управления
(операцией)
1126. harekat odası – ходовая рубка
1127. hareket kabiliyeti – подвижность,
мобильность
1128. hareket memuru – диспетчер
1129. hareket odası – диспетчерский
пункт
1130. hareketlilik – маневренность
1131. harita odası – штурманская рубка
1132. harita sınıfı – топографическая
служба
1133. harp başlığı – боеголовка
1134. harp filosu – боевая флотилия
(надводных кораблей)
1135. harp gazları – боевые отравляющие
вещества
1136. harp gemisi – боевой корабль
1137. harp sanatı – военное дело
(искусство)
1138. harp sanayii – военная
промышленность
1139. harpbaşlığı – боеголовка, боевая
часть

80
1140. hartuç (≈kartuş) – картуз, заряд в
картузе, картечь, шрапнель
1141. hartuç halinde mühimmat –
выстрелы раздельного картузного
заряжания
1142. hasar – разрушение, выведение из
строя
1143. hasım (-smı) – враг, противник
1144. hassas güdümlü silah –
высокоточнное оружие
1145. hassas hedef – важный объект
1146. hassas mayın – мина мгновенного
действия
1147. hassas tapa – взрыватель
мгновенного действия
1148. hassas tapa – взрыватель
мгновенного действия
1149. hassas uçuş simülasyonu – точное
моделирование полета
1150. hastahane gemisi – госпитальное
судно
1151. hatıra fotoğrafı – фотография на
память, памятная фотография
1152. hattı harp gemisi – линейный
корабль, линкор
81
1153. hava alıkları – воздухозаборники
1154. hava baskısı – удар с воздуха, удар
авиации, воздушный налет
1155. hava eğitim komutanlığı – учебное
командование ВВС
1156. hava er eğitim birliği – учебное
подразделение ВВС
1157. hava fotoğrafı – аэроснимок
1158. hava girişi – воздухозаборник
1159. hava haber verme – воздушное
оповещение
1160. hava hakimiyeti – господство в
воздухе
1161. hava hedefi – воздушная цель
1162. hava indirme birliği –
подразделение ВДВ
1163. hava indirme harekatı – воздушно-
десантная операция
1164. hava indirme tümeni – воздушно-
десантная дивизия
1165. hava indirmelerine karşı emniyet –
противодесантная оборона
1166. hava kompresörü – воздушный
компрессор

82
1167. Hava Kuvvetleri – военно-
воздушные силы (ВВС)
1168. Hava Kuvvetleri Bakım Dairesi –
отдел ремонта и обслуживания
ВВС
1169. Hava Kuvvetleri İkmal Başkanlığı –
управление снабжения ВВС
1170. Hava Kuvvetleri Komutanı – (глав.)
командующий ВВС
1171. Hava Lojistik Komutanlığı –
командование материально-
технического снабжения ВВС,
управление тыла ВВС
1172. hava nakliyatı – переброска /
транспортировка по воздуху
1173. hava sahası – воздушное
пространство
1174. hava saldırı uyarısı –
предупреждение о воздушном
нападении
1175. hava savunma – противовоздушная
оборона (ПВО)
1176. hava savunma füze sistemi –
зенитно-ракетный комплекс (ЗРК)

83
1177. hava sızdırmaz – герметичный,
воздухонепроницаемый
1178. hava soğutmalı – с воздушным
охлаждением
1179. hava soğutmalı motor – мотор с
воздушным охлаждением
1180. hava taarruzlarına karşı emniyet –
противовоздушная оборона
1181. hava taarruzu – воздушный налет,
нападение с воздуха
1182. hava trafik kontrol hizmeti (ATC) –
авиационно-диспетчерская служба
1183. hava trafik merkezi – пункт
радиолокационной диспетчерской
службы (РДС)
1184. hava ulaştırma – воздушный
транспорт
1185. hava ulaştırma üssü – база
транспортной авиации
1186. hava üssü – база ВВС
1187. hava uyarı ve kontrol sistemi –
система воздушного оповещения и
наведения

84
1188. Hava ve Uzay Savunma Birlikleri –
Войска воздушно-космической
обороны
1189. hava yastıklı tekne – судно на
воздушной подушке
1190. hava yolu ile ikmal – снабжение по
воздуху
1191. havacılık fuarı – авиационная
выставка
1192. havacılıк – авиация
1193. havada alçak infilak – низкий
воздушный взрыв
1194. havada çok yüksek infilak –
высотный взрыв
1195. havada infilak – воздушный взрыв
1196. havada patlayan mayın –
прыгающая мина
1197. havada yakıt ikmal – дозаправка в
воздухе
1198. havada yüksek infilak – высокий
воздушный взрыв
1199. havadan deniz altına füze (AUM –
Air To Underwater Missile ) –
ракета класса «воздух-подводная
цель»
85
1200. havadan erken uyarı – раннее
оповещение с воздуха
1201. havadan havaya – класса «воздух-
воздух»
1202. havadan havaya füze (AAM – Air To
Air Missile) – ракета класса
«воздух воздух»
1203. havadan indirme – посадочный
десант
1204. havadan karaya füze (ASM – Air To
Surface Missile ) – ракета класса
«воздух-земля»
1205. havadan yere – класса «воздух-
земля»
1206. havalandırma – вентиляция
1207. havalandırma sistemi – система
вентиляции
1208. havaların kontrolü – контроль
воздушного пространства
1209. havan – миномет
1210. havan atımı – минометный выстрел
1211. havan bataryası – минометная
батарея
1212. havanın akışı – поток воздуха
1213. havuz – док
86
1214. havuz güvertesi – доковая палуба,
док-камера
1215. havuzlamak – доковать, ставить в
док
1216. havuzlu amfibi nakliye gemisi (LPD)
– (вертолетный) транспорт-матка
высадочных средств
1217. havuzlu çıkarma gemisi (LSD) –
десантный корабль (транспорт-
док)
1218. hayalet uçak – самолет-невидимка,
самолет с малой ЭПР
(эффективной площадью
рассеяния)
1219. hayat kaybetmek – потерять жизнь,
погибнуть
1220. hayati çıkarlar – жизненные /
ключевые интересы
1221. haydrafon – гидрофон
1222. haydut – бандит, разбойник
1223. hayırlı – делающий добро,
совершающий доброе дело,
приносящий счастье
1224. hazım cihazı – пищеварительный
тракт
87
1225. hazır tutulan – находящийся в
полной боевой готовности
1226. hazırlanmış mevziler –
подготовленные позиции,
оборудованные позиции
1227. hazırlık ateşleri – огневая
подготовка (наступления)
1228. hazırlık komitesi –
подготовительный комитет
1229. hazırlık mevzii – выжидательный
район, исходная позиция
1230. hazırlıklı geçiş – форсирование
1231. heat-seaking – с тепловой головкой
самонаведения
1232. hedef almak – взять на прицел,
поставить цель[ю], задаться целью,
преследовать цель
1233. hedef bölgesi – заданный район
1234. hedef bulmak – обнаружить цель
1235. hedef gemisi – корабль-цель
1236. hedef izleme – сопровождение
цели, слежение за целью
1237. hedefin uzaklığı – глубина
постановки задачи

88
1238. hedeflerin mesafesi – глубина
задачи, расстояние до объектов
1239. helikopter çıkarma (LPH) gemisi –
десантный вертолетоносец
1240. helikopter gemisi – вертолетоносец
1241. helikopter taşıyıcı gemi –
вертолетоносец
1242. helikopterle indirme bölgesi – район
десантирования с вертолета
1243. hendek – ров, окоп, траншея
1244. hendek aşmak – преодолеть ров
1245. hendek kazıcı – траншеекопатель
1246. hendek kazma makinesi –
траншеекопатель
1247. hendesi – геометрический
1248. her bakımdan üstünlük – полное
превосходство
1249. her havada uçan – всепогодный
1250. her soydan ve boydan – всех мастей
1251. her türden – всех мастей
1252. herhalükarda – в любом случае, в
любых условиях
1253. heyet – делегация

89
1254. heyetlerarası görüşmeler –
переговоры в расширенном
составе / в составе делегаций
1255. hibe etmek – дарить, даровать,
безвозмездно передавать
1256. hidrografi – гидрография
1257. hidrojen – водород
1258. hidrojen bombası – водородная
бомба
1259. hidrolik – гидравлический
1260. hidrolik teçhizat – гидравлическое
оборудовние
1261. hidropnömatik süspansiyon –
гидропневматическая подвеска
1262. hilaf – противоречие
1263. himaye – защита, патронат,
прикрытие, поддержка, протекция,
покровительство
1264. hırpalamak – изматывать, мучить
1265. hitap – обращение, речь
1266. hız göstergesi – спидометр
1267. hizmet birliği – подразделение
обслуживания / обеспечения
1268. hizmete konulmak – приниматься на
вооружение
90
1269. hizmete özel – для служебного
пользования
1270. homing güdüm – самонаведение
1271. homing torpido – самонаводящаяся
торпеда
1272. hoparlör – громкоговоритель,
динамик
1273. hormon – гормон
1274. horoz – курок
1275. hortum – рукав, шланг
1276. hoş görmek – потакать
1277. hoşgörü – терпимость
1278. hoverkraft – судно на воздушной
подушке
1279. hücum – атака
1280. hücum ateşi – огонь атакующих
подразделений
1281. hücum botu – ракетный катер,
боевой катер
1282. hücum denizaltısı – ударная
подводная лодка
1283. hücum geçişi – форсирование
1284. hücum kenarı – передняя кромка
1285. hücum mesafesine girmek – выйти
на рубеж атаки
91
1286. hücum mevzii – рубеж атаки
1287. hücum uçağı – самолет штурмовой
авиации, штурмовик
1288. hücumbot filosu – флотилия
ракетных катеров
1289. hücumu kırmak – сорвать атаку
1290. hücumu püskürtmek – отражать
атаку
1291. hükmetmek – властвовать,
господствовать, выносить
решение, постановлять
1292. hukuka aykırı – противоправный
1293. hukuka uygun eylem – правомерное
действие
1294. hukukun üstünlüğü – верховенство
права
1295. hükümet dışı teşkilatlar –
неправительственные организации
1296. hükümetin kurulması –
формирование правительства
1297. hükumetlerdışı örgütler –
неправительственные организации
1298. huni – воронка, яма
1299. hür irade – свободная воля

92
1300. hür iradeleri hilafına – вопреки
свободному волеизъявлению
1301. hüviyet cüzdanı – удостоверение
личности
1302. hüzün – грусть, тоска, печаль
1303. huzur – покой, спокойствие,
присутствие, аудиенция

İ, I
1304. iade ziyareti – ответный визит
1305. iade-i ziyaret – ответный визит
1306. İç Güvenlik Harekatı – операция по
обеспечению внутренней
безопасности
1307. iç istihbarat – внутренняя разведка
1308. iç istikrarın sağlanması –
обеспечение внутренней
стабильности
1309. iç karakol – внутренний караул,
непосредственное охранение
1310. icabet – принятие приглашения,
согласие (утвердительный ответ на
просьбу, приказание и т. п.)
1311. içgüdü – инстинкт

93
1312. icra etmek – исполнять (напр.,
исполнять приказ, исполнительные
органы власти)
1313. içten – искренний
1314. içten yanmalı motor – двигатель
внутреннего сгорания
1315. idame – техническое обслуживание
1316. idame etmek – продолжать,
развивать, сохранять
1317. idarehane – редакция, канцелярия,
управление делами
1318. idari – административный,
управленческий,
административно-хозяйственный
1319. idari emir – приказ по тылу
1320. ideoloji – идеология
1321. ideoloji teorisi – теория идеологии
1322. ideolojik ayrılıklar –
идеологические разногласия
1323. ideolojik etkileme araçları –
средства идеологического
воздействия
1324. idrak etmek (-i) – познавать,
понимать, постигать, отдавать себе
отчёт (в чем-л.)
94
1325. ifa etmek – выполнять
1326. iftira – клевета
1327. iğne yayı – боевая пружина,
пружина ударника
1328. iğne yayı manivelası – рычаг боевой
пружины
1329. ihale – тендер
1330. ihbarname – извещение, повестка,
рапорт, донесение
1331. ihlal – нарушение
1332. ihracat denetimi – экспортный
контроль
1333. ihtilaf – конфликт
1334. ihtiva etmek – содержать в себе,
состоять из
1335. ihtiyat – резерв, запас
1336. ihtiyat grup kumandanlığı –
командование резервной боевой
группы
1337. ikaz – оповещение,
предупреждение
1338. iki kutuplu dünya düzeni – период /
эпоха биполярного
противостояния, биполярный мир

95
1339. iki yanı kuşatma – двусторонний
охват
1340. iki yüzlülük – лицемерие, двуличие
1341. ikili – двусторонний
1342. ikili oyun – двойная игра
1343. ikinci katip – второй секретарь
1344. ikincil / tali taarruz – наступление
на второстепенном направлении
1345. ikincil / tali taarruz grubu –
вспомогательная наступательная
группировка / группа
1346. iklim değişikliği – изменение
климата
1347. iklim koşulları – климатические
условия
1348. ikmal – снабжение
1349. ikmal kısmı – отделение снабжения
1350. ikmal planı – план тылового
обеспечения
1351. ikna etmek – убеждать
1352. ilan – объявление
1353. ilave – дополнительный
1354. ilave barut hakkı – дополнительный
снаряд
1355. ilave sadmeci – вкладной детонатор
96
1356. ileri atan silah – стреляющее
устройство
1357. ileri karakol – сторожевое
охранение
1358. ileri mevzi – передовая позиция
1359. ileri mevzi kuvveti – подразделения,
обороняющие переводовую
позицию
1360. ileri sürülmüş örtme kuvveti –
передовые силы прикрытия
1361. ileri üs – передовой аэродром
1362. ilerleyiş – продвижение
1363. iletişim ve telekomünikasyon
hizmetleri – службы связи и
телекоммуникаций
1364. iletken – проводник
1365. ilgili makam – соответствующие /
уполномоченные органы
1366. ilgili taraflar – заинтересованные
стороны
1367. ilhak – оккупация, аннексия
1368. ilhamcı – вдохновитель
1369. ilk atışlar – огневое обеспечение
боевых действий до подхода к
основной боевой позиции
97
1370. ilk belirlemelere göre – по
предварительным данным
1371. ilk yoklama – первичная
регистрация допризывников
1372. imha ateşi – огонь на уничтожение
1373. imha etmek – уничтожать
1374. imkansızlık – невозможность
1375. imla etmek – снаряжать
1376. imza koymak – подписать,
поставить подпись, оставить
запись
1377. imzalamak – подписать, поставить
подпись, оставить запись
1378. inç – дюйм
1379. indirme – станция выгрузки
1380. indirme bölgesi – район высадки
десанта
1381. infial – возмущение, негодование
1382. infilak maddesi – взрывчатое
вещество
1383. infilak şekli – вид взрыва
1384. inflüensli (indüksiyon) mayın –
неконтактная (индукционная)
мина
1385. iniş – посадка
98
1386. iniş pisti – взлётно-посадочная
полоса
1387. iniş takımı – шасси
1388. inisiyatifiyle – по инициативе кого-
л.
1389. insan onuruna aykırı şartlar –
нечеловеческие условия
1390. insan toplulukları – скопление
живой силы
1391. insan zayiatı – потери в живой силе
1392. insani felaket – гуманитарная
катастрофа
1393. insani yardım – гуманитарная
помощь
1394. insanlığa karşı suçlar –
преступления против
человечности
1395. insanlık dışı – нечеловечный
1396. insansız hava araç – беспилотник
1397. intihar – самоубийство
1398. intihar saldırısı / eylemi – теракт с
участием террориста-смертника
1399. intikal – переброска, перемещение,
переход (от одного состояния к
другому), перебазирование
99
1400. intikal etmek – перемещаться,
перебазироваться
1401. intikali hareket tertibatı – силовая
передача, трансмиссия, механизмы
силовой передачи
1402. intikamcı emeller – реваншистские
устремления
1403. inzibat – строгая дисциплина,
строгий порядок
1404. inzibat kuvvetleri — комендантский
наряд, силы охраны / обеспечения
общественного порядка
1405. iperit – иприт
1406. Irak Kürt Bölgesel Yönetimi (IKBY)
– Иракский Курдистан
1407. ırkçı – расистский
1408. irtibat – связь
1409. irtibat kordonu – соединительный
шнур
1410. irtibat uçağı – самолет связи
1411. irtibatlamak – соединять
(средствами связи)
1412. iş makinaları takımı – ввод
инженерных машин

100
1413. iş makinesi – дорожно-
строительная машина
1414. iş ziyareti – рабочий / деловой
визит
1415. işaret fişeği – сигнальная ракета
1416. işaretleme – обозначение знаками
1417. işbirliği – сотрудничество
1418. işgal – оккупация
1419. işgal kuvveti – войска, занимающие
основную боевую позицию
1420. işgüder – поверенный в делах
1421. ishal – понос, диарея
1422. ısı algılayıcı – термодатчик
1423. ısı enerjisi – тепловая энергия
1424. İŞİD (DEAŞ) – ИГИЛ
(террористическая организация,
запрещенная в Российской
Федерации — Ред.)
1425. ışık – световое излучение
1426. ışık hüzmesi – световой поток / луч
1427. ışın hastalığı – лучевая болезнь
1428. ışınım – световое излучение
1429. iskandil – эхолот
1430. ıskarmoz – шпангоут

101
1431. iskele – пристань, причал, пирс,
сходный трап (для подъема на
корабль), сходня
1432. iskele tarafı – левый борт
1433. iskele torpido kovanı –левый
торпедный аппарат
1434. işkence – пытка
1435. İşkence ve Diğer Zalimane, Gayri
İnsani veya Küçültücü Muamele veya
Cezaya Karşı Sözleşme – Конвенция
против пыток и других жестоких,
бесчеловечных или унижающих
достоинство видов обращения и
наказания
1436. işletim sistemi – операционная
система
1437. işlev – функция
1438. işlevsel – функциональный
1439. ispirto – спирт
1440. israf – расточительность,
мотовство
1441. İstanbul Boğazı Müstahkem Mevkii
– укрепленный район пролива
Босфор
1442. istenmeyen kişi – персона нон грата
102
1443. isterik – истеричный, истерический
1444. istif etmek – укладывать (в
штабеля)
1445. istihbarat – стратегическая
разведка, разведывательная
информация, агентурная разведка
1446. istihkam – саперный, инженерный
1447. istihkam bakım bölüğü –
инженерно-ремонтная рота
1448. istihkam bölüğü – сапёрная рота
1449. istihkam depo bölüğü – инженерно-
складская рота
1450. istihkam desteği – инженерное
обеспечение
1451. istihkam inşaat taburu – инженерно-
строительный батальон
1452. istihkam keşfi – инженерная
разведка
1453. istihkam malzemesi – инженерное
имущество, инженерное
вооружение
1454. istihkam mangası – сапёрное
отделение
1455. istihkam muharebe taburu –
саперный батальон
103
1456. istihkam personeli – личный состав
инженерных войск, сапёры
1457. istihkam sınıfı – инженерные
войска
1458. istihkam taburu – саперный
батальон
1459. istihkam takımı – сапёрный взвод
1460. istihkam tankı – саперный танк
1461. istihkamcılık işleri – инженерные
работы
1462. istikamet makarası – натяжной
шкив
1463. istikamet tekerleği – направляющее
колесо
1464. istikrar – стабильность
1465. istikrar hedef almak – угрожать
стабильности
1466. istikrarsızlık – нестабильность
1467. istila etmek – захватывать,
вторгаться
1468. iştirak etmek – принимать участие,
участвовать
1469. istişare – консультация
1470. istismar – эксплуатация

104
1471. istisnasız – без изъятий, без
исключений
1472. isyan – восстание, мятеж, бунт,
непослушание, непокорность
1473. isyanı bastırmak – подавить
восстание
1474. itfaiye – пожарная служба
1475. itibardan düşürme – дискредитация
1476. itici güç motoru – маршевый
двигатель
1477. itidal – умеренность, хладнокровие,
самообладание
1478. itimatname – верительная грамота,
аккредитивная грамота
1479. itimatnamesini sunmak / vermek –
вручить (свои) верительные
грамоты
1480. itki vektörü – вектор тяги
1481. itme gücü / kuvveti – тяга
1482. ivedi – срочно
1483. ivedilikle – срочно, неотложно,
немедленно
1484. ivme – стимул, импульс
1485. ivme kazandırmak – придать
импульс
105
1486. ivmeölçer – акселерометр2
1487. İyi Niyet Misyonu – Миссия доброй
воли
1488. iyi niyetli – доброжелательный
1489. iz imzası – трассер
1490. izdiham – давка
1491. izleme radarı – обзорный
радиолокатор
1492. izli – трассирующий
1493. izole edilmiş – изолированный

J
1494. Jandarma – внутренние войска,
жандармерия
1495. jeneratör – генератор
1496. jeopolitik boşluk – геополитический
вакуум
1497. jeostatik yörünge – геостационарная
орбита

2
прибор, измеряющий проекцию кажущегося
ускорения (разность между абсолютным
ускорением объекта и гравитационным
ускорением, точнее ускорением свободного
падения)
106
1498. jet eğitim üssü – учебная авиабаза
реактивных самолетов
1499. jet motoru – реактивный двигатель
1500. jet uçağı – реактивный самолет
1501. jiroskop – гироскоп3
1502. Jüpiter – Юпитер

K
1503. kaba(sert) kuvvet (güç) – жесткая
сила
1504. kabarcık – волдырь, пузырь
1505. kabile – племя, род
1506. kablo hat takımı – взвод кабельных
линий связи
1507. kabza – рукоятка, цевье
1508. kaçakçılık – контрабанда
1509. kaçınılmaz hale gelmek – назревать,
становиться неизбежным
1510. kademe – ступень
1511. kademe – эшелон

3
устройство, способное реагировать на
изменение углов ориентации тела, на котором
оно установлено, относительно инерциальной
системы отсчета, простейший пример гироскопа
— юла (волчок)
107
1512. kademelenme – эшелонирование
1513. kademeli olarak mevzi değiştirmek –
поэшелонно менять позиции
1514. kadran – циферблат, шкала,
квадрант
1515. kadro – штаты
1516. kadro silahı – штатное оружие
1517. kafes-kiriş – решетчатая балка
1518. kafesli – решётчатый
1519. kaide – база, основа
1520. kaldırıcı kuvvet – подъемная сила
1521. kalibre – калибр
1522. kalıcı – постоянный,
перманентный, стойкий, прочный
1523. kalıcı gazlar – стойкие ОВ
1524. kalıcı ve adil barış – прочный и
справедливый мир
1525. kalkan – щит, защита, экран
1526. kalkış – взлет, подъем
1527. kama – затвор
1528. kama – клинок, кинжал, клин
1529. kama payı – казённик, кольцо
затвора
1530. kama tertibatı – затворный
механизм
108
1531. kamara – каюта, рубка, отсек
1532. kamu diplomasisi – публичная
дипломатия
1533. kamu düzeni – общественный
порядок
1534. kamu güvenliği – общественная
безопасность
1535. kamu kurum ve kuruluşları –
общественные организации
1536. kamyon – грузовик
1537. kanat – крыло
1538. kanat – фланг, сторона, крыло
1539. kanatçık – элерон, стабилизатор,
аэродинамиеская плоскость
1540. kança – гак, посадочный крюк
1541. kanlı – кровавый
1542. kanopi – фонарь
1543. kanyon – каньон
1544. kapak – крышка
1545. kapalı kol – сомкнутая колонна
1546. kapalı nizam — сомкнутый строй
1547. kapı – дверь, люк
1548. kaplama levhaları – листы обшивки
1549. kapsama alanı – зона покрытия
(связи)
109
1550. kapsamlı – всеобъемлющий,
комплексный
1551. kapsül – капсюль
1552. kaptan – капитан, командир
корабля
1553. kara gözetlemesi – наземное
наблюдение
1554. kara havacılık tugayı – бригада
армейской авиации
1555. kara kuvvetleri – сухопутные
войска (СВ)
1556. kara mayını – наземная мина
1557. kara nakliyatı – сухопутные
перевозки
1558. kara propaganda – черная
пропаганда
1559. kara uçağı – сухопутный самолет
1560. karadan deniz altına füze (SUM –
Surface To Underwater Missile) –
ракета класса «земля-подводная
цель»
1561. karadan havaya füze (SAM – Surface
Air Missile) – ракета класса «земля-
воздух»

110
1562. karadan karaya (satıhtan satıha) füze
(SSM – Surface To Surface Missile )
– ракета класса «поверхность-
поверхность» («земля-земля»)
1563. karakol – полицейский участок,
полицейский пост, патруль,
караул, часовой
1564. karakol gemisi – сторожевой,
патрульный корабль
1565. karanfil – гвоздика
1566. karantina – карантин
1567. karar – решение, резолюция
1568. karargah – штаб
1569. karargah bölüğü – штабная рота
1570. karargah durum muhakemesi –
оценка обстановки штабами
1571. karargah komutanı – комендант
штаба
1572. karargah mensupları – работники
штаба, офицеры штаба
1573. karargah teşkilatı – состав штаба,
структура штаба, организация
штаба
1574. karargah ve servis bölüğü – рота
штабная и обслуживания
111
1575. kararı emir şekline sokmak –
оформлять решение в форме
приказа
1576. kararın yapılış şekli – порядок /
способ осуществления решения
1577. kararlaştırılmış sinyal / işaret –
условный сигнал
1578. kararlı biçimde – в решительной
форме
1579. kararlılıkla – решительно
1580. kararname – постановление, декрет,
указ (правительства),
официальный приказ о назначении
и повышении
1581. karaya karşı emniyet tedbirleri –
меры по обеспечению
безопасности нападения наземного
противника
1582. karaya oturmak – сесть на мель
1583. karbon monoksit – окись углерода,
угарный газ
1584. karbüratör – карбюратор
1585. kargaşa – беспорядок, анархия
1586. kargaşalık – смута, беспорядки,
волнения, мятеж
112
1587. karina – дно
1588. karışım – смесь
1589. karıştırma – помеха
1590. karşı casusluk – контрразведка,
контршпионаж
1591. karşı darbe – контрудар
1592. karşı koyma – противодействие
1593. karşı taarruz – контрнаступление,
контратака
1594. karşı taarruzu püskürtmek –
отражать контратаку, отражать
контрнаступление
1595. karşı tedbirler – контрмеры
1596. karşılıklı saygı – взаимное
уважение
1597. karşılıklı yardım – взаимопомощь
1598. karşıt güçler –
противоборствующие силы
1599. kasatura – штык
1600. kasılmalar – судороги
1601. kaşınma – зуд
1602. kásten – умышленно, намеренно
1603. kasten öldürme – преднамеренное
убийство

113
1604. kastetmek – намереваться,
подразумевать, замышлять зло
против, покушаться на кого-что
1605. kat – этаж, ступень
1606. kati netice – решительный успех
1607. kati netice istikameti – направление
главного удара
1608. katı yakıt – твердое топливо
1609. katılmak – участвовать
1610. katkıda bulunmak – вносить вклад
1611. katların ayrılması – отделение
ступений
1612. katliam – резня, бойня, поголовное
/ массовое уничтожение
1613. kaval top – гладкоствольная пушка
1614. kavramak – охватывать, овладевать
1615. kayda geçirmek – зарегистрировать
1616. kayıplar – потери
1617. kayıt defteri – регистрационный
журнал
1618. kayıtsız – безоговорочный,
безусловный,
незарегистрированный
1619. kaynaşma – реакция синтеза

114
1620. kaynaşma ortamı – «плавильный
котел»
1621. kazan dairesi – котельное отделение
1622. kazı – земляные работы, раскопки
1623. kazı işleri – земляные работы,
работы по окапыванию
1624. kazma – кирка
1625. kefalet – ручательство,
поручительство, гарантия,
обеспечение
1626. kefalet mektubu – гарантийное
письмо
1627. kem küm etmeden – четко,
безоговорочно
1628. kendi iradesini birine dayatmak –
навязывать кому-либо свою волю
1629. kepçe – ковш
1630. kerteriz – пеленг
1631. kesafet – плотность
1632. kesici silah – холодное, режущее
оружие
1633. keşif – тактическая разведка,
рекогносцировка (местности),
обнаружение

115
1634. keşif jet filosu – разведывательная
эскадрилья
1635. keşif kolu – разведывательный
дозор
1636. keşif sonuçları – результаты
разведки, разведывательные
данные / сведения
1637. kesin ret – категорический отказ
1638. kesin varış zamanı (ATA) –
действительное время прибытия
1639. kesit – сечение
1640. keskin nişancı (Sharp-Shooter) –
снайпер, меткий стрелок
1641. kıç – корма
1642. kıç direk – фок-мачта
1643. kıç güvertesi – кормовая палуба
1644. kıç üstü güvetesi – полуют
1645. kılavuz – лоцман
1646. kılıf – футляр
1647. kiloton – килотонна
1648. kimlik – идентичность
1649. kimya el bombası – граната
специального назначения
1650. kimya mermisi – химический
снаряд
116
1651. kimya sınıfı – войска РХБЗ,
химические войска
1652. kimyasal / kimyevi maddeler –
химические вещества
1653. kimyasal mermi – химический
снаряд
1654. kimyasal silah – химическое
оружие
1655. Kimyasal Silahlar Sözleşmesi –
Конвенция о запрещении
химического оружия
1656. Kimyasal Silahları Yasaklama
Örgütü (KSYÖ) – Организация по
запрещению химического оружия
(ОЗХО)
1657. kimyevi taarruzlara karşı emniyet –
противохимическая защита (ПХЗ)
1658. kınamak – осуждать, порицать
1659. kırık – перелом
1660. Kırım Özerk Cumhuriyeti (KÖC) –
Автономная Республика Крым
1661. Kırım Tatar Milli Meclisi –
Крымско-татарский наиональный
меджлис

117
1662. kirletmek – заражать (местность и
т.п.)
1663. kırmızı kan hücresi – красное
кровяное тельце
1664. kısa dalgalar – короткие волны
1665. kısa devre – короткое замыкание
1666. kısa menzilli füze – ракета
ближнего радиуса действия
1667. kısa namlulu – короткоствольный
1668. kışkırtma – подстрекательство,
провокация
1669. kıta – воинская / войсковая часть
1670. kıta hareketleri – передвижение
войск
1671. Kıta Sahanlığı Üzerinde Bulunan
Sabit Platformların Güvenliğine
Karşı Kanunsuz Eylemlerin
Önlenmesi Protokolü – Протокол о
борьбе с незаконными актами,
направленными против
безопасности стационарных
платформ, расположенных на
континентальном шельфе
1672. kıtalararası füze –
межконтинентальная ракета
118
1673. kıtaların tertipleri – расположение
войск, боевой порядок войск
1674. kitle imha silahı – оружие
массового поражения (ОМП)
1675. Kitle İmha Silahlarının (KİS)
fırlatma vasıtaları – средства
доставки ядерного оружия
1676. Kitle İmha Silahlarının Yayılmasına
Karşı Güvenlik İnisiyatifi –
Инициатива по безопасности в
борьбе с распространением
оружия массового уничтожения,
ИБОР-ОМУ
1677. kitlesel katliam – массовое
убийство
1678. kıvılcım – искра
1679. kıygın – пострадавший,
потерпевший
1680. kıyım – беззаконие, произвол,
резня, бойня
1681. kızak – стапель
1682. kızaklı gemi – корабль на
подводных крыльях
1683. Kızıl Ordu – Красная армия
1684. kızılötesi – инфракрасный
119
1685. kızıştırmak – разжигать,
подстрекать
1686. klasik – обычный, неядерный
1687. klor – хлор
1688. klorpikrin – хлорпикрин
1689. koklamak – нюхать
1690. kokpit – кабина пилота
1691. kol – колонна, рычаг
1692. kol nizamı — строй походной
колонны
1693. Kolektif Güvenlik Anlaşması Örgütü
– Организация Договора о
коллективной безопасности
1694. köleleştirmek – делать рабом, брать
в рабство
1695. kolera – холера
1696. kollektif savunma – коллективная
оборона
1697. kolordu – корпус
1698. komando harekatı – спецоперация,
операция военного спецназа (войск
командос)
1699. komando tugayı – бригада
специального назначения
(«коммандос»)
120
1700. komodor – комодор, командир
дивизиона
1701. komple mermi – окончательно
снаряженный снаряд,
артиллерийский выстрел
1702. kompozite – композитный
1703. kompresör – компрессор
1704. kömür – уголь
1705. komuta – команда
1706. komuta dairesi – отделение
управления (танка)
1707. komutan – командир,
командующий
1708. komutan borusu – переговорная
труба
1709. komutanlık – командование,
командная должность
1710. komutanlık sancak gemisi –
флагманский корабль
1711. konak – гарнизон, квартира
1712. konakçı heyeti –
рекогносцировочная группа,
квартирьеры

121
1713. konakçı subayı – офицер-
квартирьер, командир
рекогносцировочной группы
1714. kondansatör – конденсатор
1715. konferans – конференция, лекция
1716. konik – конический
1717. konma – расположение войск на
месте
1718. konma emri – приказ на
расположение войск
1719. kontrol gemisi (PCS) – штабной
корабль
1720. kontrol kulesi – диспетчерская
вышка
1721. kontrol merkezi – центр управления
1722. kontrollü mayın – управляемая
мина
1723. kontrolör – диспетчер
1724. konuşlandırmak – располагать,
дислоцировать, размещать
1725. konuşlu – базирующийся
1726. konvansiyonel harp – война с
применением обычных
вооружений

122
1727. konvansiyonel silahlar –
конвенциональное оружие
1728. konvülsiyonlar – судороги,
конвульсии
1729. koordinasyon yapmak –
организовывать взаимодействие,
координировать
1730. koordine grubu – координационная
группа
1731. kopilya – чека
1732. köprü – мостик
1733. köprü kurmak – наводить мост
1734. köprü malzemesi – мостовой
материал, средства для наведения
мостов
1735. köprü tankı – мостовой танк, танк-
мостоукладчик
1736. köprü üstü – ходовой мостик
1737. köprücü malzemesi – мостовой
материал, материал для наведения
мостов
1738. köprücü takımı – понтонно-
мостовой взвод
1739. köprücü tank – мостовой танк, танк-
мостоукладчик
123
1740. köprücülük malzemesi – мостовой
материал, материал для наведения
мостов
1741. koramiral – корпусной адмирал,
адмирал
1742. korgeneral – генерал-полковник
1743. korgeneral – корпусной генерал,
генерал-полковник
1744. korsan gemisi – пиратский корабль
1745. korugan – долговременное
оборонительное сооружение
(ДОС), долговременная огневая
точка (ДОТ)
1746. körüklemek – разжигать,
подстрекать
1747. koruyucu aşı – профилактическая
прививка
1748. koruyucu elbise – защитная одежда
1749. korvet – корвет, корабль охранения
1750. köşetaşı – краеугольный камень
1751. köstebek – крот (в разведке)
1752. koşulsuz – безоговорочный,
необусловленный, безусловный
1753. koşulsuz kınamak – безоговорочно
осуждать
124
1754. kovalı tip hendek kazma makinesi –
траншеекопатель ковшового типа
1755. kovan – гильза
1756. köy ordugahı – квартирно-бивачное
расположение войск, квартиро-
бивак
1757. kozmodrom – космодром
1758. kozmonot – космонавт, астронавт
1759. krank mili – коленчатый вал
1760. krater – кратер
1761. kravatsız toplantı – встреча без
галстуков
1762. kreyn – грузоподъемный кран
1763. kriko – домкрат
1764. kripto açmak – расшифровывать
1765. kripto kısmı – шифровальный отдел
1766. kriptolamak – шифровать
1767. kritik durum – острое положение,
острая ситуация
1768. kroki tipi emir – схема-приказ на
кальке
1769. kruvazör – крейсер
1770. kruvazör savaşı – крейсерская
война на морских коммуникациях
1771. kruz füzesi – крылатая ракета
125
1772. küçük karakol – полевой караул
1773. küçük kudretli – малой мощности
1774. küçük sevk ve idare – управление
боевыми действиями мелких
подразделений, тактическое
руководство
1775. küçük silahlar – стрелковое
вооружение
1776. küçük şişirilmiş kauçuk sandal –
малая надувная лодка
1777. kudretli ve isabetli ateş –
массированный и точный огонь
1778. küf – плесень
1779. kulak demiri – отвал
1780. kulaklık – наушники
1781. kule – боевая рубка, башня
1782. kültür diplomasisi – культурная
дипломатия
1783. kültür savaşı – культурная война
1784. kültür turizmi – культурный туризм
1785. kültürel çatışma – столкновение
культур
1786. kültürel değerler – культурные
ценности

126
1787. kültürler arası buluşma –
столкновение культур
1788. kumandanın ana fikri – замысел
командира
1789. kumandanın ana planı – замысел
командира
1790. kumandanlık – командование,
командная должность
1791. kundağı motolu – самоходный
1792. kundağı motorlu top – самоходная
артиллерийская установка (САУ)
1793. kundağın kolu – станина лафета
1794. kundak – лафет, приклад (оружия),
ложа (винтовки)
1795. kundaklamak – поджигать (с
помощью тряпок, пропитанных
горючей смесью), сеять вражду,
вносить раздор, вызывать смуту
1796. kuraklık – засуха
1797. kuramsal – теоретический
1798. kurban – жертва
1799. Kürdistan İşçi Partisi (PKK) –
Рабочая партия Курдистана (РПК)
1800. kürek – весло, лопата
1801. küresel – глобальный
127
1802. Küresel Konumlama Sistemi (GPS –
Global Positioning System) –
система глобального
позиционирования
1803. Küresel Konumlandırma Sistemi –
Global Positioning System – GPS –
Система глобального
позиционирования
1804. kurşun – пуля, свинец
1805. kurşun geçmez –
пуленепробиваемый, пулестойкий,
противопульный (о броне)
1806. kurtarma gemisi – спасательное
судно
1807. kurtarma kamyonu – эвакуационно-
спасательная машина
1808. Kurtuluş Savaşı – Национально-
освободительная война / борьба
1809. kuruluş – организация, оргштатная
структура
1810. kuşatıcı hareket – обходный маневр
1811. kuşatma – охват, окружение
1812. kuşatma taarruzu – охват,
наступление с целью охвата
1813. kuşatmak – окружать
128
1814. kusma – рвота
1815. küstahlaşmak – обнаглеть
1816. kusturmak – вызывать рвоту
1817. kutlama mesajı – поздравительное
послание
1818. kutlama telgrafı – поздравительная
телеграмма
1819. kutuplaşma – поляризация
1820. kuvvet – вид ВС, сила, мощь
1821. kuvvet çarpanları – факторы
повышения боеготовности
1822. kuvvet kaydırmak – перебросить,
перегруппировать силы
1823. kuvvet kullanmak – применять силу
1824. kuvvet makinaları – силовые
машины
1825. kuvvet tasarruf etmek – сберечь
силы, сохранять силы
1826. kuvvet tasarrufu – экономия сил,
сохранение сил
1827. kuvvetlerin bölümü – группировка
сил
1828. kuyruk – хвостовое оперение
1829. kuyruk bumu – хвостовая балка

129
1830. kuyruk manivelası – ганшпуг, рычаг
для поворота
1831. kuyruk rotoru – хвостовой винт
1832. kuyu – шахта, шахтная пусковая
установка

L
1833. lafız ve ruh – буква и дух (закона)
1834. lağım – подкоп, подземный ход,
мина, фугас
1835. lağım patlayıcı tank – танк-
тральщик
1836. lağım temizleyici tank – танк-
тральщик
1837. laik – светский
1838. lançer – пусковая установка
1839. lanetlemek – проклинать, резко
осуждать
1840. laser elektro-optik güdümlü – с
лазерным электронно-оптическим
наведением
1841. lastik tekerlek – резиновая шина
1842. layter – лихтер, баржа
1843. lazer – лазер

130
1844. lazer elektronik-optik güdümlü – с
лазерным электронно-оптическим
наведением
1845. lazer güdümlü – управляемый с
помощью лазера
1846. lazer işaretlemesi – лазерный
прицел
1847. lazer ışını – лазерный луч
1848. lazer noktalayıcı – лазерный
прицел, лазерная указка
1849. lazer seyir sistemi – лазерная
навигационная система
1850. levazım sınıfı – интендантская
служба
1851. libre – фунт
1852. liman – порт, рейд
1853. liman savunması – оборона портов
1854. lisans düzeyinde eğitim-öğretim –
общее образование (бакалавриат)
1855. lisansüstü – магистратура,
аспирантура (адъюнктура),
докторантура и второе высшее
образование
1856. liyakat – заслуга, достоинство
1857. lojistik – тыловой
131
1858. lojistik destek – материльно-
техническое обеспечение
1859. lojistik destek nakliye gemisi –
транспорт подвижного тылового
обеспечения
1860. lojistik yönetimi – управление
туловым обеспечением,
управление логистикой
1861. lombar – иллюминатор
1862. lombar kapağı – крышка
иллюминатора, портик
1863. lomboz – иллюминатор
1864. lonjeron – лонжерон
1865. losmoro – боцман
1866. lövye – ручка управления, рычаг

M
1867. maddi zarara uğramak – нести
материальный ущерб
1868. mafsallı – шарнирный
1869. mağdur – пострадавший,
потерпевший
1870. mahfaza – футляр
1871. mahiyet – суть, сущность,
свойство, характер
132
1872. mahmuz – шпора, сошник
1873. makam – пост, должность,
инстанция
1874. makine dairesi – машинное
отделение
1875. makineli tüfek – пулемет
1876. makul – понятный, постижимый,
вразумительный
1877. maliyet-etkin – рентабельный,
экономически целессообразный
1878. malümat – сведения, информация
1879. manevi tesir – моральное
воздействие
1880. manevra – маневр
1881. manevra kabiliyeti – маневренность
1882. manevra planı – план маневра
1883. manevra sahası – район маневров
1884. manevranın genişliği – ширина
фронта наступления при
совершении маневра, глубина
маневра
1885. manga – отделение, кубрик
1886. mania ateşi – заградительный
огонь, огонь на воспрещение

133
1887. manipulatör – телеграфный ключ,
манипулятор
1888. manivela – рычаг
1889. mantar – гриб, грибок
1890. mantar başı – шляпка гриба
1891. manyetik mayın – магнитная мина
1892. manyeto – магнето, индуктор
1893. mareşal – маршал
1894. Mars – Марс
1895. marş motoru – пускатель
1896. masaüstü bilgisayar – персональный
компьютер
1897. maske – макска
1898. maslahatgüzar – поверенный в
делах
1899. masum – невинный
1900. mavna – баржа
1901. mayın bulucu – миноискатель
1902. mayın dedektörü – миноискатель
1903. mayın dedektörü – миноискатель
1904. mayın dökme gemisi – миноносец,
минный заградитиель
1905. mayın döşeme – устанавливать
мины

134
1906. mayın filosu – минно-тральная
флотилия
1907. mayın gemisi – миноносец, минный
заградитиель
1908. mayın gömmek – устанавливать
мины в грунте
1909. mayın kaldırmak – разминировать
1910. mayın tarama gemisi – минно-
тральный корабль, минный
тральщик
1911. mayın tarlası – минное поле
1912. mayın tarlası teçhizatı – средства
для установки минных полей,
миноукладчик
1913. mayın temizlemek – обезвреживать
мины, разминировать метсность
1914. mayın toplamak – извлекать мины
1915. mazgal – лазейка, амбразура,
наблюдательная щель
1916. mazot – нефтяное топливо, мазут
1917. mazur – прощённый, заслуживший
прощение
1918. mecburi iniş – вынуденная посадка
1919. meçhul – неизвестный

135
1920. Meçhul Asker Abidesi – памятник
Неизвестному солдату
1921. Meçhul Asker Kabri – могила
неизвестного солдата
1922. mecra – ход, течение (событий, дел
и пр.), русло реки
1923. medeniyetler çatışması –
столкновение цивилизаций
1924. medeniyetler diyaloğu – диалог
цивилизаций
1925. medeniyetler ittifakı – альян
цивилизаций
1926. megaton – мегатонна
1927. mekanize piyade –
механизированная пехота
1928. mekanize tümen –
механизированная дивизия
1929. mekanizma kovanı – ствольная
коробка
1930. mem – сопло
1931. menfi güvenlik garantileri –
негативные гарантии безопасности
1932. menfur – отвратительный,
омерзительный, гнусный
1933. mensup – член, участник
136
1934. menteşe – шарнир
1935. Menzil Komutanlığı –
командование зоны коммуни-
каций, командование
мобилизационным округом
1936. merdiven – лестница-трап
1937. merhem – мазь
1938. merkez borusu – центральная
трубка
1939. merkez çemberi – центрующее
утолщение
1940. merkez işlem şubesi – отдел по
делам личного состава
1941. merkez üssü – эпицентр
(землетрясения)
1942. Merkezi Haberalma Teşkilatı (CIA) –
Центральное разведовательное
управление (ЦРУ)
1943. merkezi kontrol odası –
центральный пост управления
1944. Merkezi Tasarım Bürosu –
Центральное конструкторское
бюро
1945. Merkür – Меркурий
1946. mermi – пуля, снаряд
137
1947. mermi çıkış hızı – начальная
скорость пули
1948. mermi dip – привинтное дно
1949. mermi geçmez –
пуленепробиваемый, пулестойкий,
противопульный (о броне)
1950. mermi gövdesi – корпус снаряда
1951. mermi kayışı – пулеметная лента
1952. mermi stabilizesi – стабилизатор
снаряда
1953. mermi tapası – взрыватель
1954. meslektaş – коллега (по профессии)
1955. mesnet – опора
1956. meşru – законный, легальный
1957. metabolizma – обмен веществ,
метаболизм
1958. mevkidaş – коллега (по должности)
1959. mevzi (-i) – позиция
1960. mevzii elde tutmak – удерживать
позицию
1961. mevziin keşfi – рекогносцировка
позиции
1962. mevzileme bölgesi – позиционный
район

138
1963. mevzilendirmek – расположить на
позициях
1964. mevzilenmek – размещать на
огневых позициях
1965. mevzuat – законодательство
1966. mikrofon – микрофон
1967. mil – ось
1968. milis – народное ополчение,
милиция
1969. militan – борец, ополченец,
активист, боевик, повстанец
1970. militarist – милитарист,
милитаристский
1971. milli eğitim sistemi – национальная
система обучения
1972. Milli Güvenlik Akademisi –
Академия национальной
безопасности
1973. Millî Güvenlik Kurulu (MGK) –
Совет национальной безопасности
(СНБ)
1974. Milli İstihbarat Teşkilatı –
Организация национальной
разведки (Турции)
1975. milli marş – государственный гимн
139
1976. Milli Savunma Bakanlığı –
Министерство национальной
обороны
1977. milli sınır – государственная
граница
1978. minnettarlık – признательность,
благодарность
1979. Misak-ı Milli Kulesi – башня
Национального пакта, башня
единения (в Аныткабире, мавзолее
Ататюрка)
1980. model ortaklık – образцовое
партнерство
1981. mola – привал
1982. monitor – монитор
1983. monokok – монокок, тип
пространственной конструкции, в
которой (в отличие от каркасных
или рамных конструкций) внешняя
оболочка является основным и, как
правило, единственным несущим
элементом
1984. monteli – смонтированный,
установленный
1985. mors kodu – азбука Морзе
140
1986. motamot – слово в слово
1987. motif – мотив
1988. motor / motör – мотор, двигатель
1989. motor bölmesi – моторный отсек,
моторное отделение
1990. motör dairesi – отделение силовой
установки (танка)
1991. motor mili – вал двигателя
1992. motorin – дизельное топливо
1993. motorlu piyade – моторизованная
пехота (мотопехота),
мотострелковые войска
1994. mozole – могила, мавзолей
1995. muaf tutmak – освобождать
1996. muavin – помощник, заместитель
1997. mücadele – борьба
1998. mücahit – борец (за веру, идею,
свободу и пр)
1999. mücavir – прилегающий, близкий
2000. mücbir sebep – побуждающий
довод, побудительная причина,
форс-мажор
2001. mücerret – изолятор
2002. muço – юнга
2003. müdafa hakkı – право на оборону
141
2004. müdafaa – оборона
2005. müdahale – вмешательство
2006. müessif – прискорбный, обидный
2007. muhabere – связь
2008. muhabere – связь
2009. muhabere emniyeti – надёжность,
скрытность связи
2010. muhabere irtibatları – средства
связи
2011. muhabere irtibatlarını idame ettirmek
– поддерживать связь
2012. muhabere irtibatlarını meydana
getirmek – организовывать,
устанавливать связь
2013. muhabere keşfi yapmak – вести
разведку средствами связи
2014. muhabere malzemesi – техника,
имущество связи
2015. muhabere merkezi – узел связи,
пункт сбора донесений
2016. muhabere mihveri – ось связи
2017. muhabere şebekesi – сеть связи
2018. muhabere sınıfı – войска связи
2019. muhabere taburu – батальон связи
2020. muhabere vasıtaları – средства связи
142
2021. muhabereci – связист
2022. muhafaza etmek – охранять,
оберегать
2023. muhalefet – оппозиция
2024. muhalif – оппозиционный
2025. muharebe ağırlığı – боевой вес
2026. muharebe alanı – поле боя
2027. muharebe bölgesi – район сражения,
район для ведения боя, поле боя,
район боевых действий
2028. muharebe durumu – боевая
обстановка
2029. muharebe faaliyetini düzenlemek –
определять порядок ведения
боевых действий
2030. muharebe gemisi – линейный
корабль, линкор
2031. muharebe idare yeri – командный
пункт
2032. muharebe ileri karakolu – боевое
охранение
2033. muharebe kabiliyeti –
боеспособность
2034. muharebe kudreti / kuvveti – боевая
мощь / сила
143
2035. muharebe kudretini artırmak –
повышать боеспособность
2036. muharebe merkezinin elemanları –
личный состав боевой
(оперативной) части штаба
2037. muharebe sahasını tecrit etmek –
изолировать боевую позицию,
воспретить подход к боевой
позиции
2038. muharebe şekli – вид боя
2039. muharebe siridi – полоса
наступления, боевая полоса
2040. muharebe unsuru – боевое
подразделение
2041. muharebe yapamaz hale getirmek –
выводить из строя, лишать
боеспособности
2042. muharip – боевой, воин, боец
2043. muharip sınıf – боевой род войск
2044. muharrik tekerlek – ведущее колесо
2045. muhasara – осада
2046. muhatap – собеседник
2047. mühimmat – боеприпасы
2048. muhrip – эскадреный миноносец
2049. muhtemel – возможный, вероятный
144
2050. muhteviyat – содержимое
2051. muhtıra – памятка, заметка,
меморандум
2052. mukavim – устойчивый
2053. mülteci – беженец
2054. münasebetiyle – в связи с
2055. müracaat – обращение к кому-л. с
просьбой / за советом
2056. mürettebat – экипаж
2057. müsademe iğnesi – ударник
2058. müsademe tesiri – ударная сила
2059. müsademeli – предотвращение
2060. müsademeli ateşleme tertibatı –
ударно-спусковой механизм
2061. müsademeli tapa – взрыватель
ударного действия
2062. müşavir – советник
2063. müspet – положительный,
позитивный
2064. müstakil – автономный
2065. müştemilat – пристройка, флигель
2066. müşterek – коллективный,
совместный

145
2067. müşterek harekat merkezi (Müşt.
Hrk. Mr.) – объединённый
оперативный центр
2068. müştereken – коллективно, сообща
2069. müsteşar – советник (посольства,
министерства)
2070. mutabakat – соглашение, согласие,
договоренность
2071. müteaddit – множественный,
многочисленный
2072. müteveccihen – направляющийся
2073. müteyakkız – бдительный,
неусыпный, осторожный,
настороженный
2074. mutlu bir raslantı ile – по
счастливой случайности
2075. müttefik – союзник, союзный
2076. muvakkat çürük – ограниченно
годный / временно негодный по
состоянию здоровья (категория
В/Г)
2077. muvazzaf – действительная служба
2078. muvazzaflık devri – период
действительной военной службы

146
2079. müzakere – переговоры,
обсуждение

N
2080. nabız – пульс
2081. nakil – перевозка, переброска
2082. nakletmek – транспортировать,
перевозить
2083. nakliyat – транспорт, перевозки
2084. nakliyat cetveli – график перевозок
2085. nakliye botu – десантный катер,
паром
2086. nakliye gemisi – транспортный
корабль / судно
2087. nakliye sahası (LOD) – район
высадки десанта
2088. nakliye uçağı – транспортный
самолет
2089. namlu – ствол
2090. namlu yuvası – гнездо ствола
2091. napalm bombası – напалмовая
бомба
2092. nasbetmek – назначать
2093. NATO 6. Müttefik Hava Kuvvetleri
Kumandanı – 6 Объединенное
147
тактическое авиационное
командование НАТО
2094. NATO genişlemesi – расширение
НАТО
2095. NATO Güney Avrupa Müttefik Hava
Kuvvetleri Kumandanı –
Объединенное командование ВВС
НАТО в Южной Европе
2096. navigasyon – навигация,
следование, курсирование, рейс
2097. nazım – порядок, устройство
2098. NBC – nükleer, biyolojik, kimyasal –
ядерное, биологическое,
химическое (оружие)
2099. nefes yolu ile – дыхательным путем
2100. nefretle – с возмущением
2101. negatif yüklü – отрицательно
заряженный
2102. Neptün – Нептун
2103. nesil – поколение
2104. nesne – объект
2105. nesnel – объективный
2106. neşretmek – излучать, передавать
2107. Newton'ın hareket yasaları – Законы
Ньютона
148
2108. nezaket ziyareti – визит вежливости
2109. nezaketli – деликатный,
корректный, тактичный, вежливый
2110. nişadır – нашатырный спирт
2111. nişan – медаль, орден, прицел, знак
2112. nişan aleti – прицел
2113. nişancı – наводчик
2114. nişangah – прицел
2115. nişangah gezi – прорезь прицела
2116. nizam – порядок, строй, боевой
строй, правило
2117. nokta hedefi – малоразмерная цель
2118. nokta hedefleri – точечные цели
2119. norm – норма
2120. nota alışverişi – обмен нотами
2121. nota teatisi – обмен нотами
2122. noter – нотариус
2123. noter dairesi – нотариальная
контора
2124. noterden tasdikli suret / kopya –
нотариальная копия
2125. noterlik – нотариальная контора
2126. nötron – нейтрон
2127. nozul – сопло
2128. nozzle – сопло
149
2129. nüfus sicili / kütüğü – книга записи
актов гражданского состояния
2130. nüfuz kabiliyeti – проникающая
способность
2131. nükleer / atomik silah – ядерное /
атомное оружие
2132. nükleer darbe – ядерный удар
2133. Nükleer Denemelerin Kapsamlı
Yasaklanması Anlaşması – Договор
о всеобъемлющем запрещении
ядерных испытаний
2134. nükleer denizaltı – атомная
подводная лодка
2135. Nükleer Maddelerin Fiziksel
Korunması Hakkında Sözleşme –
Конвенция о физической защите
ядерного материала
2136. nükleer program – ядерная
программа
2137. nükleer reaktör – ядерный реактор
2138. nükleer santral – атомная
электростанция (АЭС)
2139. nükleer silahların
yaygınlaştırılmaması –

150
нераспространение ядерного
оружия
2140. Nükleer Silahların Yayılmasının
Önlenmesi Anlaşması – Договор о
нераспрстранении ядерного
оружия
2141. Nükleer Tedarikçiler Grubu –
Группа ядерных поставщиков
2142. Nükleer Terörizmin Önlenmesi
Sözleşmesi – Международная
конвенция о борьбе с актами
ядерного терроризма
2143. Nükleer Terörizmle Mücadele İçin
Küresel Girişim – Глобальная
инициатива по борьбе с актами
ядерного терроризма
2144. numara erleri – номера орудийного
расчета

O, Ö
2145. obak – обтекатель втулки
2146. obüs – гаубица
2147. ödem – отек
2148. ödünsüz – бескомпромиссный
2149. öğreti – учение, теория
151
2150. oksijen tübü – кислородный балон
2151. oksijenli su – перекись водорода
2152. öksürtmek – вызывать кашель
2153. okul gemisi – учебный корабль
2154. olağanüstü toplantı – внеочередное
заседание
2155. olanaksızlık – невозможность
2156. öldürücü gazlar – ОВ
общеядовитого действия
2157. ölenlerin cesetleri – тела погибших
2158. olgunluk – зрелость
2159. omurga – киль
2160. Omuzdan Atılan Hava Savunma
Sistemi – переносной зенитный
ракетный комплекс
2161. ön almak – опережать,
изготовиться
2162. ön emir – предварительный приказ,
предварительное распоряжение
2163. ön hatlar – передние рубежи
2164. ön planı – план предварительных
мероприятий
2165. onarım – ремонтирование, ремонт
2166. onarım / tamir gemisi – плавучая
мастерская
152
2167. onay – одобрение, ратификация
2168. onay belgeleri – ратификационные
грамоты
2169. onaylı kopyalar – заверенные копии
2170. onbaşı – ефрейтор срочной службы
2171. öncü – авангард, передовой отряд
2172. öncü öncüsü – головная походная
застава
2173. öncü öncüsü taburu – батальон в
головном отряде
2174. öncü taburu – батальон в авангарде
2175. öncü ucu – головной дозор
2176. önkesme – перехват
2177. önleme füzesi – ракета-перехватчик
2178. önleme uçağı – самолет-
перехватчик
2179. önleme uçuşu – вылет на перехват
2180. onurlanmak – пользоваться
почётом / уважением
2181. önyargı – предрассудок
2182. önyargı – предубеждение
2183. operatif istihbarat – оперативная
разведка
2184. operatör – оператор (связи)

153
2185. opto-elektronik – оптико-
электронный
2186. oramiral – армейский адмирал,
адмирал флота
2187. ordu – армия
2188. ordu emri – приказ по армии
2189. ordu teftiş kurulu – армейская
инспекционная комиссия
2190. ordudonatım sınıfı – служба
снабжения
2191. ordugah – бивак, лагерь
2192. organize suçlar – организованная
преступность
2193. orgeneral – генерал армии,
армейский генерал
2194. örgütlü suç grupları –
организованные преступные
группы
2195. örgütlü terörizm – организованный
терроризм
2196. orta dalgalar – средние волны
2197. orta kudretli – средней мощности
2198. orta menzil uçağı – самолет
среднего радиуса действия

154
2199. orta menzilli füze – ракета среднего
радиуса действия
2200. orta menzilli hava savunma sistemi –
система ПВО среднего радиуса
действия
2201. orta tank – средний танк
2202. ortak bir taarruz – совместные
действия войск в наступлении,
наступление с использованием
различных родов войск
2203. Ortak Stratejik Planlama Grubu –
Совместна группа стратегического
планирования
2204. ortaklık – партнерство
2205. ortam – среда, обстановка
2206. örtme kuvvetleri – войска
прикрытия / маскировки
2207. örtülü – покрытый, скрытый,
тайный, завуалированный
2208. oşinografi – океанография
2209. otomatik pilot – автопилот
2210. otomatik saldırı tüfeği – автомат
2211. otomatik silah – автоматическое
оружие

155
2212. otomatik yönlenme –
автоматическое наведение
2213. otonom kullanımın – автономная
работа
2214. otopilot – автопилот
2215. Ottava Sözleşmesi / Anlaşması –
Оттавский договор (Конвенция о
запрете противопехотных мин)
2216. oturum – заседание
2217. overhol – капитальный ремонт
2218. oy kullanmak – голосовать
2219. oyalama mukavemeti –
сковывающие боевые действия
2220. oynak savunma – мобильная
оборона
2221. oynaklık – маневренность,
подвижность
2222. öz savunma – самооборона
2223. özel defter – книга почетных
гостей, книга памяти
2224. özel emir / talimat – частный боевой
приказ, боевое распоряжение
2225. Özel Gözlem Misyonu – Миссия
специального наблюдения

156
2226. özel karargah – специальная часть
штаба, специальный штаб
2227. Özel Kuvvetler – части и
подразделения специального
назначения
2228. özel temsilci – специальный
представитель
2229. özen – усердие, тщательность,
аккуратность
2230. özerk – автономный
2231. özerklik – автономия,
самоуправление,
самостоятельность
2232. özgür irade – свободное
волеизъявление
2233. öznel – субъективный
2234. özsavunma – самооборона,
самозащита
2235. özümleme – ассимиляция
2236. özverili – самоотверженный,
беззаветный
2237. özyönlendirme – самонаведение

P
2238. pal – лопасть (винта)
157
2239. palet – гусеница
2240. paletli – гусечный
2241. pamuk – вата
2242. panço-çadır – плащ-палатка
2243. panik – паника
2244. panoramik dürbün – орудийная
панорама
2245. panzehir – противоядие
2246. paraf – сокращенная подпись,
инициалы
2247. parakete – лаг
2248. paraşüt – парашют
2249. paraşüt birliği – подразделение
парашютистов
2250. paraşütçü – парашютист
2251. paraşütle atlama – прыжок с
парашютом
2252. paraşütle atlama bölgesi – район
выброски парашютного десанта
2253. paraşütle indirme – парашютный
десант
2254. paravan – параван, минный трал
2255. parazit – паразит
2256. parazit – помеха
2257. parça tesiri – осколочное действие
158
2258. parça tesirli bomba – осколочная
бомба
2259. parça tesirli mayın – мина
осколочного действия
2260. parçalama barutu – разрывной заряд
2261. parçalanma – расщепление, деление
2262. parkur – дистанция (пробега), бег с
препятствиями
2263. parlamento seçimleri –
парламентские выборы
2264. parmak izi – отпеаток пальцев
2265. parola – пароль
2266. parola kırmak – взламывать пароль
2267. pasif homing – пассивное
самонаведение
2268. pasif homing sistemi – система
пассивного самонаведения
2269. pasif tedbirler – пассивные меры,
пассивная оборона
2270. patlama – взрыв
2271. patlama maddesi – взрывчатое
вещество
2272. patlatıcı – детонатор
2273. patlayıcı maddeler – взрывчатые
вещества
159
2274. pekiştirmek – укреплять
2275. perde görevi – заслон, прикрытие
2276. performans – эксплуатационные
качества
2277. periskop – перископ
2278. persona non grata – персона нон
грата
2279. personel subayı – офицер по кадрам
2280. personelin bindirilmesi – посадка
личного состава
2281. pervane – винт, пропеллер
(самолета, судна)
2282. pervaneli uçak – винтовой самолет
2283. peşref mermisi – картечь
2284. piç – шаг винта
2285. pil bataryası – пальчиковая
батарейка
2286. pil hücresi – гнездо для батареи
2287. pilot – летчик, пилот
2288. pilot mahalli – место пилота
2289. pilot proje – пилотный проект
2290. pilot seri – установочная партия,
пилотная партия
2291. pilot tüpü – трубка Пито
2292. pırıldak – гелиограф, семафор
160
2293. pist – взлетно-посадочная полоса
2294. piston – поршень
2295. piyade – пехота
2296. piyade / zırhlı savaş aracı – боевая
машина пехоты
2297. piyade çıkarma gemisi (LSIL) –
пехотно-десантный корабль
2298. piyade köprüsü – пехотный мост
2299. piyade sınıfı – пехота
2300. piyade tüfeği – пехотная винтовка
2301. planlama kılavuzu – руководящие
указания, являющиеся основой для
планирования, основа
планирования
2302. planör – планер
2303. Plastik Patlayıcıların Tespit Edilmesi
Amacıyla İşaretlenmesi Hakkında
Sözleşme – Конвенция о
маркировке пластических
взрывчатых веществ в целях их
обнаружения
2304. plotlama cihazı – курсопрокладчик
2305. plutonyum – плутоний
2306. pod – модуль
2307. poligon – полигон
161
2308. polonyum – полоний
2309. posta düzeni – набор корпуса
2310. postalar – набор корпуса
2311. pozitif yüklü – положительно
заряженный
2312. propaganda – пропагнда
2313. propaganda bombası – агитационная
бомба
2314. propaganda kağıtları – листовки
агитационного снаряда
2315. propaganda kampanyası –
пропагандистская кампания
2316. propaganda mermisi –
агитационный снаряд
2317. protesto notası – нота протеста
2318. protokol ziyereti – протокольный
визит
2319. proton – протон
2320. provokasyon – провокация
2321. pruva – нос, бак
2322. pruva direği – фок-мачта
2323. pruva rampası – носовая аппарель
2324. psikolojik harekat –
психологическая операция

162
2325. psikolojik savaş – психологическая
война
2326. psikolojik vasıtalar –
психологические средства
2327. pupa – корма
2328. püskürtmek – рассеивать
2329. pusu – засада
2330. pusula – компас
2331. pusuya düşmek – попасть в засаду

R
2332. rabıt halkası – шкворневая лапа
2333. radar – РЛС
2334. radar istasyonu –
радиолокационный пост
2335. radar mevzi komutanlıkları –
командование объектами системы
ПРО
2336. radar piket denizaltısı – подводная
лодка радиолокационного дозора
2337. radar piket muhribi – сторожевой
корабль радиолокационного
наблюдения
2338. radyasyon – радиация, лучевая
болезнь
163
2339. radyasyon dalgası – проникающая
радиация (радиоактивное
поражение)
2340. radyo alıcısı – радиоприемник
2341. radyo dalgaları – радио волны
2342. radyo vericisi – радиопередатчик
2343. radyoaktif alan – радиоактивная
зона
2344. radyoaktif madde – радиоактивное
вещество
2345. radyoaktif serpintiler –
радиоактивные осадки
2346. radyoaktif toz – радиоактивная
пыль
2347. radyoaktivite – радиоактивность
2348. raf ömrü – срок хранения
2349. rakkaslı mayın – дрейфующая мина
2350. ramjet motoru – прямоточный
воздушно-рекативный двигатель
(ПВРД)
2351. rampa – сходни, аппарель
2352. Rapier – Рапира (ЗРК)
2353. rapor – доклад, отчет, сводка,
справка, донесение

164
2354. rapor atma ve kapkaç yerleri –
пункты сбора и отправки
донесений, пункты сбора
донесений
2355. raptetmek – связывать,
присоединять, привязывать,
соединять
2356. rasit – наблюдатель
2357. raunt – раунд (переговоров)
2358. refah – достаток, благосостояние,
благополучие
2359. refahının sağlanması – обеспечение
благосостояния (благополучия)
2360. refakat gemisi – эскортный,
конвойный корабль
2361. refakat ve karakol gemileri –
сторожевые корабли
2362. referandum – референдум
2363. referans güdüm sistemi – система
коррекции по рельефу
2364. rehin – залог, заложник
2365. Rehin Alma Olaylarına Karşı
Uluslararası Sözleşme –
Международная конвенция о
борьбе с захватом заложников
165
2366. rehin almak – брать в заложники
2367. remiz – знак, символ, эмблема
2368. reorganizasyon – реорганизация
2369. resmi ziyaret – официальный визит
2370. riayet – соблюдение, выполнение,
подчинение, уважение, почтение
2371. rıhtım – причал, пирс, набережная
2372. rıhtıma yanaştırmak – причаливать
2373. rijitlik – жесткость
2374. rivayet – слухи, сплетни
2375. robotik – робототехника
2376. roket – реактивный снаряд,
неуправляемая ракета
2377. roket atar – реактивный гранатомет
2378. roket hakkı – пороховой заряд
2379. roket mermisi – реактивный снаряд
2380. roket mermisinin başlığı – головная
часть реактивного снаряда
2381. roket mermisinin reaktif kısmı -
ракетная часть реактивного
снаряда
2382. roket yolu – траектория полета
ракеты
2383. Romen rakamları – римские цифры
2384. römork – прицеп, трейлер
166
2385. römorkör – буксир
2386. röntgen – рентген
2387. rota – маршрут, курс
2388. rotasyon – ротация
2389. rüçhan – превосходство,
преимущество
2390. rüçhan hakkı – премущественное
право

S, Ş
2391. sabır – терпение
2392. sabit – стационарный
2393. sabit ayaklı köprüsü – мост на
жестких опорах
2394. sabit ayaklı küprü – мост на
жёстких опорах
2395. sabit disk – жесткий диск
2396. sabit frekans – зафиксированная
частота
2397. sabit köprü – мост на жёстких
опорах
2398. sabit savunma – позиционная
оборона
2399. sabit telsiz – стационарная
радиостанция
167
2400. sabotaj – саботаж, диверсия
2401. saç vidası – самонарезной винт
2402. safdışı etmek – вывести из строя
2403. safha – период, этап, раздел
2404. safha hatları – рубежи этапов
передвижения / выдвижения
2405. safi yük – вес боевой нагрузки
2406. safra – балласт
2407. sağlam – здоровый, годный к
военной службе (категория А)
2408. sağlamak – обеспечивать
2409. sağlamak – обеспечивать
2410. sahil değiştirmek – переправляться
(на другой берег)
2411. sahil güvenliği – береговая охрана
2412. şahin – ястреб
2413. şahıs – лицо, личность
2414. sahra – дикая местность, поле,
равнина, пустыня, степь
2415. sahra kablosu – полевой кабель
2416. sahra sıhhiye – полевая медицина
2417. sahra tahkimatı – полевые
укрепления, полевая
фортификация

168
2418. Sahra Talimnamesi (ST) – Полевой
устав
2419. sahra telefonu – полевой телефон
2420. sahra topçusu – полевая артиллерия
2421. şahsi güvenlik – личная
безопасность
2422. şahsi karargah / kurmay – личный
штаб, секретариат
2423. sahte mayınlar – ложные мины
2424. saik – причина, стимул
2425. sakat – ограниченно годный к
военной службе (категория Б)
2426. sakıncalı – затруднительный,
рискованный, опасный
2427. saklı – скрывающийся от призыва
2428. şal – плот
2429. saldırı düzenlemek – организовать
теракт
2430. saldırı tüfeği – штурмовая винтовка
2431. saldırıya uğramak – подвергаться
нападению, атаке
2432. salgın – эпидемия, нашествие
2433. salimen – благополучно, в добром
здравии

169
2434. salınım hareketi – колебательное
движение
2435. salkım bomba – планирующая
бомба
2436. salvo – залп
2437. salya akıtmak – вызывать
слюнотечение
2438. samimi – искренний
2439. şan – слава
2440. sanal ortam – виртуальная среда
2441. sancak direği – флагшток
2442. sancak tarafı – правый борт
2443. sancak torpido kovanı – правый
торпедный аппарат
2444. sandık – (избирательная) урна
2445. sandık başına gitmek – голосовать
2446. şantiye – рабочее место,
стройплощадка
2447. santral – центральный пост
управления
2448. santralci – телефонист(ка)
2449. sapma – отклонение
2450. sapmak – отклоняться, отклонять
(например, от курса)
2451. saptama – установление, выяснение
170
2452. saptamak – определять,
обнаруживать, фиксировать
2453. şarapnel – шрапнель, осколки
2454. şarbon – сибирская язва
2455. sarin – зарин
2456. şarjör dolumu – емкость магазина
2457. şarjör hazinesi – магазин
2458. şarjör mandalı – защелка магазина
2459. sarnıç – цистерна
2460. şasi – шасси
2461. şat – паром, лихтер
2462. satıhta infilak – наземный взрыв
2463. Satürn – Сатурн
2464. savaş başlıkları – боеголовки
2465. savaş dairesi – боевое отделение
(танка)
2466. savaş gemisi – боевой корабль
2467. savaş gemisi – боевой корабль
2468. savaş hali ilanı – объявление
военного положения
2469. savaş kabiliyeti – боеспособность
2470. savaş kışkırtıcısı – ястреб,
подстрекатель к началу войны
2471. savaş uçağı – боевой самолет
2472. savunma – оборона
171
2473. savunma ateş planı – план огневого
обеспечения обороны, план огня в
обороне
2474. Savunma Bakanlığı – министерство
обороны
2475. savunma gücü –
обороноспособность
2476. savunma hazırlıklarını tamamlamak –
завершить подготовку к обороне,
осуществить мероприятия по
подготовке к обороне
2477. savunma için taktik bölümü –
тактическое построение обороны,
распределение сил в обороне
2478. savunma kuvveti – силы,
выделенные для обороны
2479. savunma mevziine girmek –
занимать оборонительную
позицию, вклиниться в оборону
2480. savunma sanayii – оборонная
промышленность
2481. savunma tesisleri – оборонительные
сооружения
2482. saygı duruşu – минута молчания

172
2483. saygı duruşunda bulunmak –
почтить память минутой молчания
2484. saygılarını sunmak –
свидетельствовать свое уважение
2485. sayıca azlık – нехватка сил,
недостаток сил и средств,
отсутствие достаточных сил
2486. sayısal – цифровой, численный
2487. sayısal fazlalık – численное
преимущество
2488. sayısal resimler – цифровые
изображения
2489. sayısallaşma – оцифровка
2490. şebeke – сеть
2491. seçim – выбор, выборы
2492. seçim bölgesi – избирательный
округ
2493. seçim kurulu – избирательная
комиссия
2494. seçmen iradesinin özgürce tecelli
etmesi – свободное волеизъявление
избирателей
2495. sedye – носилки, подрамник
2496. sefalet – крайняя бедность, нищета

173
2497. sefer durumunda – в случае
мобилизации
2498. sefer planı – мобилизационный
план
2499. sefer tertibi – штаты военного
времени
2500. seferberlik – мобилизация
2501. şeffaf – прозрачный
2502. sehpa – треножник, сошка
2503. şekil verme – профилирование
2504. şekillendirmek – формировать
2505. sekteye uğratmak – парализовать
2506. sel basan alçak arazi – затопленная
местность
2507. semafor – гелиограф, семафор
2508. sensör – датчик, сенсор
2509. serbest mayın – плавающая мина
2510. serbest roket – неуправляемая
ракета
2511. şeref defteri – книга почетных
гостей, книга памяти
2512. şeref duymak – иметь честь
2513. şerit – полоса
2514. serpinti bulutu – радиоактивное
облако
174
2515. serpmek – рассеивать, распылять,
моросить
2516. serseri mayın – дрейфующая мина
2517. sert / şiddetli ceza – суровое
наказание
2518. sert çekirdek – бронебойный
стальной сердечник
2519. sert çekirdekli mermi –
бронебойный подкалиберный
снаряд
2520. serum – сыворотка
2521. servis birliği – подразделение
обслуживания / обеспечения
2522. servis tavanı – практический
потолок
2523. ses hızı – скорость звука
2524. ses hızının altında (subsonic) –
дозвуковой
2525. ses hızının üstünde (supersonic) –
сверхзвуковой
2526. ses muhabere vasıtaları –
звукосигнальные средства связи
2527. sesaltı – дозвуковой
2528. sesaltı hız – дозвуковая скорость
2529. şev – откос
175
2530. sevk – отправка, отправление,
переброска
2531. sevk barutu – боевой заряд
2532. sevk ve idare – управление
2533. seyir – полет, рейс
2534. seyir füzesi – крылатая ракета
2535. seyir kamarası – ходовая рубка
2536. seyir subayı – штурман
2537. seyrüsefer – навигация, следование,
курсирование, рейс
2538. seyrüsefer kontrolü – регулирование
движения
2539. seyyar havuz – плавучий док
2540. siber saldırı – кибер-атака
2541. siber suçlar – киберпреступность
2542. siber terörizm – кибер-терроризм
2543. sıcak nokta – горячая точка
2544. sicil – реестр, личное дело, досье
2545. sıçrama – бросок, скачок, переход
2546. sıçramak – прыгать, перескочить,
перекинуться, переброситься
2547. sıçramalarla ilerlemek –
продвигаться перекатами,
наступать перекатами

176
2548. şiddet – сила, насилие, резкость,
строгость, суровость
2549. şiddete izin vermeksizin – не
прибегая к насилию
2550. şiddetle kınamak – решительно
осуждать
2551. şiddetli aşırıcılık – насильственный
экстремизм
2552. şifre kırmak – взламывать пароль
2553. şifreleri açmak – расшифровывать,
раскодировать
2554. sığınak – убежище, укрытие
2555. sigorta – страховка
2556. sıhhiye ekibi / müfrezesi –
медицинский отряд
2557. sıhhiye sınıfı – санитарная служба
2558. sıhhiye taburu – медицинский
батальон
2559. sıhhiye uçağı – санитарный самолет
2560. sıkılaştırmak – уплотнять
2561. sıkışık durum – сложная
обстановка, трудная обстановка
2562. sıkıştırma – сжатие, уплотнение
2563. sıkıştırmak – закрепить, сжимать

177
2564. sıklet – тяжесть, вес, весовая
категория
2565. sıklet merkezi – главный удар,
направление главного удара,
основное усилие
2566. silah altına almak – призвать на
военную службу
2567. silah altından çıkmak –
демобилизоваться
2568. silah başı etmek – поднимать по
тревоге
2569. silah kullanma emri – приказ о
применении оружия
2570. silah salma sistemi – система
бомбометания
2571. silah taşıma istasyonu – узел
подвески вооружения
2572. silah ticareti – торговля
вооружением
2573. Silah Ticareti Antlaşması –
Международный договор о
торговле оружием
2574. silahbaşı çağrısı – призыв по
мобилизации

178
2575. silahlanma yarışı – гонка
вооружений
2576. silahlar kontrolü – контроль над
вооружениями
2577. silahlı çatışmalar – вооруженная
конфронтация
2578. silahlı gruplar – вооруженные
группы / группировки
2579. silahsızlanma – разоружение
2580. Silahsızlanma Konferansı –
Конференция по разоружению
2581. silindir – цилиндр
2582. silindir tankı – танк-тральщик с
катком
2583. simge olmak – символизировать
2584. simgelemek – символизировать
2585. sınama – испытание, экзамен
2586. sindirmek – утаивать, подавлять
2587. sınıf – род войск, класс
2588. sınıflar arasındaki işbirliği –
взаимодействие между родами
войск
2589. sinik – циничный
2590. sinir gazları – ОВ нервно-
паралитического действия
179
2591. sınır karakolı – погранзастава
2592. Sınır Tanımayan Doktorlar – «Врачи
без границ»
2593. sınırdışı – депортация
2594. sintine – трюм
2595. siren – сирена
2596. sis – дым, туман
2597. sis (duman) paketi (kutusu) –
дымовая шашка
2598. sis bombası – дымовая бомба
2599. sis mermisi – дымовой снаряд
2600. şişirtmek – вызывать отек, опухоль
2601. sisleme – задымление
2602. sismik – сейсмический
2603. sismoloji – сейсмология
2604. sitem – порицание, упрёк, укор
2605. sıtma – малярия
2606. sıvı – жидкий, жидкость
2607. sıvı yakıtlı – на жидком топливе
2608. sivil – гражданский
2609. sivil can kayıpları – гибель
гражданских лиц
2610. sivil halk – мирное население
2611. Sivil Havacılığın Güvenliğine Karşı
Kanunsuz Hareketlerin Önlenmesi
180
Sözleşmesi – Конвенция о борьбе с
незаконными актами,
направленными против
безопасности гражданской
авиации
2612. sivil havacılık – гражданская
авиация
2613. sivil kayıplar – потери
гражданского населения
2614. sivil personel – гражданский
персонал
2615. sivil savunma – гражданская
оборона
2616. sivil savunma idare merkezi – штаб
гражданской обороны
2617. sivil toplum – гражданское
общество
2618. sivil toplum kuruluşları –
неправительственные организации
2619. Sıvılaştırılmış Gaz (LPG) –
сжиженный газ (СУГ)
2620. sivilleşme – демилитаризация
2621. siyasallaşma – политизация
2622. siyasi irade – политическая воля
2623. sızma – просачивание
181
2624. sızma yürüyüşü – передвижение
методом просачивания,
перекатами, скачками
2625. skop – масштаб, сфера
2626. skreyper – скрепер, землеройно-
транспортная машина
2627. slat – рейка
2628. şnorkel – трубка, шноркель,
шнорхель (устройство подачи
воздуха для работы диззелей под
водой)
2629. şoför – водитель, механик-
водитель
2630. Soğuk Savaş – Холодная война
2631. şok dalgası – ударная волна
2632. solunum kasları – мышцы
дыхательных органов
2633. son yoklama – вторичная
регистрация допризывников
2634. sonar – гидроакустическая станция
2635. sopa – бита, дубина, толстая палка
2636. sorumluluk – ответственность
2637. soydaş – соплеменник, сородич
2638. soykırım – геноцид
2639. sözcü – представитель
182
2640. sözlü nota – вербальная нота
2641. stafilokok – стафилококк
2642. stereotip – стереотип
2643. Stratejik Araştırmalar Enstitüsü –
Институт стратегических
исследований
2644. stratejik füze (SM – Strategical
Missile) – стратегическая ракета
2645. Stratejik Füze Kuvvetleri – ракетные
войска стратегического назначения
(РВСН)
2646. stratejik istihbarat – стратегическая
разведка
2647. stratejik ortak – стратегический
партнер
2648. Stratejik Savunma Girişimi –
Стратегическая оборонная
инициатива (СОИ)
2649. su altında hız – скорость
подводного хода
2650. su altında infilak – подводный
взрыв
2651. su gemisi – водоналивное судно
2652. su ikmal noktası – пункт
водоснабжения
183
2653. su kesimi / hattı – ватерлиния
2654. su püskürtme sistemleri –
компрессор, обеспечивающий
движение под водой
2655. su sızdırmaz bölge –
водонепроницаемый отсек
2656. su tasfiye cihazı –
водоочистительный прибор
2657. subay yemek salonu – офицерская
кают-компания
2658. subsonic uçak – дозвуковой самолет
2659. suç – вина, преступление,
правонарушение, злодеяние
2660. suç faili – преступник
2661. sükünet – покой, спокойствие,
затишье, успокоение
2662. sulardan geçiş – преодоление
водных преград, пере¬права через
реки
2663. sulardan geçmek – преодолевать
водные преграды
2664. suları taşırmak – производить
искусственное затопле¬ние
местности
2665. süngü – штык
184
2666. suni dik yamaç – эскарп
2667. suni engel – заграждение
2668. suni ufuk – авиагоризонт
2669. sunum – презентация
2670. supap / sübap – вентиль, клапан,
задвижка
2671. suretiyle – посредствам, за счет
2672. sürgü – затвор
2673. sürgün – ссылка, изгнание,
депортация
2674. sürmek – подавать, досылать,
изгонять, высылать, длиться
2675. sürüklemek – вовлекать, втягивать
2676. sürüklenme – дрейф
2677. sürüncemede bırakmak – тянуть,
затягивать, мариновать
2678. süspansiyon – подвеска
2679. süvari – кавалерия
2680. süzgeç – фильтр
2681. swashplate / svoşpleyt – автомат
перекоса (механизм для
управления несущим винтом
вертолетов)

185
T
2682. taarruz – наступление
2683. taarruz ateş planı – план огневого
обеспечения наступления, план
огня в наступлении
2684. taarruz çıkış hattı – исходный рубеж
для наступления
2685. taarruz emri – приказ на
наступление
2686. taarruz grupları – штурмовые
группы
2687. taarruz hedefleri – боевая задача в
наступлении, объекты наступления
2688. taarruz kademesi – ударная
группировка, первый эшелон
2689. taarruz mevzii – исходная позиция
для наступления, исходный рубеж
для наступления
2690. taarruz muharebesi –
наступательный бой
2691. taarruz planı – план наступления
2692. taarruz şeritleri – полосы
наступления

186
2693. taarruz tertiplerini kazmak –
нарушать / расстраивать боевой
порядок наступающих
2694. taarruzun başlama saati – время
начала наступления
2695. taarruzun devamı – продолжение
наступления, ведение наступления,
ход наступления
2696. taarruzun sevk ve idaresi –
управление войсками и
наступлением
2697. taarruzun zamanı – время начала
наступления
2698. tabanca – пистолет
2699. tabii engel – естественное
препятствие, преграда
2700. tabir – толкование, выражение,
объяснение
2701. tablet bilgisayar – планшетный
компьютер, планшет
2702. tabur – батльон, дивизион
2703. taciz ateşi – беспокоящий огонь
2704. tahkim – укрепление, усиление
2705. tahkim etmek – укреплять,
усиливать
187
2706. tahkimat – укрепление,
фортификация,
фортификационные сооружения
2707. tahliye – эвакуация, разгрузка
(судна)
2708. tahliye etmek – эвакуировать
2709. tahmini varış zamanı (ETA) –
расчетное время прибытия
2710. tahrik – привод, подстрекательство
2711. tahrik sistemi – система привода,
двигательная установка
2712. tahrik tertibatı – привод, движетель,
действующий механизм, двигатель
2713. tahrip – разрушительный,
разрушение
2714. tahrip ateşleri – огонь на
разрушение, огонь с целью
разрушения
2715. tahrip bombası – фугасная бомба
2716. tahrip danesi – фугасная граната
2717. tahrip el bombası – граната
основного назначения
2718. tahrip etmek – уничтожать,
разрушать, подрывать

188
2719. tahrip fişeği – подрывная шашка,
подрывной заряд
2720. tahrip kalıbı – подрывная шашка
2721. tahrip mermisi – фугасная граната
2722. tahripler – разрушения, подрывные
работы
2723. tahriş edici gaz – отравляющее
вещество раздражающего действия
2724. tahriş etmek – раздражать
2725. tahsis – назначение, выделение
(денежного пособия и пр.)
2726. takat – мощность
2727. takatlandırmak – оснащать
двигателем
2728. takdim etmek – вручать,
преподносить, представлять,
переносить на более ранний срок
2729. takdir – одобрение
2730. takım – взвод
2731. takip – преследование
2732. takip harekatı – операция
преследования
2733. taklit etmek – имитировать
2734. taktik / tabiye – тактика, татический

189
2735. taktik av uçağı – тактический
истребитель
2736. taktik durum – тактическая
обстановка
2737. taktik füze – тактическая ракета,
ракета оперативно-тактического
назначения
2738. Taktik Hava Kuvveti Komutanlığı –
тактическое авиационное
командование
2739. takviye – укрепление, усиление,
подкрепление
2740. takviye kuvvetleri – подразделения
усиления, резервы
2741. takviyeli alay – усиленный полк
2742. takviyeli hafif kol köprüsü –
усиленный легкий мост
2743. talim mühimmatı – учебные
боеприпасы
2744. talimat – инструкция, директива,
указание
2745. tam isabet – прямое попадание
2746. tambur – барабан
2747. tanıma – опознавание

190
2748. tanımak – признавать (выборы,
референдум)
2749. tank alayı – танковый полк
2750. tank bölüğü – танковая рота
2751. tank çıkarma gemisi (LST) –
танкодесантный корабль
2752. tank çıkarma motoru (LCU) –
танкодесантный катер, катер для
перевозки боевой техники
2753. tank gemisi – противотанковая
мина
2754. tank hedeği – противотанковый ров
2755. tank kumandanı – командир танка
2756. tank lağımı – противотанковая
мина
2757. tank mayını – противотанковая
мина
2758. tank sınıfı – танковые войска
2759. tank taburu – танковый батальон
2760. tank takımı – танковый взвод
2761. tanker – противотанковая мина
2762. tanker uçağı – самолет-заправщик
2763. tanksavar – противотанковый

191
2764. tanksavar güdümlü mermi –
противотанковый управляемый
реактивный снаряд (ПТУРС)
2765. tanksavar silah – противотанковое
орудие
2766. tanzim istasyonu – станция
регулирования движения
2767. tapa – взрыватель
2768. tapa külahı – колпачок взрывателя
2769. tarafgir – пристрастный
2770. taret – башня
2771. tarihi güzellikler – исторические
достопримечательности
2772. tasarımcı – конструктор
2773. tasdikli – подтверждённый,
удостоверенный, заверенный,
ратифицированный,
санкционированный
2774. taşıma askısı – узел подвески
2775. taşıma kuvveti / kapasitesi –
грузоподъемность моста
2776. taşınır telsiz – портативная
радиостанция
2777. taşıyıcı dalga / frekans – несущая
частота
192
2778. taşıyıcı füze – ракета-носитель
2779. taşıyıcı tekerlek – опорный каток
2780. taslak programı – проект
программы
2781. tatbikat – (военные) учения,
маневры
2782. tathir – дезинфекция
2783. tatmin etmek – удовлетворять,
обеспечивать
2784. tavikli – замедленного действия
2785. tavikli tapa – взрыватель
замедленного действия
2786. taviksiz müsademeli tapa –
взрыватель мгновенного действия
2787. tavizsiz – бескомпромиссный
2788. tayfa – матрос, моряк
2789. tayin – определение, назначение
2790. taziye – соболезнование
2791. tebliğ – оповещение, уведомление
2792. tebrik mektubu – поздравительная
телеграмма (письмо)
2793. tebrik mesajı – поздравительное
послание
2794. teçhiz etmek – снаряжать,
оснащать, вооружать
193
2795. teçhiz(at) – оснащение,
вооружение, оборудование
2796. tecrit – изолированный
2797. tedarik – запас, заготовка, закупка,
снабжение
2798. tedbirler almak – принимать меры
2799. teessür – скорбь, огорение
2800. tefrik – разделение
2801. teğmen – лейтенант
2802. tehdit – угроза
2803. tek erin kullandığı silah –
индивидуальное оружие
2804. tek tank – танк, танковый экипаж,
отдельный танк
2805. tek taraflı – односторонний
2806. tek top – орудие
2807. tekammül ettirilmiş –
усовершенствованный
2808. tekerlek – колесо
2809. tekerlekli – на колесной базе
2810. tekerrür – повторение
2811. tekne – корпус, остов, судно
2812. teknik istihbarat – техническая
разведка

194
2813. teknik muhabere vasıtaları –
технические средства связи
2814. tel – провод
2815. tel örgü engelleri – проволочные
заграждения
2816. telefon cihazı – телефонный
аппарат
2817. telefon görüşmesi – телефонные
переговоры, разговор по телефону
2818. telefon santrali – телефонная
станция, коммутатор
2819. telekomünikasyon –
телекоммуникация
2820. telekulak – прослушка (телефона)
2821. telemprimör – телетайп
2822. teleskobik – телескопический
2823. teletayp – телетайп
2824. telkin etmek – внушать, прививать
2825. telli hat – линия проводной связи
2826. telli muhabere vasıtaları – средства
проводной связи
2827. telsiz ahize – приемная
радиостанция
2828. telsiz dalgası – радиоволна

195
2829. telsiz faksimili –
радиофототелеграф
2830. telsiz kerterizi – радиопеленг
2831. telsiz muhabere vasıtaları – средства
беспроводной связи
2832. telsiz muhaberesi – беспроводная
связь
2833. telsiz odası – радиорубка
2834. telsiz telefon – радиотелефон
2835. telsiz trafiği – радиообмен
2836. telsiz yön (yer) kestirme –
пеленгация направления (места)
работы радиостанции
2837. telsiz yön kestirici –
радиопеленгатор
2838. temas – контакт, связь
2839. Temas Grubu – Контактная группа
2840. temas hattı – линия
соприкосновения
2841. temaslar – встречи и переговоры,
контакты
2842. temel insan hak ve özgürlükleri –
основные (базовые) права и
свободы человека
2843. temel taşı – краеугольный камень
196
2844. temenni etmek – желать, пожелать
2845. teminat mektubu – гарантийное
письмо
2846. temsil organı – представительный
орган
2847. temsilci – представитель
2848. teneffüs cihazı – орган дыхания
2849. tentürdiyot – настойка йода
2850. tenvir bombası – осветительная
бомба
2851. tenvir mermisi – осветительный
снаряд
2852. terfi – производство (в чин),
повышение по службе
2853. terhis – демобилизация,
увольнение из армии
2854. terkip – состав, боевой порядок
2855. termal kamera – термальная /
тепловая камера, инфракрасная
камера, тепловизор
2856. termobarik bomba –
термобарический боеприпас,
боеприпас объемного взрыва
2857. termonükleer – термоядерный

197
2858. termonükleer silah – термоядерное
оружие
2859. terör – терор
2860. terör eylemi – теракт
2861. terör örgütü – террористическая
группировка / организация
2862. terör saldırısı – теракт
2863. terör saldırısının sorumluğunu
üstlenmek – брать ответственность
за теракт
2864. Terörist Bombalamaların Önlenmesi
Uluslararası Sözleşmesi –
Международная конвенция о
борьбе с бомбовым терроризмом
2865. terörist saldırı – теракт
2866. terörizm – тероризм
2867. Terörizmin Finansmanının
Önlenmesi Uluslararası Sözleşmesi –
Международная конвенция о
борьбе с финансированием
терроризма
2868. terörizmle mücadele – борьба с
тероризмом
2869. terörizmle mücadelede
dayanışmasında olmak –
198
консолидировать усилия в деле
борьбы с терроризмом
2870. terörle mücadele – борьба с
терроризмом
2871. Terörle Mücadele Kanunu – Закон о
борьбе с терроризмом
2872. terörün çirkin yüzü – уродливое
лицо терроризма
2873. tersane – верфь
2874. tertibat – построение боевых
порядков, группировка
2875. tertip – контингент, набор
2876. tertiplenmek – группироваться,
принимать боевой порядок
2877. tertipleri bozmak – расстраивать
боевые порядки, нарушать
построение боевых порядков
2878. tesadüf muharebesi – встречный бой
2879. teşhis – диагностика
2880. teşhis etmek – узнавать, опознавать,
различать, распознавать
2881. tesir – поражающий эффект
2882. tesirli ateş – действительный /
действенный огонь
2883. tesis – объект
199
2884. teşkil – формирование,
подразделение
2885. teşkil etmek – создавать,
образовывать, являться,
представлять собой
2886. teslim – отдача, сдача, передача,
капитуляция, признание, согласие
2887. teslim etmek – отдавать,
передавать, возвращать
2888. teslimat – поставка, доставка
2889. tespit – определение, выявление,
обнаружение
2890. tespit – утверждение, констатация
2891. teşvik etmek — поощрять,
стимулировать, побуждать,
подстрекать
2892. tetik – спусковой крючок
2893. tetik yayı – спусковая пружина
2894. tetkik – исследование, изучение,
расследование, обследование
2895. tevcih – наводка, направление
2896. tevcih etmek – жаловать,
пожаловать, направлять, наводить
2897. tevfik ateşi – заградительный огонь,
огонь на воспрещение
200
2898. tıbbi – медицинский, лечебный,
врачебный
2899. tıbbi muayene – (медицинское)
освидетельствование
2900. tifo – тиф
2901. tıpa – пробка, стопор
2902. tırmanma – эскалация
2903. tırmanma kabiliyeti –
скороподъемность
2904. tırtıl tekerlekli – на гусеничном
ходу
2905. titiz – кропотливый,
привередливый, капризный,
придирчивый, требовательный,
взыскательный, щепетильный
2906. titizlik – привередливость,
требовательность,
взыскательность, щепетильность,
тщательность
2907. TNT – тротил, тринитротолуол
2908. TNT miktarı – количество тротила
2909. tökez teli – натяжная проволока
2910. tokmalamak – уплотнять
2911. toksin – токсин
2912. tombaz – понтон, понтонная лодка
201
2913. tonaj – водоизмещение
2914. top atımı – артиллерийский
выстрел
2915. topaç pusulası – гирокомпас
2916. topçeker – артиллерийский тягач,
канонерка
2917. topçu – артиллерия
2918. topçu alayı – артиллерийский полк
2919. topçu bölümü – распределение
артиллерии
2920. topçu hazırlık ateşi –
артиллерийская подготовка
2921. topçu sınıfı – артиллерия
2922. topçu taburu – артиллерийский
дивизион
2923. toplama – сбор, вербовка
2924. toplanma – сосредоточение, сбор
2925. toplanma bölgesi – район
сосредоточения, выжидательный
район
2926. toplanma ordugahı – район
сосредоточения (войск)
2927. toplanma yeri – район
сосредоточения, место сбора

202
2928. toplantı – встреча, собрание,
заседание
2929. toplu emir – общий (единый)
приказ, окончательный приказ
2930. toplumsal bilinç – общественное
сознание
2931. toplumsal örgütler – общественные
организации
2932. toprak altında infilak – подземный
взрыв
2933. toprak bütünlüğü – территориальная
целостность
2934. toprak dolgu – насыпь
2935. toprak işleri – земляные работы,
работы по окапыванию
2936. toprak pist – грунтовая взлетно-
посадочная полоса
2937. toprakta infilak – наземный взрыв
2938. topyekün – всеобщий, тотальный
2939. torpido – торпеда
2940. torpido botu – торпедный катер
2941. torpido kovanı – торпедный аппарат
2942. torpido odası – торпедный пост
2943. torpido uçağı – самолет-
торпедоносец
203
2944. torpil – торпеда
2945. trafik kazası – дорожно-
транспортное происшествие
2946. transformatör – трансформатор
2947. transmisyon – трансмиссия
2948. travmatoloji – травматология
2949. trend – тренд, устойчивая
тенденция
2950. TSK Bando Astsubay Meslek
Yüksek Okulu – военно-
дирижерское училище, институт
военных дирижеров
2951. tuğamiral – бригадный адмирал,
контр-адмирал
2952. tugay – бригада
2953. tuğgeneral – бригадный генерал,
генерал-майор
2954. tuğla – кирпич
2955. tümamiral – дивизионный адмирал,
вице-адмирал
2956. tümen – дивизия
2957. tümen karargahı – штаб дивизии
2958. tümen savunma emri – приказ
командира дивизии на оборону

204
2959. tümeninin teşkilatı / kuruluşu –
оргштатная структура дивизии
2960. tümgeneral – дивизионный генерал,
генерал-лейтенант
2961. tümleşiklik – целостность
2962. tüp – трубка
2963. turbojet – турбореактивный
двигатель
2964. turboşarj – турбокомпрессор,
турбонаддув
2965. türev – производный, модификация
2966. Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri (TSK) –
Вооруженные силы Турции
2967. tuş – клавиша, кнопка
2968. tutamak – опора, эталон, норматив
2969. tutsak – военноепленный, пленник
2970. tuzaklamak – устанавливать (мины)
на неизвлекаемость
2971. tuzaklı mayın – мина-ловушка
2972. tüzel kişi – юридическое лицо

U, Ü
2973. uç – оконечность, дозор, походная
застава

205
2974. üç kademeli – трехступенчатая
(ракета)
2975. uçak bölüğü – рота армейской
авиации
2976. uçak bombaları – авиационные
бомбы
2977. uçak gemisi – авианосец
2978. uçak kaçırma – угон самолетов
2979. uçak kolu – авиационное звено
2980. uçak korunma hendeği – щель,
укрытие
2981. uçak testi / deneyi – испытание
самолета
2982. Uçaklarda İşlenen Suçlar ve Diğer
Eylemlerle ilgili Sözleşme –
Конвенция о преступлениях и
некоторых других актах,
совершаемых на борту воздушных
судов
2983. Uçakların Yasadışı Olarak Ele
Geçirilmesinin Önlenmesi
Sözleşmesi – Конвенция о борьбе с
незаконным захватом воздушных
судов
2984. uçaksavar – зенитный
206
2985. uçaksavar topçusu – зенитная
артиллерия
2986. üçayaklı – тренога
2987. üçlü kuvvet karargahı –
объединённый штаб 3-х видов
вооруженных сил
2988. uçucu gazlar – нестойкие (летучие)
ОВ
2989. üçüncü katip – третий секретарь
2990. uçuş – полет
2991. uçuş güvertesi – полетная, взлетная
палуба
2992. Uçuş Yönetim Bilgisayarları (FMS)
– система управления полетом,
система индикации пилотажных
данных
2993. ulaştırma – транспорт
2994. ulaştırma araçları – средства
доставки
2995. ültimatom – ультиматум
2996. ulusal diyalog – наиональный
диалог
2997. ulusal güvenlik – национальная
безопасность

207
2998. ulusal güvenlik politikası – политика
национальной безопасности
2999. Ulusal Güvenlik Teşkilatı –
Агентство национальной
безопасности (АНБ)
3000. Uluslararası Atom Enerji Ajansı –
Международное агенство по
атомной энергии (МАГАТЭ)
3001. uluslararası hukuk – международное
право
3002. Uluslararası Korunan Kişilere Karşı
İşlenen Suçların Önlenmesi ve
Cezalandırılması Sözleşmesi –
Конвенция о предотвращении и
наказании преступлений лиц,
пользующихся международной
защитой
3003. uluslararası müdahale –
международное вмешательство
3004. Uluslararası Sivil Havacılığa Hizmet
Veren Havaalanlarında Kanunsuz
Şiddet Eylemlerinin Önlenmesi ile
İlgili Protokol – Протокол о борьбе
с незаконными актами насилия в
аэропортах, обслуживающих
208
международную гражданскую
авиацию
3005. uluslararası terörizm –
международный терроризм
3006. unsur – элемент, подразделение
3007. Uranüs – Уран
3008. uranyum izotopları – изотопы урана
3009. üs – (военная) база
3010. uskur – винт, пропеллер (самолета,
судна)
3011. üst düzey – высокопоставленный
3012. Üst Düzey İşbirliği Konseyi (ÜDİK)
– Совет сотрудничества высшего
уровня (ССВУ)
3013. üst güverte – верхняя палуба
3014. üst komutanlık – старшее
начальство
3015. üst yapı – надстройка
3016. üsteğmen – старший лейтенант
3017. üstlenmek – брать на себя
(расходы, ответственность)
3018. üstün – улучшенный,
модифицированный

209
3019. üstün gözetleme – превосходство в
наблюдение, наилучшие условия в
организации наблюдения
3020. uydu – спутник
3021. uydu telefonu – спутниковый
телефон
3022. üye – член, участник
3023. uygulama – применение, мера
3024. uygulamak – осуществлять,
внедрять
3025. uyma – соблюдение, следование
(правилам)
3026. uyuşturucu maddeleri – наркотики
3027. uzaktan eğitim – дистанционное
образование
3028. uzaktan kumandalı –
дистанционный
3029. uzay – космос
3030. uzay aracı – космический аппарат
3031. uzay insanı – космонавт, астронавт
3032. uzay istasyonu – орбитальная
(космическая) станция
3033. uzay mekiği – космический шатл,
челнок

210
3034. uzay sondası – автоматическая
межпланетная станция (АМС)
3035. uzay üssü – космодром
3036. Uzay Yarışı – Космическая Гонка
(между СССР и США)
3037. uzaya götürmek – выводить в
космос
3038. uzlaşı – примирение
3039. uzlaşmasız – бескомпромиссный
3040. uzun dalgalar – длинные волны
3041. uzun menzilli füze – ракета
дальнего радиуса действия
3042. uzun vadeli – долгосрочный
3043. uzunlamasına eksen – продольная
ось
3044. üzüntüyle öğrenmek – с сожалением
узнать

V, W
3045. vahim – опасный, рискованный,
тяжёлый
3046. vakıa – факт, событие,
происшествие
3047. valf – клапан
3048. vandalizm – вандализм
211
3049. varış hattı – рубеж десантирования
3050. varsayımsal nükleer tehdit –
гипотетическая ядерная угроза
3051. Varşova Paktı – Варшавский
договор
3052. vasıta – средство
3053. vazife – задача
3054. vaziyet – положение, ситуация,
местоположение, позиция,
расположение
3055. veba – чума
3056. veçhe – сторона, направление,
аспект
3057. Venüs – Венера
3058. verem – туберкулез, чахотка
3059. verici – оказывающий
материальную помощь, радио-
передатчик, донор
3060. veriliş şekli – форма отдачи
(приказа)
3061. vida – винт
3062. vidalı jak – червячный привод
3063. vinç – кран, лебедка, подъемный
кран
3064. virüs – вирус
212
3065. volan – маховое колесо, маховик
3066. voltaj – напряжение
3067. vuku bulmak – происходить, иметь
место
3068. vurucu kuvvet – ударная мощь
3069. vuruş ihtimali – вероятность
поражения
3070. Wassenaar Düzenlemesi –
Вассенарские соглашения
3071. web sayfası – Интернет-страница

Y
3072. yakacak maddeler – горючие
вещества
3073. yakıcı gazlar – ОВ кожно-
нарывного действия
3074. yakın ateş desteği – ближняя
огневая поддержка, огневая
поддержка на ближних подступах
3075. yakın destek – непосредственная
поддержка
3076. yakından izlemek – пристально
следить
3077. yakınlaşma – сближение
3078. yakıt – топливо
213
3079. yakıt enjeksiyonu – впрыск топлива
3080. yaklaşma yolları – пути подхода
3081. yakma – сжигание, поджигание
3082. yakma (termal) tesiri – световое
излучение (тепловое поражение)
3083. yalan makinesi – полиграф,
детектор лжи
3084. yalanlamak – опровергать
3085. yalayıcı ateş – настильный огонь
3086. yalıtımlı – изолированный
3087. yalıtkan – изолятор
3088. yan – фланг, сторона
3089. yanaşık kol – сомкнутая колонна
3090. yanaşma – подход, сближение
3091. yancı – боковой отряд, боковое
охранение
3092. yangın – пожар
3093. yangın bombası – зажигательная
бомба
3094. yangın maddesi – горючее
вещество, зажигательное вещество
3095. yangın mermisi – зажигательный
снаряд
3096. yanık – ожог

Bu çalışmada girişimci, girişimcilik ve kişilik kavramlarına değinilmiş olup, girişimciler ile maaşlı çalışanlar arasında kişilik özellikleri bağlamında bir fark olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, Gençöz ve Öncül (2012)’nin Türk kültürüne yönelik geliştirdiği ve 45 maddeden oluşan “Temel Kişilik Özellikleri” ölçeğinden yararlanılarak bir anket formu hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan anket formu, 1 Kasım-15 Aralık 2016 tarihleri arasında, Çanakkale il merkezinde yer alan 450 girişimci ve maaşlı çalışana yüz yüze görüşme yöntemi aracılığıyla uygulanmıştır. Girişimciler ile maaşlı çalışanların kişilik özellikleri arasındaki farklılıklar, T-testi ve Anova testleri aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda girişimci – maaşlı çalışanların kişilik özellikleri bakımından yaş, medeni durum, gelir seviyesi ve iş durumuna göre, “Dışadönüklük”, “Sorumluluk”, “Uyumluluk”, “Duygusal Tutarsızlık”, “Gelişime Açıklık” ve “Olumsuz Değerlik” boyutları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Girişimciler ile maaşlı çalışanların kişilik özellikleri arasındaki farklılıklar cinsiyet değişkenine göre incelendiğinde ise, “Sorumluluk” ve “Uyumluluk” boyutlarında anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu; kadınların erkeklere göre daha fazla sorumluk sahibi ve uyumlu oldukları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Girişimciler ile maaşlı çalışanların kişilik özellikleri arasındaki farklılıklar eğitim değişkenine göre incelendiğinde ise, “Duygusal Tutarsızlık” boyutunda ilköğretim–lise ve lise–ilköğretim eğitim seviyeleri arasında farklılık olduğu; lise eğitim seviyesine sahip girişimci ve maaşlı çalışanların, eğitim seviyesi ilköğretim olanlara göre daha fazla duygusal tutarsızlığa sahip oldukları görülmüştür. Türk kültürüne yönelik olarak geliştirilen “Temel Kişilik Özellikleri” ölçeğinden yararlanılarak gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın sonuçlarının literatüre katkı sağlayacağı ve ileride konu ile ilgili yapılacak çalışmalarda yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir. In this study, the concepts of entrepreneur, entrepreneurship and personality are mentioned and also it has been examined whether there is a difference between entrepreneurs and salaried employees in terms of their personality traits. A questionnaire form was prepared by using the "Basic Personality Features" scale developed by Gençöz and Öncül (2012) for Turkish culture and consisting of 45 items for the study. The prepared questionnaire was applied between 1 November and 15 December 2016 through 450 entrepreneurs and salaried employees, faceto-face interviewing methods in Canakkale province center. Differences between personality traits of entrepreneurs and salaried employees were analyzed through the t-test and Anova tests. As a result of the study, it is determined that there is no difference between the dimensions of "Outwardness", "Responsibility", "Compatibility", "Emotional Inconsistency", "Developmental Clarity" and "Negative Validity" according to age, marital status, income level and employment status of entrepreneurs and salaried employees. When the differences between personality traits of entrepreneurs and salaried employees are examined according to gender variable, it is seen that there is a meaningful difference between "Responsibility" and "Compatibility" dimensions. According to this difference, women are more responsible and accountable than men. When the differences between personality traits of entrepreneurs and salaried employees are examined according to educational variables, it is found that there is a difference between primary and high school and primary school education levels in the dimension of "Emotional inconsistency". Entrepreneurs and salaried employees with a high school education level are found to have more emotional inconsistency than those with an education level of primary education. It is considered that the results of this study, which is realized by using the "Basic Personality Traits" scale developed for the Turkish culture, will contribute to the literature and will be a guide for the future studies about this subject.

1 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017

2 УДК 338 ББК 65.5 I 73 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 Editors: Selahattin Sarı Jusup Primbaev Alp H. Gencer Ainura Turdalieva Batuhan Tufaner Copyright 2017 Eurasian Economists Association & Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This book contains material protected under International and Federal Copyright Laws and Treaties. Any unauthorized reprint or use of this material is prohibited. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without express written permission from the publisher. ISBN: B p. Typesetting: Alp H. Gencer & Hülya Üzümcü Print: Turar I УДК 338 ISBN ББК 65.5

3 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 Bishkek - Kyrgyzstan 5-7 October 2017

4 iv INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 FOREWORD We are proud to have completed the nith International Conference on Eurasian Economies, held in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan with the cooperation of Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University and Eurasian Economists Association on 3-5 October abstracts were submitted to the conference from 5 countries, and in the end 57 accepted papers from 4 countries were presented at the conference. Many academicians attended the conference even though they had no papers to present, so the total attendance was around 130 academicians. The fact that the rectors Manas University, Vice Minister of Department of Agriculture, Vice Rectors, as well as deans of many faculties, professors and associate professors, people from the financial sector and executive boards attended the conference show that interest in the conference is high and continual. We would like to extend our deepest appreciation to all participants and sponsors who have trusted and supported the conference s organizing committee. As in previous years, presented papers are collected into this proceedings book. A considerable amount of time and effort is put into evaluating and formatting the papers for the book. Each paper is evaluated by at least two judges before being accepted. We would like to thank our judges, scientific and organization committee members who contributed their valuable time and support to evaluating every paper. Additionally, we would like to extend our gratitude to Dr. Alp Gencer, who helped to design our web platform with great patience despite all of the difficulties and prepared the book of proceedings for publication. Our appreciation is also extended all members of Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University who put every effort in the perfect organization, starting with the rector Prof. Dr. Sebahattin Balcı, dean of Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Prof.Dr. Hakan Çetintaş, the faculty and students of the department of economics. They have done a wonderful job in making sure that the entire organization runs smoothly, press participance was ensured and organized a cultural feast for all attendees of the conference dinner. We would like to extend our greatest appreciation for the continuous support of International Conference on Eurasian Economies by Beykent University s Board of Trustees Chairman and members, Rector Prof. Dr. Mehmet Emin Karahan, the Secretary General Murat Süslü and Public Relations Department, as well as the administrative staff. Finally, our greatest appreciation goes to all of the academicians, researchers and participants whose contributions have made this conference a success. We hope and believe that the International Eurasian Conference 2017 has made important contributions to the Eurasian region and scientific community at large. We hope to see you at the 10 th International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Prof. Dr. Selahattin Sarı and Prof. Dr. Cusup Primbayev Conference Co-Chairs

5 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 v ÖNSÖZ Uluslararası Avrasya Ekonomileri Konferansı nın dokuzuncusu; Beykent Üniversitesi, Kırgızistan- Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi ve Avrasya Ekonomistler Derneği nin ortak organizasyonuyla 3-5 Ekim 2017 tarihlerinde Bişkek-Kırgızistan da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Konferansa özet gönderim aşamasında 5 ülkeden 74 başvuru olmuştur. Özet başvurularının tamamına yakını bildiriye dönüşmüş 57 bildiri konferansta sunulmuştur. Diğer taraftan konferansta bildirisi olmayan çok sayıda öğretim üyesi dileyici olarak iştirak etmiş ve konferans yaklaşık 130 civarında katılımcının iştiraki ile gerçekleşmiştir. Katılımın yüksekliği konferansa olan ilginin büyüklüğünü göstermektedir. Konferansa Manas Üniversitesi Rektörü Prof. Dr. Sebahattin Balcı, Tarım Bakan Yardımcısı, Manas Üniversitesi Rektör Vekili Prof. Dr. Asılbek Kulmirzayev, Rektör Yardımcıları ve gerek Türkiye den gerekse Kırgızistan dan çok sayıda dekanın katılması, profesör ve doçentlerin ağırlıklı olması finans sektörü ve üst kurullardan katılımlar konferansın bilim dünyasındaki yerini ve önemini bir kez daha öne çıkarmıştır. Konferans düzenleme komitesine olan güven ve desteklerini konferansa iştirakleriyle şereflendiren tüm katılımcılara öncelikle teşekkürlerimizi arz ediyoruz. Konferansta sunulan bildiriler elinizde bulunan bu kitapta toplanmıştır. Gerek bildirilerin değerlendirilmesi aşamasında, gerekse kitap haline getirilmesi aşamasında ciddi emek sarf edilmektedir. Her bildiri en az iki hakem tarafından değerlendirilmektedir. Bu değerlendirmelere zaman ayıran ve destek veren hakemlerimize, bilim kurulu üyelerimize, konferans hazırlıklarının başlamasından itibaren çok yoğun mesai harcayan organizasyon komitesindeki arkadaşlarımıza, web sayfası dizaynında her türlü müdahaleye rağmen sabırla işlemleri yerine getiren Dr. Alp Gencer e teşekkürlerimizi sunarız. Uluslararası Avrasya Ekonomileri Konferansı nın dokuzuncusu eksiksiz ve mükemmel olarak gerçekleştirilmesinde, planlama aşamasından konferansın sonlandırılmasına kadar her türlü desteği esirgemeden veren Manas Üniversitesi Rektörü Prof. Dr. Sebahattin Balcı, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dekanı Prof. Dr. Hakan Çetintaş, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesinin İktisat Bölümünün çok değerli öğretim elemanları ve destek veren diğer bölümlerden öğretim elemanları, öğrencilerine sonsuz teşekkürler. Basın koordinasyonu üst düzeyde gerçekleştirilmiş, gala yemeğinde yer alan sanatçılar ve folklor gösterisi tam bir ziyafet olmuştur. Misafirlere Türk Dünyasının esintilerini taşımış ve yaşatmışlardır. Emeği geçen tüm yönetici ve personele teşekkürler. Bu konferansta da Beykent Üniversitesi Mütevelli Heyet Başkan ve üyeleri, Üniversite Rektörü Prof. Dr. Mehmet Emin Karahan, Genel Sekreter Murat Süslü ve başta halkla ilişkiler olmak üzere tüm idari birimler personeli destek vermişlerdir; kendilerine sonsuz teşekkürler. Konferansın organizasyonunda birlikte hareket ettiğimiz Doğuş Üniversitesi ve Avrasya Ekonomistler Derneği nin tüm yöneticilerine teşekkürler. En büyük teşekkürümüz elbette ki konferansın oluşmasını sağlayan akademisyen, araştırmacı ve katılımcılaradır. Uluslararası Avrasya Ekonomileri Konferansının dokuzuncusunun başta Avrasya ülkeleri olmak üzere bilim dünyasına katkı sağlayacağı inanç ve dileğiyle, 10. Uluslararası Avrasya Ekonomileri Konferansı nda buluşmak üzere. Prof. Dr. Selahattin Sarı ve Prof. Dr. Cusup Primbayev Organizasyon Kurulu Başkanları

6 vi INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 AÇILIŞ KONUŞMASI Prof. Dr. Sebahattin Balcı Marifet iltifata tâbidir. Ne kadar çok çalışırsanız çalışın, yaptığınız işin bir yansıması olmazsa, bunlar çok fazla değer ifade etmiyor demektir. Katılımcı sayısına bakıldığında, konferansın çok ilgi çektiği görülüyor. Avrasya ekonomileri dendiği zaman hem çok değişken hem de çok dinamik bir bölgeden söz ediyoruz. Bir taraftan değişim ve dönüşüm sürerken, bir taraftan da küresel ekonomiyle uyum ve aynı zamanda rekabet içerisinde olmak mecburiyeti var. Hepsini bir arada götürüp ayakta kalmak ve ileri gitmek zorunluluğu var. Sonuç itibariyle biz şunu yapmak istiyoruz: Avrasya da bir ekonomi bölgesi oluşturup bu ekonominin küresel ekonomideki yerini almasını istiyoruz. Küresel rekabette bölgesel ekonomiler çok büyük bir önem ifade etmeye başladı; çünkü eğer sadece küresel ekonomide meseleye bakarsanız o zaman tek kutuplu bir ekonomi ortaya çıkıyor. Başını ABD nin çektiği ve her şeyi onun düzenlediği bir ekonomi ortaya çıkıyor. Diğerleri de ona hizmet etmek ve onun maksatlarına yardım etmek durumunda kalıyor. İşte bunu biraz olsun dengelemek adına bölgesel ekonomiler büyük önem ifade ediyor. Biz de geniş bir coğrafya olan Avrasya da bulunanlar olarak bunu bilmeliyiz. Burada özellikle Türkler bulunuyor. Buna çok dikkat etmek lazım. 21. yüzyılda hak ettiği değeri alabilmek, zenginliğe ulaşabilmek, dünyadaki karar organlarında söz sahibi olabilmek için Türk Dünyası olarak ekonomimizin güçlü olması gerekiyor. 200 civarında ülkenin olduğu Birleşmiş Milletler de kararları 5 ülke alıyor; çünkü bu 5 ülkenin gücü ekonomisinden geliyor. Biz Türkiye olarak Türk dünyasının hem büyük bir ekonomisi hem de büyük bir sorumluluk taşıyan ülkesiyiz; çünkü bütün Avrasya da eğer bir gelecek olacaksa bu Türkiye nin taşıyacağı omurgada yürümek durumunda olan bir gelecek olacak. Hem ekonomisi hem nüfusu hem insan kaynakları hem bulunduğu coğrafya hem de dünyayla entegrasyonu bunu bize gösteriyor. Ancak tek başına da olmuyor. O halde ekonomik hareketi, bütün Avrasya daki kardeş topluluk ve ülkelerin birlikte kalkınacağı bir ekonomi olarak algılamak gerekiyor. Bilime baktığımız zaman ilk 10 ülke şu anda üretilen bilimin yüzde 90 ını üretiyor. Gerçek bu. Geriye kalan 190 ülke de yüzde 10 u üretiyor. Pozisyonlarımızı buna göre belirlememiz gerekiyor. Buna göre hareket etmemiz gerekiyor. O bakımdan güç birliği şart. Tek başımıza böyle bir rekabet ortamında varlığımızı ifade etmemiz çok zor. Ekonomi de bunun tam omurgasını oluşturuyor. Bu bakımdan bütün tecrübelerimizi birleştirmemiz gerekiyor. Bu konferanslarda genel konuşmalar yerine konjonktürün ön gördüğü, vizyoner, temalı konuşmalara, temalı çalışmalara doğru geçmek gerekiyor. Bir de bu salonlara iş dünyasını, iş adamlarını getirmek gerekiyor. O zaman gerçekten ses, tam adresini bulmuş olacak. Birbirimizden gerçek anlamda öğrenmeye başlayacağız. Birlikte daha iyisini yapmaya gayret edeceğiz. Bizim bölgemizde hangi sektörlerde fırsatlar var bunu bilmek gerek. Sınırlı olan enerjimizi ve gücümüzü her tarafa yayarsak hiçbir yerde etki oluşturamıyoruz. Oysa odaklandığımız bir yerden ses getirmemiz mümkün. Bölgemizde ekonomi açısından baktığımız zaman fırsatları ve tehditleri görüp buna göre hareket etmeli ve yoğunlaşacağımız konuları belirlemeliyiz. Böyle konferansların da buna ışık tutması gerekiyor. Eğitim programlarımızı böyle konferanslar sonucunda gerekirse yeniden gözden geçirmeliyiz. Gerçekleştirdiğimiz konferanslarda elbette dünya ekonomisini de ele almalıyız; ama kendi bölgemiz ve ekonomilerimizle ilgili olarak çok iyi çalışmalar ortaya çıkarmamız gerekiyor. Gençleri o şekilde donatarak yetiştirmemiz gerekiyor. Bölgesini çok iyi anlamadan dünya ekonomisini anlatan bir mezun yetiştirmenin bölgeye çok fayda olmaz. Kırgızistan da 5 yıl öğrenim gördükten sonra Kırgızistan ekonomisini ve Orta Asya ekonomilerini anlamadan mezun olan bir mezunun başarılı bir mezun olduğu söylenemez. Onlar çevrelerini tanımalı. Biz bu şekilde bir eğitimle öğrenci yetiştirirsek onlar sahanın adamı olurlar. Gittikleri uluslararası alanda da o sahayı en iyi şekilde sunabilir, savunabilir, fırsatları değerlendirebilir ve kendilerini öne çıkarabilir. Bu konferanslardan böyle sonuçlar çıkaralım. Kırgızistan nüfusunun yüzde 65 inin kırsal alanda yaşaması ve tarımın yıllık ekonomik hasılaya olan katkısının yüzde 54 olması verileri üzerinden hareketle bir değerlendirme yapmak önemli. Kırgızistan ın gerçek anlamda tarım üzerinden bir ekonomi ile kalkınmasını öngörmek gerekiyor. Biz Ziraat Fakültemizi kurarken bunları dikkate aldık. Üstelik beslenmenin, gıdanın stratejik bir alan olduğunu görmek gerek. Yeraltı kaynakları bir süre sonra tükenecek olsa da insanların temel ihtiyaçları olan beslenme ve gıda ihtiyacı devam edecektir. Gıdanın da geldiği yer topraktır. Bunu bilen ve iyi değerlendirenler gelecekte çok stratejik bir önem ifade edeceklerdir. Kırgızistan hayvancılıkta son derece önemli bir potansiyele sahip. Sovyetler Birliği döneminde 20 milyon baş hayvanın yaşadığı Kırgızistan da bugün 6,5 milyon hayvan yaşıyor. Demek ki daha çok kazanılacak zenginlik var.

7 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 vii Kaybedilenlerin kazanılması gerek. Bu noktada fırsatlar ekonomisini yakalamamız gerek. Enerji, su, bunların koridorları. Bütün bunları tartışıp hem iş dünyasına hem Devlet yöneticilerine bir taban bilgi ve yol gösterici sonuçlar çıkarabiliyorsak düzenlenen konferanslar amacına ulaşmış demektir. Yapılmasına da her zaman devam etmek gerekmektedir. İşte şimdi geldiğimiz noktada, inşallah bundan sonra da bu çizgide devam ederek, bütün kesimlerin faydasına olan, ihtiyaç duyulan ve istenilen çalışmalar yaparız. Bu duygu ve düşüncelerle bu tebliğ kitabında basılan makalelerin bilim dünyasına, kamu ve özel sektör mensuplarına ve okuyuculara yararlı olmasını diliyor, konferansı düzenleyen ve emeği geçenlere içten teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Prof. Dr. Sebahattin Balcı Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi Rektörü

8 viii INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Dr. Sebahattin Balcı (Rector, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Emin Karahan (Rector, Beykent University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Hakan Çetintaş (Dean, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Kyrgyzstan- Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Prof. Dr. Turgut Özkan (Dean, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Beykent University, Turkey) ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Prof. Dr. Selahattin Sarı (Beykent University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Jusup Pirimbaev (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Asst. Prof. Dr. Aynura Turdalieva (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Ph.D. Candidate Mustafa Batuhan Tufaner (Beykent University, Turkey) Asst. Prof. Dr. Sıtkı Sönmezer (Beykent University, Turkey) Assoc. Prof. Dr. İlyas Sözen (İstanbul Kavram MYO, Turkey) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşen Hiç Gencer (Istanbul Aydın University, Turkey) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Damira Japarova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Metin Bayrak (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Turkey) Asst. Prof. Dr. Junus Ganiev (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Asst. Prof. Dr. Raziya Abdiyeva (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Asst. Prof. Dr. Damira Baigonushova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Asst. Prof. Dr. Zamira Oskonbaeva (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Ph.D. Candidate Galip Afsin Ravanoglu (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Dr. Burulcha Sulaimanova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Dr. Alp Gencer (Germany) Mr. Alpin Gencer (Germany) Mrs. Hülya Üzümcü (Turkey) WEB & PRINT DESIGN

9 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 ix SCIENTIFIC BOARD Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ay (Selçuk University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Harun Bal (Çukurova University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Balcılar (Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus) Prof. Dr. Viktor Barhatov (Chelyabinsk State University, Russia) Prof. Dr. Tansu Barker (Brock University, Canada) Prof. Dr. Ersan Bocutoğlu (Avrasya University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Cihan Çobanoğlu (University of South Florida, United States of America) Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kemal Değer (Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Ljubomir Drakulevski (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Macedonia) Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Avni Egeli (Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Ömer Selçuk Emsen (Atatürk University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Cevat Gerni (Doğuş University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Ahmet İncekara (İstanbul University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Danijela Jacimovic (University of Montenegro, Montenegro) Prof. Dr. Gani Kaliev (Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kazakhstan) Prof. Dr. S. Rıdvan Karluk (Antalya AKEV University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Nuriddin Kayumov (Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Tajikistan) Prof. Dr. Merim Koichueva (Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Kyrgyzstan) Prof. Dr. Recep Kök (Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Igor Kokh (Kazan Federal University, Russia) Prof. Dr. Turar Koychuev (National Academy of Sciences, Kyrgyzstan) Prof. Dr. Fevzi Okumuş (University of Central Florida, United States of America) Prof. Dr. Zekai Özdemir (Istanbul University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Jusup Pirimbaev (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Prof. Dr. Tatiana Pyshkina (Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (ASEM), Moldova) Prof. Dr. Orazaly Sabden (Institute of Economics, Kazakhstan) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Sarıışık (Sakarya University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Euphrasia Susy Suhendra (Gunadarma University, Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Ferenec Szavai (Kaposvar University, Hungary) Prof. Dr. Muammer Tekeoğlu (Çukurova University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Mustafa Topaloğlu (Özyeğin University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Khodjamakhmad Umarov (Institute of Economics, Tajikistan) Prof. Dr. Bahadir Umurzakov (G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics in Tashkent, Uzbekistan)

10 x INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 Contents OPENING SESSION Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Selahattin Sarı #2030: Bir Ekonomik Avrasya Öyküsü: Arakan Eyaleti Prof. Dr. Ersan Bocutoğlu (Avrasya University, Turkey) * SESSION 1A: Microeconomics Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Erdoğan Taşkın #1960: Effect of Price and Brand on Purchase Decision An Application on Turkish Smart Phone Consumers 2 - Ph.D. Candidate Barış Batuhan Geçit (Beykent University, Turkey) * - Asst. Prof. Dr. Murad Kayacan (Beykent University, Turkey) #1965: Gender Differences, Risk Attitude and Entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan Asst. Prof. Dr. Raziya Abdiyeva (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) - Dr. Burulcha Sulaimanova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * - Asst. Prof. Dr. Kamalbek Karymshakov (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) #1970: Matrix Management Approach and a Survey Research in the Industry Asst. Prof. Dr. Ceren Gül Artuner (Beykent University, Turkey) - Prof. Dr. Erdoğan Taşkın (Beykent University, Turkey) * SESSION 2A: Growth & Development Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Ersan Bocutoğlu #1980: Seasonal Cointegration Approach on Expenditure Based Gross Domestic Product and Its Some Sub- Components for Turkey Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özmen (Çukurova University, Turkey) * - Ph.D. Candidate Sera Şanlı (Çukurova University, Turkey) #2008: On The Purchasing Power Parity in Turkey: The Role of Structural Changes Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şaban Nazlıoğlu (Pamukkale University, Turkey) - Ph.D. Candidate Çağın Karul (Pamukkale University, Turkey) - Ph.D. Candidate Ahmet Koncak (Abant İzzet Baysal University, Turkey) - Assoc. Prof. Dr. İlhan Küçükkaplan (Pamukkale University, Turkey) * #1989: Export-led Growth Hypothesis in MINT Countries: A Panel Cointegration Analysis Prof. Dr. Harun Bal (Çukurova University, Turkey) * - Ph.D. Candidate Shahanara Basher (Çukurova University, Turkey) - Ph.D. Candidate Abdulla Hil Mamun (Çukurova University, Turkey) - Ph.D. Candidate Emrah Akça (Çukurova University, Turkey) #2013: Relationship Between Trade Openness, Capital Formation and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis for African Countries Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ay (Selçuk University, Turkey) - Asst. Prof. Dr. Fahri Kurşunel (Selçuk University, Turkey) * - Ph.D. Candidate Mahamane Moutari Abdou Baoua (Selçuk University, Turkey)

11 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 xi SESSION 3A: Sectoral Analysis Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Cevat Gerni #1968: The Impact of Tax Apportionment on Fiscal Equalization: A Case Study of Turkish Metropolitan Municipalities Prof. Dr. Naci Tolga Saruç (İstanbul University, Turkey) * - Prof. Dr. İsa Sağbaş (Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey) - Dr. Recep Yorulmaz (Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey) #2005: Natural Resources Revenue, Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Asst. Prof. Dr. Savaş Çevik (Selçuk University, Turkey) * - Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ay (Selçuk University, Turkey) - Ph.D. Candidate Mahamane Moutari Abdou Baoua (Selçuk University, Turkey) #1967: The Education-Job Mismatch Determinants Among Youth of Kyrgyzstan Asst. Prof. Dr. Kamalbek Karymshakov (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) - Dr. Burulcha Sulaimanova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * #2009: The Public Policy in Agricultural Product Markets and Effectiveness of Regulations Prof. Dr. M. Okan Taşar (Selçuk University, Turkey) * SESSION 4A: Развитие I Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Jusup Pirimbaev #1990: Найти Своё Лицо Prof. Dr. Turar Koychuev (National Academy of Sciences, Kyrgyzstan) * #1978: Глобальные Тренды Современного Мирового Экономического Развития Prof. Dr. Kaisyn Khubiev (Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Russia) * - Assoc. Prof. Dr. Turusbek Asanov (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) - Dr. Marat Kudaikulov (Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Kyrgyzstan) #1963: Образование и экономический рост: на примере Кыргызстана Asst. Prof. Dr. Raziya Abdiyeva (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * - Asst. Prof. Dr. Damira Baigonushova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) #1986: Управление Региональным Развитием Кыргызской Республики В Условиях Интеграции Asel Dzhailova (Kyrgyz Economic University, Kyrgyzstan) * SESSION 5A: Развитие II Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Turar Koychuev #1977: Источники Экономического Роста В Кыргызстане Asst. Prof. Dr. Aynura Turdalieva (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * #2017: Кыргызстанда Акчалай Которуулардын Экономикалык Өсүүгө Таасири Dr. Burulcha Sulaimanova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) - Daniyar Jasoolov (Public Fund AVEP, Kyrgyzstan) *

12 xii INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 SESSION 1B: Büyüme I Session Chair: Prof. Dr. İsmail Bircan #2028: Petrol Fiyatlarının Düşüşünde Shale (Şeyl) Gazın Etkisi, Geleceği ve Türkiye nin Shale Gaz Potansiyeli Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kamil Uslu (Kavram MYO, Turkey) * #1991: İhracata Dayalı Büyümenin Geçerliliği Üzerine Ampirik Bir Araştırma: Türkiye den Bulgular Prof. Dr. Harun Bal (Çukurova University, Turkey) * - Ph.D. Candidate Emrah Akça (Çukurova University, Turkey) #2027: Kuznets Eğrisi ile Ekonomik ve Siyasal Liberalizasyon Uygulamaları Arasındaki İlişkiler Prof. Dr. Murat Nişancı (Erzincan University, Turkey) * - Asst. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Fatih Aydemir (Atatürk University, Turkey) - Ph.D. Candidate Bengü Tosun (Atatürk University, Turkey) - Prof. Dr. Ömer Selçuk Emsen (Atatürk University, Turkey) #1993: Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ile Sanayileşme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama Prof. Dr. Harun Bal (Çukurova University, Turkey) * - Asst. Prof. Dr. Erhan İşcan (Çukurova University, Turkey) - Ph.D. Candidate Ahmet Kardaşlar (Çukurova University, Turkey) SESSION 2B: Büyüme II Session Chair: Prof. Dr. M. Okan Taşar #2026: İhracat ve İthalatın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkileri: Merkezi Asya Ekonomileri Örneği Prof. Dr. Selahattin Sarı (Beykent University, Turkey) - Prof. Dr. Cevat Gerni (Doğuş University, Turkey) - Asst. Prof. Dr. Çağatay Karaköy (Cumhuriyet University, Turkey) - Prof. Dr. Ömer Selçuk Emsen (Atatürk University, Turkey) * #2020: Kırgızistan da İşçi Gelirleri ile Büyümedeki Dalgalanmalar Arasındaki İlişki Prof. Dr. Hakan Çetintaş (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) - Asst. Prof. Dr. Damira Baigonushova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * #1985: Ev Sahipliği ve İşsizlik: Oswald Hipotezinin Türkiye için Test Edilmesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Erdoğan (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * - Dr. Dastan Aseinov (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) #2010: Kentsel Dönüşüm İçin Bir Finansman Modeli: Gayrimenkul Sertifikası Dr. Ayça Doğaner (İTO Meslek Komiteleri Koordinatörlüğü, Turkey) * - Prof. Dr. Zekai Özdemir (Istanbul University, Turkey) SESSION 3B: Sektörel Analizler Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Şaban Kayıhan #2016: Öğrencilerin Otel İşletmelerindeki İş Etiğine Yönelik Algıları Muharrem Kaya (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) - Dr. Azamat Maksudunov (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) *

13 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 xiii #1976: İklim Değişikliğinin Gıda Fiyatları Üzerine Etkisi: OECD Örneği Prof. Dr. Muammer Tekeoğlu (Çukurova University, Turkey) * - Asst. Prof. Dr. Hakkı Çiftçi (Çukurova University, Turkey) - Asst. Prof. Dr. Erhan İşcan (Çukurova University, Turkey) - Ph.D. Candidate Duygu Serin (Çukurova University, Turkey) #1981: Karbon Emisyonu ve Uluslararası Ticaret İlişkisi Prof. Dr. Harun Bal (Çukurova University, Turkey) - Asst. Prof. Dr. Erhan İşcan (Çukurova University, Turkey) * - Ph.D. Candidate Duygu Serin (Çukurova University, Turkey) - Selçuk Loğoğlu (Çukurova University, Turkey) #1988: Banka ve Müşteri Sırlarının Ceza Hukuku Tarafından Korunması Prof. Dr. Çetin Arslan (Hacettepe University, Turkey) * - Ph.D. Candidate Didar Özdemir (Hacettepe University, Turkey) SESSION 4B: Региональные исследования Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Dzhumabek Dzhailov #2018: Учет Потерь При Попроцессном Калькулировании Производственных Затрат Prof. Dr. Obolbek Kurmanbekov (Kyrgyz Russian Slavic University, Kyrgyzstan) * #2024: Роль И Значение Диагностики И Оценки Состояния Автомобильных Дорог Для Их Воспроизводства Jannat Ysyrailova (Kyrgyz State University of Construction, Transport and Architecture, Kyrgyzstan) * - Prof. Dr. Anara Sherbekova (Kyrgyz State University of Construction, Transport and Architecture, Kyrgyzstan) #2021: Рейтинг Социально-Экономического Положения Регионов Как Основа Их Инвестиционной Привлекательности Prof. Dr. Damira Bektenova (Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Kyrgyzstan) * #2025: Региональные Аспекты Инвестиционных Процессов В Кыргызской Республике Prof. Dr. Anara Sherbekova (Kyrgyz State University of Construction, Transport and Architecture, Kyrgyzstan) - Dr. Sabina Esenbekova (Kyrgyz State University of Construction, Transport and Architecture, Kyrgyzstan) * SESSION 5B: Секторальный анализ Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Kaisyn Khubiev #1972: Использование Финансовых Ресурсов В Государственных Организациях Здравоохранения В Кыргызской Республике Assoc. Prof. Dr. Damira Japarova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * - Prof. Dr. Anara Kamalova (Kyrgyz National University, Kyrgyzstan) #2011: Өткөөл Экономикада Социалдык Нормалардын Салык Маданиятына Тийгизген Таасири: Кыргызтан Мисалында Asst. Prof. Dr. Raziya Abdiyeva (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * #1984: Проблемы И Перспективы Интеграции Аграрного Сектора Кыргызстана В ЕАЭС Prof. Dr. Dzhumabek Dzhailov (Ministry of Agriculture, Kyrgyzstan) * - Mardalieva Leila (Kyrgyzstan)

14 xiv INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 #2022: Кыргызстандын Айыл-Чарба Тармагын Өнүктүрүү Маселелери Asst. Prof. Dr. Damira Baigonushova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * - Saikal Otorova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) - Asst. Prof. Dr. Junus Ganiev (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) - Prof. Dr. Jusup Pirimbaev (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) SESSION 1C: Bölgesel Çalışmalar Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Muammer Tekeoğlu #2023: Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği nin Kırgızistan ile Türkiye İlişkilerine Etkileri Ph.D. Candidate Ömer Faruk Karaman (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * #1995: Çin in Bir Kuşak-Bir Yol Projesinin Ekonomik ve Jeopolitik Sonuçları Üzerine Düşünceler Prof. Dr. Ersan Bocutoğlu (Avrasya University, Turkey) * #1957: Ekonomik Entegrasyon Teorisi Çerçevesinde Türkiye İçin Avrupa Birliği'ne Bir Alternatif: Avrasya Gümrük Birliği Ph.D. Candidate Mustafa Batuhan Tufaner (Beykent University, Turkey) * - Ph.D. Candidate Hasan Boztoprak (Beykent University, Turkey) - Assoc. Prof. Dr. İlyas Sözen (İstanbul Kavram MYO, Turkey) #1979: Körfez İşbirliği Konseyi Ülkelerinde Doğal Kaynak Laneti Hipotezi Geçerliliğinin İncelenmesi Ph.D. Candidate Mehmet Akif Destek (Gaziantep University, Turkey) - Ph.D. Candidate Müge Manga (Çukurova University, Turkey) - Assoc. Prof. Dr. Neşe Algan (Çukurova University, Turkey) * SESSION 2C: Mikroekonomi Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ay #1959: Avrasya Ülkeleri Üniversiteleri Arasında Ar-Ge ve İnovasyon İşbirlikleri ile Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Desteklenmesi Prof. Dr. İsmail Bircan (Atılım University, Turkey) * #1962: Örgüt Kültürü, Örgütsel Öğrenme ve Yenilikçilik İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Anket Çalışması Vasfi Kendir (İstanbul University, Turkey) - Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bahaddin Sinsoysal (Beykent University, Turkey) - Ph.D. Candidate Hasan Boztoprak (Beykent University, Turkey) * #1982: Lojistik Performans Endeksi Kapsamında Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleri nin Lojistik Performanslarının Analizi Ph.D. Candidate Bayram Şirin (Beykent University, Turkey) * - Asst. Prof. Dr. Hakan Emanet (Beykent University, Turkey) #1975: Otomotiv Endüstrisindeki Muhtemel Dönüşümün Ekonomik Boyutu: Türkiye Örneği Asst. Prof. Dr. Osman Simav (Beykent University, Turkey) * - Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayfer Ustabaş (Beykent University, Turkey)

15 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 xv SESSION 3C: Finans I Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Ömer Selçuk Emsen #1961: Konut Kredi Hacminin Gelişimi ile Makroekonomik Değerler ve Finansal Getirilerin İlişkisi Asst. Prof. Dr. Sıtkı Sönmezer (Beykent University, Turkey) * - Yusuf Pala (Kheiron Reklam Organizasyon Mimarlık Tic. Ltd. Şti., Turkey) #2000: Monte Carlo Metodu ve Yeni Zıplama ve Daralma Sürecinin BIST (Borsa İstanbul) Getirileri Uygulaması Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kutluk Kağan Sümer (İstanbul University, Turkey) * #1964: Konut Sektöründe Finansman Modellerinin Analizi: Türkiye Uygulaması Asst. Prof. Dr. Gülay Selvi Hanişoğlu (Beykent University, Turkey) - Fidan Güler (Okan University, Turkey) * SESSION 4C: Finans II Session Chair: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Celaleddin Serinkan #2012: Kırgızistan da Faiz ve Kur Politikalarinin İhracat Üzerine Etkisi Prof. Dr. Fuat Sekmen (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) - Ph.D. Candidate Galip Afsin Ravanoglu (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * #2003: Kırgızistan da Bankacılık Sektörünün Yönetim ve Organizasyon Sorunları Assoc. Prof. Dr. Celaleddin Serinkan (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * #1969: İşçi Dövizleri ve Reel Efektif Döviz Kuru: Kırgızistan Üzerinde Bir Uygulama Dr. Burulcha Sulaimanova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) - Daniyar Jasoolov (Public Fund AVEP, Kyrgyzstan) * SESSION 5C: Kalkınma Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Hakan Çetintaş #1998: Dış Borç ve Yabancı Yatırımların Toplam Çıktıya Etkisi: Kırgızistan Örneği Asst. Prof. Dr. Junus Ganiev (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * - Asst. Prof. Dr. Damira Baigonushova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) - Ph.D. Candidate Mairam Baigonusheva (Marmara University, Turkey) #2019: Kırgızistan da Dış Borçların Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi Tolkun Zhumakunova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) - Zhainagul Kydyralieva (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * #2001: Kırgız Cumhuriyeti Bölgelerinde Anne Ölüm Oranları Belirleyicileri Ph.D. Candidate Nurbek Madmarov (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * - Assoc. Prof. Dr. Metin Bayrak (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Turkey) #1987: Orta Asya da Bölge Merkezli Bütünleşme: Çabaları ve Sonuçları Nargiza Sakmurzaeva (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) *

16 xvi INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 #1974: Kazakistan ve Kırgızistan da Kamu Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi Serhat Atmaca (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) * - Assoc. Prof. Dr. Metin Bayrak (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Turkey) * Presenting author

17 OPENING SESSION 1 An Economic Eurasian Tale: Rakhine State Bir Ekonomik Avrasya Öyküsü: Arakan Eyaleti Prof. Dr. Ersan Bocutoğlu (Avrasya University, Turkey) Abstract Genocide or, to say the least, ethnic cleansing towards Muslims in Rakhine State, Myanmar, conducted by fanatic Buddhist monks and the military has been on the agenda in recent months. This opening speech aims at finding out real causes of this inhumane incident and investigating whether or not it is solely a result of some kind interreligious conflict in Myanmar. My research has convinced me that Rakhine inter-ethnic question has international economic and security related roots that deserve close and detailed investigation. In my point of view, the Rakhine Question depends heavily on economic security considerations such as: a) security of natural gas and petrol reservoirs in Rakhine State and pipelines connecting Rakhine State to China, b) security of railway link connecting Kyaukpyu Deep Water Sea Port in Kyaukpyu Special Economic Zone in Rakhine State to China which has developed by China to bypass Malacca Strait. The potential that Muslim dominated Rakhine State may cause security threats to some of the foreign Chinese investments in Myanmar in medium term should be taken as a main cause that gives way to ethnic cleansing against Muslim Rakhine population. Sayın Bakanım, Rektörüm, Rektör Vekilim, Dekanlarım, öğretim üyesi meslektaşlarım, sevgili öğrencilerimiz ve kıymetli misafirler, konuşmama başlarken hepinizi saygı ve sevgilerimle selamlarım. Myanmar (Burma) da iki asırdan beri Budistler ile Müslümanlar arasında çatışmalar yaşanmakla birlikte, son aylarda ortaya çıkan etnik temizlik ve soykırım, Budizm gibi barışçı yönüyle temayüz etmiş bir inancın sorgulanmasına yol açtı. Sürgündeki Budist lider Dalay Lama bile, Budistlerin bu tür eylemlerini anlaşılmaz bulduğunu ifade etti. Bu durum beni, Myanmar ın Arakan Eyaletindeki etik temizlik ve soykırımın arkasında başka motivasyonların yatabileceği düşüncesine götürdü. Konu ile ilgili olarak yaptığım araştırmalar sonucunda, Arakan Eyaletinin karasal hudutları içinde zengin doğalgaz, deniz hudutları içinde ise zengin petrol ve doğalgaz yataklarının bulunduğunu; bu enerji kaynaklarının, boru hatları aracılığı ile Çin e nakledildiğini gördüm. Araştırmalarımda; Çin ihracatının ve enerji ithalatının % 80 inin Çin bakımından güvenli kabul edilmeyen Malaka Boğazından geçmesinin yarattığı sıkıntı anlamına gelen Malaka Sendromu nu çözmek amacıyla, bu boğazı bay-pas eden yeni bir alternatif olarak Çin in Arakan Eyaletindeki Kyaukpyu şehrini Çin e bağlayan bir demiryolu hattını geliştirdiğini, Kyaukpyu şehrinde Özel Ekonomi Bölgesi kurduğunu ve Kyaukpyu Derin Deniz Limanını inşa ettiğini tespit ettim. Arakan Eyaletinin Müslüman ağırlıklı bir nüfus yapısına sahip olduğu dikkate alındığında, bu bölgenin orta vadede Çin in petrol, doğalgaz üretimi, boru hatları, özel ekonomi bölgesi, demiryolu taşımacılığı ve derin deniz limanı alanlarındaki yatırımlarının güvenliği bakımından sorun yaratma potansiyeline sahip olduğu dikkatlerden kaçmamaktadır. Müslümanlar aleyhindeki uluslararası konjonktürün de uygun olması nedeniyle, güvenliği sağlamanın en kestirme yolunun Müslümanları bu bölgeden bir şekilde sürüp çıkarmak olduğu açıktır. Bu nedenle Myanmar da Müslüman ağırlıklı Arakan Eyaletinde ortaya çıkan Müslüman soykırımı ve etnik temizliğin sadece dini nedenlere dayandığını varsaymak ve meselenin ekonomi ve güvenlikle ilgili yönlerini ihmal etmek kanaatimce meseleyi yüzeysel değerlendirmek anlamına gelecektir. Elimde kesin veriler bulunmadığı için, olayın sorumluluğunu hiç bir ülkeye yıkamıyorum. Ancak sonuç yerine şu soruyu sormak istiyorum: Acaba Arakanda olan bitenlerle Hint Okyanusundaki Çin-Hindistan-ABD rekabetinin bir ilişkisi var mıdır? Eğer varsa ve bu Çin in Bir Kuşak-Bir Yol Projesi ile ilgiliyse, Çin e komşu olan birinci kuşak devletlerin orta vadede benzer sorunlarla karşılaşmasının kaçınılmaz olduğunu ifade ederek konuşmamı bitiriyorum. Sabrınız ve dikkatiniz için teşekkür ederim.

18 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 Effect of Price and Brand on Purchase Decision An Application on Turkish Smart Phone Consumers Ph.D. Candidate Barış Batuhan Geçit (Beykent University, Turkey) Asst. Prof. Dr. Murad Kayacan (Beykent University, Turkey) Abstract Purpose of this study is to discuss whether brand and price has a significant effect on consumers smart phone purchase decision in Turkey. For this purpose; a survey has been conducted to the Turkish smart phone consumers about the factors affecting their smart phone purchase decision. The results obtained from the survey has been analyzed by using IBM SPSS program. According to the results obtained from the survey the model is accepted as p value of the model is smaller than 0,05. According to the analyze both brand and price has a significant effect on Turkish consumers smart phone purchase decision as both variables' p values has been found to be smaller than 0,05. Brand has a positive effect on consumers' smart phone purchase decision whereas price has a negative effect on consumer's smart phone purchase decision. 1 Introduction Until the end of the World War II, there was no problem in selling the produced goods, especially because of the lack of serial production and the fact that demand was not more than production (Durmaz, 2006). With the end of the war and the increase in the production capacities of companies, a market structure has emerged in which every manufactured good could be sold. However, the period called "sales approach" has emerged with the increase of production capacities and increase of demand, as a result, forced sales with psychological pressure has increased. The approach was "Sell whatever you produce, as long as know how to sell it" and the selling strategy was completely misleading, which in fact, did not fully reflect the wishes and needs of consumers (Taşkın, 2009). In the advanced times, the mass production of businesses meant that unit prices for consumers were getting cheaper. As a result, the pace of demand started to increase and a new approach called "production approach" became valid (Koç, 2016). However, over time, inability to respond to the needs and developments of the market in terms of production (sales) and insufficient supply-demand balance has led to the emergence of "modern marketing approach". In modern marketing approach, which is accepted today, first step is to determine requirements and desires of consumers then the next is step is production (Taşkın, 2009). As consumer requirements became the focal point; consumer requirements, consumer behavior became an important concept that has to be analyzed by marketers. Many firms have begun to focus on customers for their business activities and as a quality investment tool (Kotler and Armstrong, 2013). One of the key concepts that creates huge difference in the perception of consumers for the product, which has become one of the focal points of marketing, is brand (Blythe, 2006). Brand is a concept that has an important position in marketing strategies that creates awareness among consumers and differentiate them for companies. Besides the brand concept, another important concept for marketers is the price. Price is the mechanism for obtaining value for firms (Iacobucci, 2015). For consumers, the price is the amount needed to get a product (Hawkins and Mothersbaugh, 2009). One of the most important markets where brand perception is most common and the effects on consumers are required to be examined the most is smartphone market. In the smartphone market, giant companies who constantly rise prices of their products also continue to sell at higher numbers and this fact makes smartphone market an extraordinary market to be analyzed as increasing prices also increases the sell numbers. The fact that brands' market positions and values are changing and evolving with the developing technologies in the smartphone market is the reason that Apple has been a leader in determining the rules of the market right now, even they were an obscure brand couple of years ago. Apple went from being an obscure brand to being number one brand of the World (Interbrand, 2017), Samsung utilizing the brand image they had obtained from various product groups for years in the smart phone market and even they suffered Note 7 Explosion Scandal, they can still sell at high rates by courtesy of their high brand image, brands like Huawei and Xiaomi went from being completely unknown brands to preferred brands, Sony went from being one of the biggest technology brands of the world to a poor smart phone brand, Blackberry had a %20 market in 2009 and currently has a market share of %0.05 and is in the process of disappearing (Business Insider, 2017). All these rapid changes in smart phone market shows how dynamic this market is and it is vital to analyze the facts that effect consumer preference in smart phone market.

19 SESSION 1A: Microeconomics 3 Alongside with its dynamic nature, smart phone market it creates very high amount of profit and has a very big transaction mass. Smart phones are one of the most common used products in the World. According to Statista (2017) there are 2.32 Million smart phone users in the World and by the 2020 Statista is also forecasting that there will be 2.87 Million smart phone users in the World. While smart phone is that common in the whole World, Turkey is one of the top countries in the World in terms of smart phone usage. According to Newzoo (2017) Turkey is the 12 th country in terms of smart phone users with 40 Million Smart phone users. According to Poushter (2016) Turkey is once again 12 th in terms of smart phone usage percent/total population ratio. So according to these numbers Turkish consumers can be counted as top 15 for the smart phone brands. All these facts make Turkey, which according to The World Bank (2017) is the 17 th biggest economy of the world in terms of GDP, an ideal and an appropriate market to be analyzed in terms of smart phone consumption trends and the main reasons of smart phone preference. To analyze the facts that effect consumer preference in smart phone market; price and brand has been selected as the most appropriate variables after reviewing the academic literature. 2 Literature In terms of marketing, it is undoubtedly very important to examine the factors that affect the purchase decision of consumers. In the group of products that is analyzed, being able to know which reasons lead consumers to buy certain brands or products; may be important in terms of businesses that want to become big brands. That is because they can determine how to act in the future and what strategies they should implement, and how they can eventually achieve a superior position in the competition. The type of consumer analyzed in this study is not the industrial consumer, but the final consumer. Because the smartphone is a final consumer. Consumer behavior can be defined as the processes directly related to the acquisition and use of goods and services, which are the economic values of individuals, and the decisions that determine and determine these activities (Tek, 1999). As mentioned above smart phone is a final consumer product and consumer buying behavior is purchasing behavior for personal or family use (Dibb, Simkin and Pride, 2012, p.148). Price is the amount of money charged for a product or a service. In other words, price is the sum of all the values that customers give up to gain the benefits of having or using a product or service. Historically, price has been the major factor affecting buyer choice. In recent decades, however, nonprice factors have gained increasing importance. Even so, price remains one of the most important elements that determines a firm s market share and profitability (Kotler and Armstrong, 2013, p.312). Price is the most visible element of the marketing mix, and pricing policies are being questioned by consumers frequently. If consumers think that prices are unfair, they can leave the firm or spread negative information to other consumers. Low price can have a positive effect as consumers would demand to pay lower prices but it can also have a negative effect as low price usually decreases the brand image of products and brands. High price can vice versa have a negative effect on consumers as they don t want to pay higher prices but it can increase the brand image. If product development, promotion and distribution are the seeds of business success, price is the harvest (Kotler and Armstrong, 2013, p.310). While price is seen as an important factor to affect the dynamics of a market, brand is also regarded as an important variable to affect the dynamics of competition and perception of consumers. Brand is largely associated with the attributes of the product, benefits, use values, user culture, and personality and user behavior. Every brand has a unique chronology and experience. These are built over time through strong and consistent communication wherever the brand manifests itself from business cards to electronic communication such as television commercials, internet and print media, and finally to billboards (Rajagopal, 2017, p.1). Brand generates image for product which creates awareness for consumers. Brand helps companies to position themselves in the market. Positioning the product or the brand helps company to decide the desired consumer group, potential market rivals and competition and as a result the long term plans of the company. Brand basically helps firms to differentiate and position themselves within the market competition and for the consumers. If we give an example for the importance of awareness on consumers; Apple's easy-to-use, aesthetic and technological music player series, launched in 2001, has been successful in a short time. On top of that, the ipod shuffle, IPod nano and IPod touch, which are sold in different prices and quality varieties of IPod, have been introduced into the market. IPod, which sold over 220 million in eight years, was also the pioneer of IPhone 's launch of Apple' s actual explosion (Aaker, 2011, p. 157). Thanks to the brand image and the awareness on consumers obtained by ipod s, iphone product made an explosive departure in the smart phone market.

20 4 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 Marketing literature mainly supports the idea that brand and price have a significant effect on consumers purchase decision but a statistical analysis should be done to prove these ideas and especially for a certain product group like smart phone, which has a very different market dynamic compared to other products, it is very important to do such an analysis. 3 Model Model of this study is as following (Table 1): Table 1: Price and Brand's Effect on Consumer Decision H1: Price has a significant effect on consumers smart phone purchase decision. H2: Brand has a significant effect on consumers smart phone purchase decision. 4 Methodology A survey has been conducted to the 384 Turkish smart phone consumers. The results have been conducted via survey has been analyzed with using IBM SPSS 22 programme and regression analysis has been made for the significance and the positivity of the analysis. 5 Analysis Firstly, normality analysis has been made to find out the generalizability of the dataset. Normality analysis is as following (Table 2): Variable and Question Number of the Variable Skewness Kurtosis Purchase Decision -1,974 3,679 Brand 1-0,275-1,006 Brand 2-0,114-1,018 Brand 3-0,531-0,042 Price 1-0,275-1,006 Price 2 1,074 0,323 Price 3-0,148-0,701 Table 2: Normality Analysis When the normality distributions of the data are examined; The p values in Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro- Wilk must be greater than 0.05 in order to be able to accept the normal distribution of data. The p values in the analysis results were mainly lower than On the other hand, when we look at the values of Skewness and Kurtosis, another value that is considered valid for normality distribution of the data, it is seen that a large part of the data is within the acceptable values of -3 and +3. In this direction, the data can be interpreted as normally distributed. Regression analysis has been made to expresses the significance between the variables and analyze its power. Regression analysis is as following (Table 3):

21 SESSION 1A: Microeconomics 5 Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 12, ,469 16,367,000 b Residual 150, ,395 Total 163, Table 3: Regression Analysis I According to the regression analysis; the model is valid (accepted) as the Sig. (p) value is lower than 0,05. Standardized Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig. 1 (Constant) 4,119,116 35,405,000 Brand,116,043,177 2,712,007 Price -,306,053 -,379-5,796,000 Table 4: Regression Analysis II After obtaining the result of the model as valid, the second table shows the significance of the effect of two independent variables to dependent variable. Again Sig. (p) value should be lower than 0,05 for independent variables to have a significant effect on consumer preference dependent variable. As seen from the table, both brand and price variables have a significant effect on consumers purchase preference for smart phone. Beta value shows the positivity and negativity of these relations. According to the Beta value; brand has a positive significant effect on smart phone purchase decision. Which means the consumers tend to purchase smart phones who has a better brand image. According to International Data Corporation (2017) Samsung has a %23.3 market share and Apple has a %14.7 market share. These two brands have a total of %38 market share in a market that has numbers of companies. Interbrand (2017) lists Apple as the number one most valuable brand of the World, whereas they list Samsung as the number seven most valuable brand of the World. So as a result proven by these lists, even Apple switched from number one position in most valuable brand list to number two position in market share; two most valuable brands by has the biggest market share by far. These numbers can be seen in table below. Switch of Apple and Samsung can be explained by two factors. Firstly, Samsung produces various number of different smart phones like, Samsung S8, Samsung Note, Samsung A series, Samsung J series, etc. However, Apple only produces iphone. One other fact that may have an effect on consumers preferring Samsung more than Apple is, Apple has been selling smart phones at a very higher price compared to Samsung throughout the years. However, with the Samsung S8 model, Samsung has reached to the price levels of Apple and even higher prices. Samsung S8 is being sold at 4000 Turkish Liras whereas Apple iphone 7 is being sold at 3300 Turkish liras. But while segmenting a very high price level of a product, as Samsung still produce lower priced and lower segmented products, they also target the lower and middle incomed consumers and as a result they can sell more. MARKET SHARE BRAND VALUE BRAND VALUE FORTUNE GLOBAL BRAND (IDC, 2017) (Interbrand, 2016) (Brandz, 2017) LIST (2015) Apple %14,7 178M$ (1st) 234M$ (2nd) 15th Samsung %23,3 51M$ (7th) 24M$ (37th) 13th Table 5: Samsung and Apple Data Comparison Price has been found to have a significant effect on consumers smart phone purchase decision but Beta value has been found as negative so which means price has a negative effect on consumers smart phone purchase decision. That means as prices increase people don t tend to buy these products. It can be interpreted as no consumer would prefer to buy a product that increases its prices but that kind of analysis cannot be ensured without such an analysis because it both submits a statistical result and even though Apple increases its price range in every single product As mentioned above, Samsung also target lower and middle incomed consumers, they sell at high numbers compared to Apple with a %23,3 market share. It can be easily interpreted that these two firms apply different company strategies. Apple tends to only sell at high price tag and retain high brand image whereas Samsung tries to apply a more balanced strategy where they both try to sell at every price segments and at the same time retaining a high brand image.

22 6 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 To conclude and summarize; brand and price has been found to have a significant effect on consumers smart phone purchase decision. Brand has a positive effect whereas price has a negative effect. Which means as brand attributes increase purchase decision increases and when price increases purchase decision decreases. Examining the sale numbers, these hypotheses are supported by two giant companies sales numbers and apart from this statistical study, brand and price seem to have an effect on each other which can be studied in further studies. References Aaker, Brand Relevance - Making Competitors Irrelevant. Jossey Bass. Blythe, Marketing. Sage Publications. Brown, Top 100 Global Brands Brandz. Business Insider, BlackBerry's share of the global smartphone market is now officially 0%. Dibb, Simkin, Pride and Ferrell, Marketing. London: Cengage Learning. Fortune, Global 500. Iacobucci, Marketing Management. Cengage Learning. Interbrand, Best Global Brands Ranking. International Data Corporation Research, Smartphone Vendor Market Share, 2017 Q1 Hawkins and Mothersbaugh, Consumer Behavior - Building Marketing Strategy. McGraw Hil. Koç, Tüketici davranışı ve pazarlama stratejileri: global ve yerel yaklaşım. Seçkin, 7 th edition. Kotler and Armstrong, Principles of Marketing. Pearson. Newzoo, Top 50 Countries by Smartphone Users and Penetration. Poushter, Smartphone Ownership and Internet Usage Continues to Climb in Emerging Economies. Rajagopal, Brand Management Strategy. Nova Science Publishers. Statista, Number of smartphone users worldwide from 2014 to 2020 (in billions). Taşkın, Pazarlama esasları. Türkmen Kitabevi. Tek, Pazarlama İlkeleri Global yönetimsel yaklaşım türkiye uygulamaları. Beta Yayınevi. 8 th edition. World Bank, World Bank Databank Database.

23 SESSION 1A: Microeconomics 7 Gender Differences, Risk Attitude and Entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan Asst. Prof. Dr. Raziya Abdiyeva (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Dr. Burulcha Sulaimanova (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Asst. Prof. Dr. Kamalbek Karymshakov (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Abstract This study analyses the role of risk attitude for entrepreneurship by gender differences in Kyrgyzstan. Multinomial probit analysis is applied to the data set drawn from the nationally representative survey Life in Kyrgyzstan for Entrepreneurship is measured through the agricultural and non-agricultural sample. Results of the study show that more risk-taking preferences are associated with higher entrepreneurship probability. However, this effect is not persistent for women in further estimations for non-agricultural entrepreneurship sample, while for men higher positive effect of risk loving behavior remains in off-farm self-employment too. 1 Introduction Economic development requires development of entrepreneurship activity in economy. Along with such measures as strengthening legislature for private property rights or development of financial and other infrastructure, individual behavioral characteristics and perceptions are important for self-employment propensity of individuals. Among these behavioral features empirical studies indicate that risk attitude of individuals is important factor for entrepreneurship choice of individuals (Hvide and Panos, 2013; Ekelund et al., 2005; Wagner, 2003). Moreover, majority of the papers revealed gender differentials in risk aversion behavior of individuals. In particularly, it is asserted that women are more risk averse than men (Bruce and Johnson, 1994; Eckel and Grossman, 2008; Al- Ajmi, 2011). Following these empirical findings, it is of particular interest to study the risk tolerance effect on the of entrepreneurship of women. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of risk tolerance by gender on the choice of entrepreneurship in the specific case of Kyrgyzstan. To our best knowledge this study is the first that analyze the relation between risk attitude and entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan. According to the World Bank (2012) 59 percent of women and 75 percent of the male population between 15 and 64 years of age in 2008 were in the labor force. Female labor force participation rates in emerging Europe and Central Asia are near the global average, but the male participation rates are well below the global average. According to the National Statistical Committee (2015) of Kyrgyz Republic in 2014, 45.6 % of women were employed. Most of them are employed in services sectors, such as education, healthcare, real estate etc. In Europe and Central Asia region Kyrgyzstan are among the countries with higher rates of female participation in ownership (World Bank, 2012:66). This study draws on the nationally representative cross-sectional data, where responses of respondents are used as subjective measure of the risk tolerance of individuals. Binary response logit models are applied for empirical estimation. The paper is structured as follows: In the Section 2 literature review on risk tolerance and entrepreneurship, taking into account gender differentials, is given. Section 3 describes data and provides with summary statistics. Section 4 includes empirical methodology and Section 5 discusses results of estimation. Section 6 concludes. 2 Literature Review Risk attitude of individual can affect his/her choices and decisions. Bonin et al. (2007) find that the more risk lover individuals select occupations with higher wages and higher variation in wages. Dohmen and Falk (2005) with complementary laboratory experimental study showed that relatively risk averse workers prefer fixed payments than variable payment schemes such as piece-rate or tournament contracts. More risk lovers are more likely to choose entrepreneurship than wage employment. According to some theoretical and empirical studies (Wagner, 2003; Ekelund et al., 2005) entrepreneurship requires making risky decisions in an uncertain environment. So only those persons who are able to bear higher risks may start as an entrepreneur. From this point of view, the risk attitude of a person is one of the crucial variables in a person s choice between entrepreneurship and a salaried job (Caliendo et al, 2006). Guiso and Paiella (2004) find that less risk averse individuals are more likely to be self-employed. Also several other empirical studies revealed that more risk lover men more inclined to be engaged in entrepreneurship as selfemployed (Hartog et al., 2002; Guiso and Paiella, 2004; Ekelund et al., 2005; Dohmenet al.,2005; Kan and Tsai, 2006; In Soo Cho, 2011). On the other hand, some studies found mixed results related the effect of risk attitude of

24 8 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 individuals on the choice of entrepreneurship. Rosen and Willen (2002) came to conclusion that risk attitude is not a dominant factor in his/her decision to start an own business. Cramer et al. (2002) too could not be confident enough to conclude that there is causality link between risk aversion and entrepreneurial selection of individual. Also, Blanchflower and Oswald (1998) found positive correlation between the wealth status of a person and his/her risk attitude. Generally empirical studies showed that women are more risk averse than men (e.g., Bruce and Johnson, 1994; Hartog et al., 2002; Eckel and Grossman, 2008; Croson and Gneezy, 2009; Al-Ajmi, 2011; Çağlayan and Abdieva, 2014). Charness and Gneezy (2012) found a strong difference in investment behavior across gender and results showed that women make smaller investments in the risky asset than do men, and so appear to be financially more risk averse. Soo Cho (2011) using 1979 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth data and multinominal logit model find that more risk tolerant men are more likely to enter self-employment but they didn t find any significant effect of risk tolerance on women s entrepreneurship. Brody (1993) affirms that in anticipation of negative outcomes, women report more nervousness and fear than men, thus it is logical that women are more risk averse when facing a risky situation. Niederle and Vesterlund (2007) and Soll and Klayman (2004) have found that men are more overconfident than women. According to several studies gender differences in risk attitude is eliminated with experience and profession. Atkinson, Baird and Frye (2003) analyzed mutual fund managers and didn t found gender differences in the way funds are managed in terms of performance and risk. Johnson and Powell (1994) found differences among the non-managerial population, but did not observe such differences in the managerial population (managers and potential managers with management education). There are several studies focusing risk attitude and gender relationship in Kyrgyzstan case. Çağlayan and Abdieva (2014) investigated risk tolerance of individual investors in Kyrgyzstan case. Using multinomial logit model they found that men are more risk lovers than women in Kyrgyzstan. When the age increases people become less risk lover. Having non-wage income increases taking risk and increases in the rate of investment. The findings also indicate that income has a positive effect on the risk tolerance. Abdieva et al. (2015) analyzed the determinants of the risk tolerance in Kyrgyzstan. The results of multinomial probit models showed that men more willing to take risk and that as the age increases individuals become risk-averse. Increasing income and education level has a positive effect on the risk taking decision of the individual. The regional distribution of risk tolerance of individuals shows that individuals living in rural areas and in south region are more likely to be in risk-averse category. Results of study by Esenaliev and Anderson (2015) on gender wage gap in Kyrgyzstan showed that the level of gender wage gap is 24-30%, and risk attitude is used as one of the possible factors for explaining this. Although these studies explore empirical evidence on risk attitude by gender and raise its importance as potential factor for wage earnings differentials, to our best knowledge studies did not focus on the risk attitude and entrepreneurship activities by gender in case of Kyrgyzstan. This paper aims to fill this gap. 3 Methodology The decision of individual to be entrepreneur has binary response character, which calls for using binary response Logit models, which are conditional on individual and household characteristics. Formally, model is given below (Wooldridge, 2005): P(y i = 1 x i ) = G(β 0 + β 1 x β k x k ) = G(β 0 + xβ) (1) G(z) = exp(z) = Λ(z) (2) [1 + exp(z)] where G is the logistic function. y i is the discrete dependent variable, taking values of zero or one, showing the probability of individual to be entrepreneur; x i is the vector of variables at individual level, which includes individual s age, marital status and education level and household levels variables, which includes household composition, expenditure level, regional characteristics (for detailed description of variables see Table A.1. in appendix). Occupational choices of individuals are based on their employment status given in the questionnaire. It should be noted that in this paper entrepreneurship is measured in a broad sense and those who indicate their wage employment as the own-account worker are grouped as the entrepreneurs. However, this broad definition of entrepreneurship may give biased results, since in most of the developing countries not all own-account working activities can be considered as entrepreneurship. As Karymshakov et al. (2016) note in Kyrgyzstan members of household who own land are considered as own-account workers. In this case it appears that even if individuals just work as family worker in agriculture with low productivity, they may be considered as own-account workers. Therefore, working in agriculture as own-account worker may not have characteristics of entrepreneurs. This fact raises the necessity for measurement of entrepreneurship in in-farm and off-farm sector. Following this issue we estimate the model by agriculture and non-agriculture sector.

25 SESSION 1A: Microeconomics 9 In the dataset Life in Kyrgyzstan for 2011 used for this study, there is a special section on subjective well-being of individual, where individual is asked particular question on how they asses their risk tolerance, as person who is fully willing to take risks or a person avoiding taking risks, which is measured from 0 to 10. The answer for this question is taken as the main explanatory variable. From these answers three categories of risk tolerance are formed: risk-averse individuals (from 0 to 3), risk-neutral (from 4 to 6) and risk-lovers (from 7 to 10). 4 Data and Descriptive Statistics In this study the risk attitude and gender behavior impact on entrepreneurial decision is investigated based on the second wave of "Life in Kyrgyz Republic" survey data, which was conducted by DIW Berlin in collaboration of Humboldt University of Berlin, the Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE-Kyrgyz Republic), and the American University of Central Asia (AUCA) in This survey includes wide range information both on individual and household level and representative at the national level. The table 1 describes the main individual and household characteristics both for men and women. The total amount of observation is equal to individuals between ages, where % are women. The mean age of sample is years, and there is no significant difference in ages between genders. While marital status of women is higher than men, showing that women have more propensities to be married rather than men. The education attainment shows that both men and women more likely to have basic or secondary education, while men more likely to have technical education and women more inclined to have tertiary education. Total sample Men Women Obs. % Obs. % Obs. % Individual characteristics: Age (mean) Marital status (1=married) Education level: - Basic or secondary Technical Tertiary Risk attitude: - Risk lover Risk neutral Risk averse Household characteristics: Household size (mean) Children ratio (0-5 years) (mean) Expenditure per capita (mean) Residence (1=rural) Regions: - North South Central Table 1. Descriptive Statistics Source: LIK 2011 data The risk attitude indicators show that % and % of men and women count their self as risk lovers respectively, while % and % of men and women report their self as risk-averse person. Precisely, men more likely to take risk rather than women do. The household characteristics do not display gender differences, and in general the average household size consist of 5 people, the ratio of children in the household with respect to household size is around 0.11 and total expenditure per capita in household is around 38 thousand soms. More than half of individuals reside in rural areas and most of observation comes from south regions, which are highly populated. 5 Estimation Results The estimation results for entrepreneurial decision of the individual are given in the Table 2. Almost all estimated parameters have expected signs. The primary variable of interest, the impact of risk attitude of individual on decision to be entrepreneur shows that risk lovers more likely to be self-employed, and that there is significant gender difference on impact of risk attitude on labor supply decision. Thus, risk-lover women more likely to be entrepreneur, but this effect is not significant in further estimations by agricultural and non-agricultural samples. Women with risk averse preferences have less probability to be entrepreneur in non-agricultural sector. Interestingly, risk effect for men is more evident in non-agricultural sector. Risk lover men show higher probability

26 10 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 to be entrepreneur in non-agricultural sector, while in agricultural sector it shows negative effect. Moreover, the risk averse preferences have less negative effect for off-farm entrepreneurship for men. There is statistically significant impact of age on the individuals decision to engage in entrepreneurial activities, thus with increase of age individual more likely to be entrepreneur, however after definite ages this probability decreases. Generally marital status of individual is positively correlated with decision to be entrepreneur, while there is no significance of marital status on entrepreneurs working in agricultural sector, especially if they are women. The educational level of individual shows that, with higher education individuals more likely to be working in other occupation types. While having technical or tertiary education do not present any impact on decision of individual to be self-employed in agricultural sector. The household composition has twofold impact on entrepreneurship. While the size of household does not influence the entrepreneurship, the ratio of children (0-5 years) with respect to the total size of household size impacts the decision of individuals of men and women differently. Hence with increase of children ratio the probability of men to be self-employed is increasing, while for women is decreasing. The per capita expenditure level of household has significant influence on individual decision to be entrepreneur in non-agricultural sector and general positive correlation with women decision to engage in self-employment both in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The residence of household in rural area is increasing the probability of individual to be self-employed in agricultural sector rather than in non-agricultural sector. Moreover, the regional characteristics of household show that individuals from north area more likely to be working in own account in agricultural sector, while in south region individuals more likely to conduct theirselves to selfemployment in non-agricultural sector. Total sample Agricultural sector Non-agricultural sector Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Individual characteristics Age 0.04*** 0.061*** 0.021*** 0.054*** 0.067*** 0.021* 0.028*** 0.038*** 0.016*** Age squared *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Marital status (1=married) 0.045*** 0.132*** 0.030** ** *** 0.095*** 0.019* Education level: - Technical *** * Tertiary *** *** *** *** *** * Household characteristics Household size * *** 0.008* 0.004** Children ratio (0-5 years) ** ** 0.337*** 0.324** * * Expenditure per capita ** ** 0.035*** 0.058*** 0.016** Residence (1=rural) 0.049*** 0.109*** *** 0.178* *** ** *** Regions: - North 0.010*** 0.243*** *** 0.255*** South 0.058*** 0.102*** 0.025** *** *** 0.088*** 0.015* Risk attitude: - Risk lover 0.055*** ** *** *** 0.046** Risk averse *** *** *** ** ** *** ** *** No. of Obs LR chi *** 621.7*** 188.9*** 291.7*** 324.9*** 37.1*** *** *** *** Log likelihood Pseudo R *,** and *** show statistical significance at the 10, 5 and 1% level, respectively. For coefficient estimates of the models see the table in Appendix Table A.2 6 Conclusion Table 2. Logit Estimation Results for Entrepreneurship (Marginal Effect Estimates) Development of entrepreneurship activities for developing countries is important long-term objectives, which may depend on many factors ranging from government policies to other formal measures. Along with these factors, individual risk-tolerance characteristics are important for carrying out entrepreneurial activities. The objective of this paper was to study the impact of risk tolerance over the entrepreneurship by focusing on the gender and non-agricultural sector of employment. This study applied binary response techniques on the large nationally representative cross-sectional data. In general, estimation results showed that individual preferences for taking more risk have positive effect over the entrepreneurship. However, further estimations by gender and non-

27 SESSION 1A: Microeconomics 11 agricultural sector revealed that women entrepreneurship in off-farm sectors is not associated with risk loving behavior. However, the effect of risk loving over the entrepreneurship remains in non-agricultural sector for men. Thus, although risk tolerance important for entrepreneurship, this effect may not be strong through all sector of employment and among men and women. Especially these results suggest that agricultural and non-agricultural measurement of entrepreneurial activities should be taken into account in order to have the true picture of entrepreneurship. For more comprehensive exploration of the relationship between risk tolerance and entrepreneurship further studies may test the reverse causality changes in risk preferences after being entrepreneur. Findings of this paper to some extent underline the fact that women entrepreneurship in off-farm sector of employment in Kyrgyzstan case is limited. Therefore, development of entrepreneurial activities among women in off-farm sector requires in priority government policies oriented supporting women self-employment. References Abdieva, R., Karymshakov, K. and B. Sulaimanova, Determinants of Risk Tolerance: Empirical Evidence from Kyrgyzstan, Annual Life in Kyrgyzstan Conference, 1-2 October 2015, Bishkek Al-Ajmi, J. Y Risk Tolerance of Individual Investors in an Emerging Market. Journal of Risk and Diversification. ISSN Issue 2. Atkinson, S. M., Baird, S. B. and Frye, M. B Do female mutual fund managers manage differently? Journal of Financial Research, 26(1), Blanchflower, D., and A. Oswald, What makes an Entrepreneur? Journal of Labor Economics, 16, Bonin, H., Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., and Sunde, U. (2007) Cross-sectional earnings risk and occupational sorting: The role of risk attitudes, Labour Economics, 14, Brody, L. R. (1993). On understanding gender differences in the expression of emotions. In Human Feeling: Explorations in Affect Development and Meaning, ed. S. L. Ablon, D. Brown, E. J. Khantzian and J. E. Mack, (pp ). Hillsdale, N.J.: Analytic Press. Bruce, A. and Johnson, J., 1994, "Male and female betting behavior: new perspectives, Journal of Gambling Studies 10, Çağlayan, E. and R. Abdieva How s the Risk Tolerance of Individual Investors in Kyrgyzstan?, Asian Economic and Financial Review, Volume 4, Number 3, p Caliendo, M., Fossen F. and Kritikos, A Risk Attitudes of Nascent Entrepreneurs: New Evidence from an Experimentally-Validated Survey, IZA DP No. 2168, DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES, Forschungsinstitutzur Zukunft der Arbeit, Institute for the Study of Labor, June. Charness, G. and U., Gneezy, Strong Evidence for Gender Differences in Risk Taking, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 83:50-58 Cramer, J., J. Hartog, N. Jonker, and C. Van Praag Low Risk Aversion encourages the choice for entrepreneurchip: an empirical test of a truism, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 48, Croson, R., Gneezy, U Gender Diferences in Preferences, Journal of Economic Literature, 47, Dohmen, T., A. Falk, D. Huffman, U. Sunde, J. Schupp, and W. Wagner (2005): Individual Risk Attitudes: New Evidence from a Large, Representative, Experimentally-Validated Survey, IZA Discussion Paper, Dohmen, T., and A. Falk Performance Pay and Sorting Productivity, Preferences and Gender, IZA Working Paper. Eckel, C.C., Grossman, P.J Forecasting Risk Attitudes: An Experimental Study Using Actual and Forecast Gamble Choices, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 68: 1-17 Ekelund, J., E. Johansson, M.-R.J arvelin, and D. Lichtermann, Self-Employment and Risk Aversion - Evidence from Psychological Test Data, Labour Economics, 12(5), Gary Charness and Uri Gneezy, Strong Evidence for Gender Differences in Risk Taking, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,83: Guiso, L., Paiella, M The Role of Risk Aversion in Predicting Individual Behavior, CEPR Discussion Paper, 4591 Hans K. Hvide and Georgios A. Panos, Risk Tolerance and Entrepreneurship, IZA Discussion Paper No February

28 12 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 Hartog, J., Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A., Jonker, N Linking Measured Risk Aversionto Individual Characteristics, Kyklos, 55, 3-26 In Soo Cho, 2011.Do Gender Differences in Risk Preferences Explain Gender Differences in Labor Supply, Earnings or Occupational Choice? Working Paper No , December, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Economics. Johnson, J. E. and Powell, P. L., Decision making, risk and gender: are managers different?, British Journal of Management, 5(2), Kan, K. and Tsai, W., Entrepreneurship and risk aversion, Small business economics, 26, Karymshakov, K., Abdieva, R., Sulaimanova, B., & Sultakeev, K., Remittances impact on youth labour supply: evidence from Kyrgyzstan ( No. PEP) National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic, Women and Men in Kyrgyz Republic, years (in Russian). Niederle, M. and Vesterlund, L., Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much?, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), Rosen, H., and P. Willen, Risk, Return and Self-employment, Discussion Paper, University of Princeton. Soll, J. B. and Klayman, J., Overconfidence in interval estimates, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 30(2), Wagner, J The Impact of Personal Characteristics and the Regional Milieu on the Transition from Unemployment to Self-Employment: Empirical Evidence for Germany, Jahrb ucherf urnational okonomie und Statistik, 223(2), Wooldridge, J. M., Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. World Bank, Sarosh Sattar. Opportunities for Men and Women: Emerging Europe and Central Asia Women in Entrepreneurship, Chapter three Women Entrepreneurship

29 SESSION 1A: Microeconomics 13 Matrix Management Approach and a Survey Research in the Industry Asst. Prof. Dr. Ceren Gül Artuner (Beykent University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Erdoğan Taşkın (Beykent University, Turkey) Abstract This academic research aims to determine the approach of the employees in different organizations to the matrix management style. Although the practice of matrix management style is quite difficult and its implementation costs are high, the main reasons of its adoption by the managers are discussed. In this research, the facts of establishing effective and reliable communication with all of the employees in an enterprise, working as efficient teams, the interrelation among the teams, solving problems as a team as well as receiving education for conflict resolution and ensuring cooperation among people while maintaining the values of the enterprises are investigated. In addition, the attitude of the managers in the performance of important tasks towards prioritizing knowledge and competence rather than authority and line relationships, the establishment of an integral and equitable performance evaluation system, the existence of a consistent information flow and a multidimensional accounting are inquired. Besides, by the integration of the conflict management process into the planning process, the use of the appropriate planning software, and clearly defining the tasks with all the details and responsibilities involved, the building-up of needed connections to do the work and at the same time, which add value to the work, are evaluated. 1 Introduction While the external environment of an enterprise is changing especially in the terms of competition and technology, its internal structure has to adapt to these changes. A huge, complex and international enterprise with a functional structure where the line relationships are defined traditionally and where the departments are organized in an interlinked manner as production management, finance, human relations, management information systems, research and development has experiences more difficulties to adapt to the external environment. Particularly, in the case of enterprises which have numerous projects and a wide range of products, the matrix organization structure is outstanding as the most suitable option for many years among the long existing organizational structures. Matrix structure is a form of departmentalization or organizational design in an enterprise. The recent evolutions in the means of communication, the introduction of sophisticated technologies and an increase in the practice of project management has reinforced the frequency of use and applications of matrix organization type (Dylon et al., 2016) However, the most important challenges experienced in applying the matrix structure are the fact of reporting of an employee to more than one manager and the practice of cross working between different teams. As products are getting more complex and customers increase in number, most of the companies tend to refer to teamwork (Johnson and Geal, 2016; Kotler and Armstrong, 2016). Contemporary communication means has transformed the companies in a drastic manner. The managers are taking advantage of the communication means more intensely during the planning, implementation and control activities. Matrix structure is providing efficiency during the exercise of management functions (Joyce, 1986; Gunn, 2013). Acquiring knowledge of developing technologies is facilitating the economic struggle of a country. All of the large companies operating with restrained abilities and limited financial resources must ultimately benefit from the matrix organization structure in order to carry out production efficiently, to take advantage from specialization, to be distinguished from its competitors in the market, to augment its sales, to utilize efficient technologies, to adapt to the environment and to realize its goals and objectives (Kingdon, 1973; Erdoğan, 1997). 2 The Importance of the Matrix Structure During the 2nd World War, the matrix structure was used for the first time in order to benefit from the experiences of talented engineers and to produce complex guns and war tools, but it cannot be a remedy for resolving all the problems concerning the contemporary organizations structure (Numerof and Abrams, 2002). In the post war period, project management has been widely used in different industries like pharmaceutics, construction, naval construction and aeronautics all along with defense and spatial industries. The introduction of new production techniques and the adoption of new practices in various fields required the careful implementation of matrix structure in global enterprises in today s civilized world. In addition, matrix structure is commonly used in defense industry in Turkey (Pretorius and Taylor, 1986; Gunn, 2013; Baysak, 2016).

30 14 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 In times of economic fluctuations where societal transformations were occurring and customers expectations were shifting, the managers used the matrix organization structure as a flexible and dynamic mean to adapt to the ongoing changes (Shreiber and Rosenberg, 2015). Matrix structure is not a classical organization type or old fashioned departmentalization style where the job description of all of the employees are strictly and clearly determined in advance (Peters, 1979). This contemporary form could be adopted by the management with a fresh and different look to the departments, employees and the ongoing works in the company. The employees do not have to consider their tasks in a restricted manner squeezed in a predetermined organizational structure. Indeed, matrix structure requires every manager and employee to see his / her task from a broader point of view and to attach importance to the ultimate details while performing it (Kolodny, 1979). In fact, the matrix structure is not only an organizational structure but also a managerial thinking system and consists of building shared values. It also means creating a common point of view among the employees, augmenting the workforces efficiency and ensuring its efficient functioning, together with integrating the management s efforts and succeeding the needed change and transformation (Barlett and Ghoshal, 1990). In the fully developed large-scale global company, product or business, function, area and customer know-how are simultaneously focused on the organization s world-wide marketing objectives. This type of total competence is a matrix organization. Management s task in the matrix organization is to achieve an organizational balance that brings together different perspectives and skills to accomplish the organization s objectives (Keegan and Green, 2013). In mighty organizations with a considerable number of employees, producing on a big scale and targeting a variety of markets, rethinking to organize different departments like marketing communication, product management, production, data processing, research and development in an integrated matrix organizational structure would facilitate the accomplishment of goals of the company as a whole (Burton et al., 2015). A company has to have some apparent skills in order to adopt and implement the matrix organization structure as a management concept in a successful manner. In the context of this research, the opinions of employees in different organizations concerning the level of the apparent institutional skills required for a successful implementation of matrix structure is asked. Undoubtedly, other institutional properties are also needed for the success of a matrix structure application in the practice. However, this research is analyzing the traits or particularities of companies who adopted a matrix structure with reference to sixteen questions. Matrix structure does not mean solely a change in the organizational structure, but it also involves a change of paradigm at every managerial level. In order to ensure this change, favorable conditions for learning and training opportunities must be created for the employees. People who would carry these efforts in the company, especially those who are in key positions and the managers supposed to bring about this change must have excellent communication skills. The thoughts and the actions as well as the performance of this workforce must traverse the company s actual boundaries (Galbraith, 1971; Galbraith, 2009; Gunn, 2013). 3 The Problems Encountered and Their Solutions Contemporary organizations have to cope first with a lot of problems in order to accomplish their goals and to survive. The nature of the products and services introduced to the market are getting more and more complex. In addition to that, customers are asking for more integrated services. There is a considerable constraint on minimizing the costs. However, the talented and experienced employees are hard to find. Most of the time, the management reveals to be inadequate in satisfying the employees expectations, in establishing a flawless communication, in giving an account of its actions and in making powerful decisions. In such a case, a matrix structure may offer new solutions to the above mentioned problems by handling them more carefully (Numerof and Abrams, 2002). If there is growing conflict between the teams and the team leaders, a need for a more flexible teamwork, the work performed by the employees doesn t serve to the realization of the main objectives of the organization, the managers can t manage their subordinates without referring to their authorities, there exists general optimization problems throughout the organization, the resources are not exploited at the optimum level, the organization becomes more complex and gets hard to manage, the goals must be adjusted more quickly and more simply, the planned projects take more time to be implemented strategically and the production time gets longer, rumors and blaming others becomes familiar among the employees, some employees are fired but it doesn t contribute to the solving of the problems, there s only a few persons who are doing their best while the others are reluctant for working, there s no innovation, the organization may need to be restructured in an effective manner. Briefly, if the contemporary organizations managers are willing to cope with these problems in an efficient and effective way, they have to learn about matrix structure and implement it. In an integrated manner with the global economic system, the companies whose targeted customers are not loyal to any product nor service are trying to adapt themselves to a continuously changing environment. They may reshape their organizations according to the matrix

31 SESSION 1A: Microeconomics 15 structure in order to realize their strategies, to ensure a powerful leadership, to take profit from teamwork, to reach the top, to change the game s rules and to achieve their competitive transformation (Martin, 2013). Needless to say that the matrix organization type is not a remedy for all the diseases. There is a need in the organizations for a more creative managerial view, which detects and identifies the problems from a broader perspective instead of criticizing all. The hiring of talented workforce to the company, their training, leading, assigning them in appropriate teams and projects could grow the matrix organization s success. In the enterprise, all the managers perform their most key tasks based on knowledge and competence, not according to their line authority. The power rests on knowledge and competence in the company. The high-ranking persons in the company are accustomed to impress the employees by practice without referring to their line authorities. A complete and equitable performance appraisal is put into practice trough the organization. The company spares time to measure all the different performance types, both quantitative and qualitative. The workforce and the management resolves effectively the arising problems together. The companies are developing the principles and values, which would encourage the cooperative problem solving. The workforce reacts to the arising problems as: How can I contribute to the solution of this problem? Instead of That doesn t concern me! In an effective matrix structure, it is not acceptable to blame anyone for the coming out problems. The management follows the company s conduct by consulting the employees in the whole organization regularly. Like every organizational structure, matrix management style has also its weaknesses and its strengths. Planning management and human resources department have to assume this responsibility. Especially, people who are reporting to more than one superior must be followed closely. People who has something to say must be heard in private sessions or they must have to be part of focus groups. It is also proven by a research that, for the sake of the company s future, the following of such precautions is extremely important (Galbraith, 2009). 4 Materials and Methods The aim of this academic study is to determine the matrix organization type management perception of the managers. Throughout the research, we have referred to the capabilities that a company needs to successfully execute a matrix organization. The discussion of these capabilities are spread throughout the survey. The survey can test how effective the leaders believe the company is at executing the capability. The following scale are the competencies and capabilities necessary for executing a matrix, and these are that we research for in effective matrix organization under twelve headings: 1. The company possesses high social capital or no silos. As the elements of a reliable workforce, a high level of communication is established with all the employees. As the most important feature of the matrix organization, formal or informal communication with every employee working for the company must be established in a reliable and straightforward manner (Burns and Wholey, 1993). 2. All the workforce work within the boundaries of the enterprise as effective teams. Matrix structure is naturally based on teamwork. The team players and the leaders identify the problems, discuss on them and work together to solve them. That is why the teams are working in a cross-borders, cross-companies and cross-functions manner (Davis and Lawrence, 1978). 3. Every team works in an interlinked manner with the others in the company. The teams operating in a matrix structure are linked to the others in different ways and in various domains. The planning process is driven with the team and the estimations or the prospective problems are communicated to the management (Kinor and Francis, 2016). 4. The workforce had a training as a team on problem solving and conflict management skills. All the teams within the matrix structure face conflicts and disparities. In order to resolve those conflicts and to perform better, the workforce needs similar skills and common processes (Spencer and Cox, 1995). 5. The most important task of the managers is to ensure the habitual cooperation and to protect the values. The company chooses the employees who would succeed in a matrix structure, hires them, train them, coaches them and promotes them (Brown and Agnew, 1982; Galbraith, 2009). 6. Continuous information flow and multidimensional accounting practices exist in order to measure the performance in the organization. The company can measure all of the dimensions of the matrix functioning with profit-loss charts and can use them to take decisions. All those data are made accessible to the teams planning and implementing the work to be done (Galbraith, 2009). 7. The planning process is at the same time a conflict resolution process. Planning is also an organizational process aiming to resolve the existing conflicts (Galbraith, 2009). 8. The company s management uses the appropriate planning software to effect the necessary alignments for doing the work. The teams using multidimensional accounting system do the planning which ends by the definition of goals and objectives (Galbraith, 2009). 9. Leaders build relationships required to do the work and which add value to the workforce. Leaders organize a variety of activities, work the employees alternately and arrange training activities, which

32 16 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 create value. Developing the cross-relationships effectively in its own unit is evaluated positively in the performance appraisal of a manager (Galbraith, 2009). 10. Leadership means communicating entirely to the employees their tasks, responsibilities and the required details to do the work. In order to preserve the matrix structure, the manager should give an account of important details concerning the responsibilities and tasks designated to the workforce. Within the context of a team, people to do the work, to implement the decisions, to give an account of the results of a decision or of an activity as well as people to consult or to provide with knowledge must be predefined elaborately (Galbraith, 2009). 11. The actual work processes and the problems are defined altogether in the enterprise. The problems are defined and solved cooperatively. The different work processes or prospective problems are brought to the leadership team. Most of the time, a planning process gather them and fixes the priorities (Larson and Gobeli, 1987). 12. A strong leadership team sets a good example for all of the employees. The leadership in the matrix organization, particularly the top management looks like a team sport. Substantial difficulties encountered during the performance of a work is transmitted to the top management. The top management must set a good example for the employees in dealing with tricky situations and resolving the embarrassing problems (Bazigos and Harter, 2015; Sy and d Annunzio, 2005). Orientation Main Category: (1) The company possesses high social capital or no silos. (2) People work effectively in teams across organizational boundaries. (3) People are trained in the skills of team problem solving and conflict management. Communication Main Category: (4) The teams are interconnected. (5) Managers in the key roles are naturally collaborative, and they live in values. (6) The leadership builds networks and values networkers. (7) The leadership ensures that roles, responsibilities, and interfaces are clearly defined. (8) Joint escalation processes are known and used intelligently. (9) A strong leadership team sets the example. Coordination Main Category: (10) There are multidimensional accounting systems to track multidimensional performance. (11) The planning process is also the conflict resolution process. (12) There is a spreadsheet planning process that aligns the goals of the dimensions of the matrix. These properties are further classified under three categories, which will form our dependent variables in the context of this research: The communication, orientation and coordination levels perceived by the managers. The independent variables are classified under four headings: The managerial position, the age of the manager, the size of the organization, and the educational level of the managers. Briefly, the variability in the perception of the managers towards the matrix organization structure regarding twelve competency and capability features organized under three main groups required to form the matrix organization structure are measured using one-way variance analysis ANOVA. The one-way ANOVA is considered a robust test against the normality assumption. This means that it tolerates violations to its normality assumption rather well (McClave, Sincich, 2006). Within the context of this research, first, one sample T-Test is applied. The test value is obtained as 1. The P (significance) value is 0. < 0.05 is the rejection area of the H0 hypothesis. So, the H0 hypothesis is rejected and H1 hypothesis is accepted. H0 : The managers cannot perceive matrix organization type management properties in the enterprises they are working in. H1 : The managers can perceive matrix organization type management properties in the enterprises they are working in. In all the companies we have examined, the perception level regarding the matrix organization type management of the managers are similar. Sum of Squares Grding df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 1,697 4,424,417,796 Within Groups 131, ,018 Total 133, Table 1. Relationship between Orientation and Managerial Position The relationship between orientation variable and managerial position is insignificant (0.796 > 0.05). The managerial position of the manager does not affect the orientation in the enterprise.

33 SESSION 1A: Microeconomics 17 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 5, ,729 1,758,158 Within Groups 127, ,983 Total 133, Table 2. Relationship between Orientation and Educational Level The relationship between orientation variable and educational level is insignificant (0.158 > 0.05). The educational level of the manager does not affect the orientation in the enterprise. Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups,917 2,458,455,636 Within Groups 132, ,008 Total 133, Table 3. Relationship between Orientation and Age The relationship between orientation and the age of the manager is insignificant (0.636 > 0.05). The age of the manager does not affect the orientation in the enterprise. Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups,963 3,321,316,814 Within Groups 132, ,016 Total 133, Table 4. Relationship between Orientation and the Size of the Organization The relationship between orientation and the size of the organization is insignificant (0.814 > 0.05). The size of the organization does not affect the orientation in the enterprise. Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 9, ,199 3,370,021 Within Groups 123, ,949 Total 133, Table 5. Relationship between Coordination and the Size of the Organization The relationship between coordination and the size of the organization is significant (0.021< 0.05). When the organization s size is larger, there is more tendency towards a positive perception of coordination function in the enterprise. Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 1,204 3,401,396,756 Within Groups 131, ,014 Total 133, Table 6. Relationship between Coordination and the Educational Level of the Employee The relationship between coordination and the educational level of the manager is insignificant (0.756 > 0.05). The educational level of the manager does not affect the coordination in the enterprise. Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 1,687 4,422,414,798 Within Groups 131, ,018 Total 133, Table 7. Relationship between Coordination and Managerial Position The relationship between coordination and managerial position is insignificant (0.798 > 0.05). The managerial position of the manager does not affect the coordination in the enterprise.

34 18 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 2, ,222 1,226,297 Within Groups 130, ,997 Total 133, Table 8. Relationship between Coordination and Age The relationship between coordination and the age of the manager is insignificant (0.297 > 0.05). The age of the manager does not affect the coordination in the enterprise. Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 1,046 3,349,343,794 Within Groups 131, ,015 Total 133, Table 9. Relationship between Communication and the Size of the Organization The relationship between communication and the size of the organization is insignificant (0.794 > 0.05). The size of the organization does not affect the communication in the enterprise. Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 1,906 3,635,630,597 Within Groups 131, ,008 Total 133, Table 10. Relationship between Communication and the Educational Level of the Employee The relationship between communication and the educational level of the manager is insignificant (0.597 > 0.05). The educational level of the manager does not affect the communication in the enterprise. Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 5, ,272 1,283,280 Within Groups 127, ,992 Total 133, Table 11. Relationship between Communication and the Managerial Position of the Employee The relationship between communication and the managerial position of the manager is insignificant (0.280 > 0.05). The managerial position of the manager does not affect the communication in the organization. Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 5, ,822 2,903,058 Within Groups 127, ,972 Total 133, Table 12. Relationship between Communication and Age The relationship between communication and the age of the manager is significant (0.058 = 0.05). As the manager grows older and gets more experienced, he / she perceives more positively the communication in the enterprise. Managerial Size of The Age Educational Level Position Organization Communication Positive Correlation Irrelevant Irrelevant Irrelevant Coordination Irrelevant Irrelevant Irrelevant Positive Correlation Orientation Irrelevant Irrelevant Irrelevant Irrelevant Table 13. One-Way ANOVA Comparisons

35 SESSION 1A: Microeconomics 19 5 Discussion This survey is effectuated with the managers of companies operating in different sectors. In sum, 134 managers have participated to this research. Therefore, in the future, this research has to be reconducted with the managers of companies operating in a specific industry s context. Consequently, the data obtained from this new study could be compared with the results of the present research. 6 Conclusion As the organization gets larger, the age of the manager is affecting more the inclination towards the matrix organization management type. There are three sub-dimensions identified. (1) The communication function. (2) The coordination function. (3) The orientation function. According to the factor analysis, we defined the Cronbach Alpha Coefficient for each of these sub-dimensions as follows: (1) Communication: (2) Coordination: (3) Orientation: Tukey HSD and Bonferroni post-hoc tests are also applied to clarify the relationship between the size of the organization and the perceived coordination function. According to the Bonferroni test, it can be inferred that in local organizations, the perceived coordination is weaker than the regional organizations (the p value (significance) is in local organizations, while it is 1,000 in regional ones). It has been recorded a 10 % difference between national and regional organizations: It is estimated that the perceived coordination is 10 % weaker in national organizations than in the regional ones. Besides, the perceived coordination in regional organizations is 5% weaker than in local organizations. So we can state that the perceived coordination level is as follows according to the size of the organizations: Local > Regional > National. All along with that, according to the Bonferroni test applied to identify the age of the manager and perceived communication level variables, we have assessed that, between the managers who are years old and the managers who are years old, there is a 10 % increase in the perception level, while between the managers who are years old and the managers who are years old, there is an increase of 5 % in the perception level. Thus, we can assume that, as the managerial experience increases, an increase in the tendency towards the matrix organization type management is recorded. Furthermore, the tendency towards simultaneous treatment of work processes to be defined and problems to be solved, the cooperation degree of the management and the workforce in solving the problems all along with the follow-up of the company s actual position by getting continuous feedback from the employees contacting them regularly and leading them by giving examples are observed and measured. Additionally, the opinion of the employees concerning the change in the management view, their assessments and evaluations are taken into consideration. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Hakan Bal, Bahattin Sinsoysal, and Barış Batuhan Geçit for help with the tables. References Amy Kates and Greg Kesler, Activate the Matrix for Integration, People and Strategy, Volume 36 Issue 1, pp.6-7. Barry Johnson and Mandy Geal, January Matrix Management, Training Journal, pp Brent Durbin, 23 Sep Matrix Organization, Britannica Online, Christopher A. Barlett and Sumantra Ghoshal, July-August Matrix Management: Not a Structure, a Frame of Mind, Harvard Business Review, Volume 68 Issue 4, pp Donald Ralph Kingdon, Matrix Organization Managing Information Technologies; Organizations, People, Society, Tavistock Publications, London. Dylon Moodley and Margie Sutherland, Pieter Pretorius, Comparing the Power and Influence of Functional Managers with that of Project Managers in Matrıx Organisations: the Challenge in Duality of Command, South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, Volume 19 Issue 1, pp Erik W. Larson and David H. Gobeli, Summer, Matrix Management: Contradictions and Insights, California Management Review, Volume 29 Issue 4, pp

36 20 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 F. I. H. Pretorius, and R. G. Taylor, September Conflict and Individual Coping Behaviour in Informal Matrix Organizations within the Construction Industry, Construction Management and Economics, Volume 4 Issue 2, pp Feridun Baysak, SASAD, 29 September Interview with General Secretary of Defense and Aviation Industry Manufacturers Association, Ankara. Harvey F. Kolodny, October Evolution to a Matrix Organization, Academy of Management Review. Volume 4 Issue 4, pp James T. McClave and Terry Sincich, Statistics, Tenth International Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, England. Jay R. Galbraith, Designing Matrix Organizations That Actually Work: How IBM, Procter & Gamble, and Others Design for Success, The Jossey-Bass Business and Management Series, San Francisco. Jay R. Galbraith, February Matrix Organization Designs, Business Horizons, Volume 14 Issue 1, pp John L. Brown and Neil McK. Agnew, November/December The Balance of Power in a Matrix Structure, Business Horizons, Volume 25 Issue 6, pp Lawton Burns and Douglas Wholey, February Adoption and Abandonment of Matrix Management Programs: Effects of Organizational Characteristics and Interorganizational Networks, Academy of Management Journal, Volume 36 Issue 1, pp Len Kinor and Ed Francis, February 2016, Navigating Matrix Management, Leadership Excellence Essentials, Volume 33 Issue 2, pp M. S. Spencer and J. F. Cox, May An Analysis of the Product-Process Matrix and Repetitive Manufacturing, International Journal of Production Research, Volume 33 Issue 5, pp Michael Bazigos, and James Harter, Revisiting the Matrix Organization, McKinsey Quarterly, Issue 4, pp Nick Shreiber and Mike Rosenberg, How to Make the Matrix Work, IESE Insight, 3rd Quarter, Issue 26, pp Paula K. Martin, Matrix Management Reinvented- The New Game in Town, International Matrix Management Publishing, USA. Peter F. Drucker, Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices, Harper and Row Publishing, New York. Richard Burton and M.Børge Obel, Dorthe Døjbak Håkonsson, 2015, How to Get the Matrix Organization to Work, Journal of Organization Design, Volume 4 Issue 3, pp Richard Lepsinger, Influencing In A Team, February Leadership Excellence Essentials, Volume 33 Issue 2, pp Rita E. Numerof and Michael N. Abrams, Summer Matrix Management: Recipe for Chaos?, Directors and Boards, Volume 26 Issue 4, pp Ronald A. Gunn, 2013.Matrix Management Success-Method Not Magic, Infinity Publishing, USA. Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong, Principles of Marketing, Sixteenth Global Edition, Pearson Education, England, Stanley M. Davis and Paul R. Lawrence, May/June, Problems of Matrix Organizations, Harvard Business Review, Volume 56 Issue 3, pp Thomas Sy and Laura Sue D'Annunzio, Challenges and Strategies of Matrix Organizations: Top- Level and Mid-Level Managers' Perspectives, Human Resource Planning, Volume 28 Issue 1, pp Tom Peters, 20 September Beyond the Matrix Organization, McKinsey Quarterly, Septemper 1979/ Warren J. Keegan and Mark C. Green, 2013.Global Marketing, Seventh Global Edition, Pearson, England. William F. Joyce, September Matrix Organization: A Social Experiment, Academy of Management Journal, Volume 29 Issue 3, pp

37 SESSION 2A: Growth & Development 21 Seasonal Cointegration Approach on Expenditure Based Gross Domestic Product and Its Some Sub-Components for Turkey Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özmen (Çukurova University, Turkey) Ph.D. Candidate Sera Şanlı (Çukurova University, Turkey) Abstract In this study, it has been aimed to investigate the existence of co-integration relationship between quarterly gross domestic product (GDP), final consumption expenditures of resident households (CONS), exports of goods and services (EXP), government final consumption expenditures (GOV) and private sector machinery-equipment (PRIEQ) series for the period 1998Q1-2014Q4 for Turkey. Since, Engle and Granger (1987) cointegration test does not take unit roots at seasonal frequencies into account; seasonal cointegration approach proposed by Engle, Granger, Hylleberg and Lee (EGHL) (1993) has been conducted in order to be able to detect the long-run equilibrium relationship among variables which are integrated at the same seasonal frequency. With the aim of determining the stationarity order of series, HEGY seasonal unit root test has been applied. Consequently, there has been found a cointegrating relationship only between GDP and GOV series at quarterly frequencies for only the auxiliary regression including constant term and seasonal dummies. 1 Introduction All the studies regarding time series methods are useful only in case the series in interest do not display seasonal patterns. That is why it is of great importance to take the time series properties of the series like seasonal patterns or trends into account while dealing with economic time series data. The analyses of seasonal unit roots are generally conducted with the most popular approach developed by Hylleberg, Engle, Granger and Yoo (1990) called HEGY by working with different models that include trends, constants and seasonal dummy variables. Cointegrated series are series which are non-stationary alone but stationary in their linear combinations. The concept of seasonal cointegration is valid for models including stochastic seasonals just as the concept of cointegration showing itself in models including stochastic trends (Maddala and Kim, 1998). One advantage of HEGY test procedure is that it enables to test for unit roots at each frequency separately. So, concerning quarterly data including the four roots which are 1, -1, i ; Engle, Granger, Hylleberg and Lee (1993) propose different levels of seasonal cointegration. In conclusion, cointegration relationship will be analyzed at frequencies in which series are all integrated at the same order. For each frequency, separate cointegration tests are applied. Through seasonal cointegration analysis, whether the variables that are integrated at the same seasonal frequency have a stationary relationship in time is investigated. However, in cointegration test proposed by Engle and Granger (1987), unit roots at seasonal frequencies are not taken into consideration. In this case, if the presence of seasonal unit roots in series is ignored; the parameter in interest will not be estimated in a consistent way. For this reason, it is more appropriate to conduct seasonal cointegration analysis (Caglayan, 2003) (Ayvaz Kızılgol, 2011). As associated with the unit root concept, the relationship between cointegration and error correction models was first suggested by Granger (1981) and then it was also introduced by Granger and Weiss (1983). Engle and Granger (1987) also offer a theorem based on Granger (1983) which associates the moving average (MA), autoregressive (AR) and error correction representations for cointegrated systems and estimation methods. Engle, Granger and Hallman (1989) and Hylleberg, et al. (1990) introduce the concept of seasonal cointegration in their papers. Kunst (1993) tries to evaluate the effects of modelling seasonal cointegration on predictive accuracy for German and United Kingdom (U.K.) macroeconomic series. HEGY seasonal unit root test has originally been derived for quarterly seasonality and extended to data with different frequencies. Contrary to the DHF test proposed by Dickey, Hasza and Fuller (1984), HEGY procedure enables to test for unit roots at each seasonal frequency as well as the zero frequency separately and the techniques are applied to quarterly U.K. data for the period 1955:1 to 1984:4 in order to examine the cointegration relationship between consumption and income variables at different frequencies. As a result of application, Hylleberg et al. (1990) find the unit elasticity error correction model to be invalid at any frequency. The asymptotic distributions of the t-statistics from their testable model have been analyzed by Chan and Wei (1988). In their paper, Chan and Wei (1988) characterize the limiting distributions of the least square estimates as a functional of stochastic integrals. In their paper, Kunst and Franses (1998) deal with the impact of deleting, restricting or not restricting seasonal constants on forecasting seasonally cointegrated time series for Austria, Germany and the U.K. In their paper, Hamori and Tokihisa (2001) analyze the stability of Japanese money demand function using seasonal integration and seasonal cointegration and they find that there exist unit roots in money balances, interest rates and real gross domestic product (GDP) series in different cycles. Because of the rejection of seasonal

38 22 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 cointegration in every case, it is also expressed that there is no stable relationship between money supply and the real economy for the period under consideration. In the study by Lof and Lyhagen (2002), the comparison of the forecasting performance of the seasonally cointegrated model of Johansen and Schaumburg (1999) and of the specification proposed by Lee (1992) with a parameter restriction included at the annual frequency has been covered. For three data sets from Austria, Germany and U.K., each including six variables: GDP, private consumption, gross fixed investment, goods exports, real wages and the real interest rate; it is also dealt with how the inclusion of restricted or unrestricted seasonal dummies may have an influence in the seasonal cointegration models. Since the semi-annual frequency for Austria appears to have full rank and the U.K. data set shows a rather weak cointegration evidence at the seasonal frequencies, only the German data are used in the forecasting example. Through Monte Carlo study, Lof and Lyhagen (2002) have found some evidence that for the smaller sample sizes the specification of Johansen and Schaumburg (1999) may result in worse forecasts in the case of the inclusion of more cointegrating relations and for larger sample sizes the study results have been found to favour of this specification. In her paper, Caglayan (2003) investigates the presence of seasonal unit root for the monthly series of personal consumption expenditures made to non-durable and semi-durable goods and services, per capita disposable income and stock market returns that are concerned with the life-long permanent income hypothesis over the period 1988: :04 and examines if cointegration exists among given variables by using HEGY procedure. In her study, the presence of seasonal unit root has been found in consumption expenditures and disposable income series for both 0 and ¼ frequencies and in stock market returns series for ¼ frequency. Also, it is concluded that consumption expenditures and disposable income variables are cointegrated at zero frequency. In her study, Ayvaz Kızılgöl (2011) has examined if GDP, export, consumption and investment series have seasonal unit roots and display a seasonal cointegration relationship by using quarterly series for the period 1987Q1-2007Q3 and through Engle, Granger, Hylleberg and Lee (1993) tests, she concluded that there is no seasonal cointegration relationship between series at zero and biannual frequencies. However, a seasonal cointegration relationship has been detected between gross domestic product and consumption series at ¼ (and ¾ frequency) for the model with intercept and seasonal dummy variables. Mert and Demir (2014) have aimed to examine the seasonal patterns to detect if seasonal cointegration relationship exists between export and import series over the 1969:1-2014:1 quarterly periods. Two series have been found to be cointegrated at ¼ and ¾ frequencies with one cointegrating vector and not cointegrated at zero (long-run) frequency. The results have shown that error correction mechanism works at ¼ frequency. However, at ¾ frequency, because of the error correction term is positive signed contrast to the expectations, the error correction mechanism has been determined not to operate. In this study, it has been aimed to investigate the existence of co-integration relationship between quarterly gross domestic product (GDP), final consumption expenditures of resident households (CONS), exports of goods and services (EXP), government final consumption expenditures (GOV) and private sector machinery-equipment (PRIEQ) series for the period 1998Q1-2014Q4. The rest of this paper has been organized as follows: Section 2 considers the theoretical approach for seasonal cointegration with single and multiple equations; Section 3 provides the information about the data set and application. Finally, Section 4 presents the brief conclusions. 2 Theoretical Approach for Seasonal Cointegration The concept of seasonal cointegration is valid for models including stochastic seasonals just as the concept of cointegration showing itself in models including stochastic trends (Maddala and Kim, 1998). One advantage of HEGY test procedure is that it enables to test for unit roots at each frequency separately. So, concerning quarterly data including the four roots which are 1, -1, i ; Engle et al. (1993) propose different levels of seasonal cointegration. Assume that y t and z t series are seasonally cointegrated so that 4 yt and z 4 t are stationary. When these two series have a common non-seasonal unit root (that is, they are cointegrated at long-run zero frequency at root 1), we have the error term u (1 L L L ) y (1 L L L ) z (1) t t 1 which is stationary. If seasonal cointegration exists at frequency ½ corresponding to unit root 1, we have v (1 L L L ) y (1 L L L ) z (2) t t 2 which is stationary (so, it does not require ( 1 L) filter to be stationary) and finally if seasonal cointegration exists at frequency ¼ corresponding to unit roots w t 2 i and (1 L ) filter we have ( 1 L ) yt 3(1 L ) zt 4(1 L ) yt 1 5(1 L ) zt 1 (3) t t

39 SESSION 2A: Growth & Development 23 is stationary. In case all three series in a simple form as u t, v t and w t are stationary, the seasonal cointegration model is represented 4 yt 11ut 1 21vt 1 31wt 2 41wt 3 1 t 4zt 21ut 1 22vt 1 32wt 2 42wt 3 2t (4) (5) where s represent the error correction terms. In addition; constant, seasonal dummies and trend variables can be incorporated into these equations. This method with two-step proposed by Engle et al. (1993) is similar to the Engle-Granger approach applied for nonseasonal time series: in the first step, equations (1) to (3) are estimated by ordinary least squares (OLS) procedure and in the second step Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root tests are applied to û, vˆ and ŵ (in other words, this transaction allows us to check if estimated residuals û to ŵ t t t are stationary). The tests for û t and vˆ t have the same critical values as those in Engle and Granger (1987). However, critical values for testing ŵ are different. For this case, the critical values are tabulated in Engle et al. (1993) (Maddala and Kim, 1998). t As mentioned above, subsequent to estimating 1 to 5 by OLS for bivariate time series involving z, the stationarity condition is checked for estimated residuals t auxiliary regressions: (Lof, 2001). (1 L) uˆ (1 L)ˆ v 2 (1 L ) wˆ t t t l1 1uˆ 1 (1 ) ˆ t i L ut i i 1 û t to t t y t and ŵ t. This is executed by using the following (6) l2 2 ( vˆ 1 ) (1 ) ˆ t i L vt i i 1 t (7) t 2 t 1 3 i 1 t 2 ( wˆ ) ( wˆ ) (1 L ) wˆ (8) 3 4 As seen here, the lagged dependent variables may be added to these auxiliary regressions given above. To detect the cointegration at the zero and semi-annual frequencies, t-statistic values of 1 and 2 should be compared to the critical values in the paper of Engle and Yoo (1987) and the null hypotheses of no cointegration at zero frequency and no cointegration at ½ frequency should be tested for two auxiliary regressions in (6) and (7). On the other hand, for ¼ (and ¾ frequencies), F( 0 ) test statistic value should be compared to the critical 3 4 values which take place in the paper of Engle et al. (1993) and here the null hypothesis should be constructed as H : No cointegration at ¼ (and ¾) frequencies for the third auxiliary regression given in (8) (Mert and Demir, ). 3 Data Set and Application In this application, it has been aimed to investigate the existence of co-integration relationship between quarterly gross domestic product (GDP), final consumption expenditures of resident households (CONS), exports of goods and services (EXP), government final consumption expenditures (GOV) and private sector machinery-equipment (PRIEQ) series for the period 1998Q1-2014Q4. Data that are based on expenditure based GDP time series at fixed 1998 prices have been obtained from Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT). First, in order to linearize the exponential growth in these series, their logarithms have been taken. Since by taking logarithm, variance is stabilized and the effects of outliers are reduced (Ture and Akdi, 2005). In order to determine which series have a cointegrating relationship, it is necessary to find out at which frequencies series are integrated of the same order (or at which frequencies unit roots are present). For each series, three different models including constant (C), constant+dummies (C,D) and constant+dummies+trend (C, D, T) have been constructed. Also, the lagged values of the dependent variable have been added into these models. Since the series discussed are at quarterly frequency, seasonal unit root test results of the series at frequencies have been presented in Table 1. l i t i t 0, 1 1 3,, 4 2 4

40 24 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 Variables Auxiliary Regressions t 1 t t 2 3 t 4 Lags ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) LNGDP Intercept * * * * * Intercept + Dummies * * * * Intercept + Dummies * * * * Trend LNCONS Intercept * Intercept + Dummies * * * Intercept + Dummies * * * Trend LNPRIEQ Intercept * Intercept + Dummies * * Intercept+ Dummies * * Trend LNGOV Intercept * * * * * Intercept + Dummies * * * * Intercept + Dummies * * * * * Trend LNEXP Intercept * * * * Intercept+ Dummies * * Intercept + Dummies+ Trend * * * Notes. 1 * denotes insignificant values at 5% level. 2 t-statistics for t ) shows whether there is a unit root or not at zero frequency H : 0). t-statistics 1 ( 1 ( 0 1 ( H ( 4 for t ) tests the presence of the semi-annual unit root : 0). F- statistic for F( 3, )) tests 2 ( 2 whether there is a unit root at quarterly frequency or not. 3 Critical values have been taken from Hylleberg et al. (1990) for N=100 observations and 5% level. For zero frequency, critical values are -2.88, -2.95, and for semi-annual frequency, they are -1.95, -2.94, respectively for intercept, intercept+dummies, intercept+dummies+trend models. Table 1. HEGY Seasonal Unit Root Test Results for Quarterly Macroeconomic Series F 3, ) ( 4 In the application for seasonal unit root test, the appropriate lag length has been chosen in that way: Regression equation has been estimated first with Lag 1 and it has been investigated if first order and fourth order autocorrelations exist between residuals. For this investigation, it has been utilized from Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test statistics (thus for first order: LM(1) and for fourth order: LM(4)). If any one of the null hypotheses of H 0 : There is no 1st order autocorrelation and There is no 4th order autocorrelation is rejected, lag length has been increased by one and LM test has been applied again. This process has been continued until the null hypothesis cannot be rejected for each order and homoscedastic residuals are obtained. LM(1) and LM(4) statistics results have been presented in Table 2: H 0 :

41 SESSION 2A: Growth & Development 25 VARIABLES AUXILIARY REGRESSIONS LAGS LM(1) LM(4) LNGDP Intercept (0.1306) (0.0910) Intercept + Dummies (0.3935) (0.4045) Intercept + Dummies+ Trend (0.8913) (0.2659) LNCONS Intercept (0.2253) (0.2083) Intercept + Dummies (0.5391) (0.2762) Intercept + Dummies+ Trend (0.4971) (0.1635) LNPRIEQ Intercept (0.7177) (0.0668) Intercept + Dummies (0.4938) (0.8748) Intercept + Dummies+ Trend (0.4050) (0.3407) LNGOV Intercept (0.5462) (0.3290) Intercept + Dummies (0.3715) (0.6718) Intercept + Dummies+ Trend (0.5876) (0.8793) LNEXP Intercept (0.3364) (0.0518) Intercept+Dummies (0.3494) (0.3623) Intercept + Dummies+ Trend (0.8418) (0.8174) Note. LM(1) and LM(4) represent LM test statistics investigating the presence of 1 st and 4 th order autocorrelations and the values given in parentheses indicate the significance levels. Table 2. LM(1) and LM(4) Statistics for Quarterly Macroeconomic Series As it is clear from Table 2 that for selected lags, there are no first order and fourth order autocorrelation problems for all macroeconomic series. If looked at the Table 1 results, it is seen that the presence of a unit root at zero frequency has been accepted for all variables in all three auxiliary regression models. When t ( 1 ), t ( ( 2 ) and F 3, 4 ) columns are examined, it is concluded that the null hypotheses that there is a (non-seasonal) unit root at zero frequency and there are seasonal unit roots at other seasonal frequencies cannot be rejected for three auxiliary regression models of LNGDP series at 5% significance level. Thus, LNGDP series has a non-seasonal unit root at zero frequency and seasonal 1 unit roots at semi-annual ( 2 frequency) and quarterly frequencies. While both LNCONS and LNPRIEQ series have the zero frequency unit root for three models with deterministic components given in Table 1, according to the results they both do not include any annual unit root (at quarterly frequency). For LNCONS series, the presence of semi-annual unit root has been accepted for two models except the intercept model. However, no semi-annual unit root has been detected in any model for LNPRIEQ series. When looked at the LNGOV and LNEXP series, both series are seen to include the zero frequency unit root. However, while LNGOV series has a seasonal unit root at semi-annual frequency for two models except the intercept+dummies model, LNEXP series rejects the presence of the semi-annual unit root for all three models. Finally, while LNGOV series has annual unit roots at 1 3 quarterly 4 4 frequencies for all deterministic models, LNEXP series has seasonal unit roots at quarterly frequencies for two models except only intercept+dummies model. In conclusion, cointegration relationship will be analyzed at frequencies in which these series are both integrated at the same order. In this case, it is necessary to determine which series are integrated of the same order at which frequencies. In all series, the presence of the zero frequency unit root has been detected in common. LNGDP, LNCONS and LNGOV series have been found to include seasonal unit root at semi-annual frequency. On the other hand, it has been determined that LNGDP, LNGOV and LNEXP series include seasonal unit roots at the quarterly frequencies 1 3. The results of seasonal 4 4 cointegration analyses of the series at 0, ½ and ¼ (and ¾) frequencies have been presented in Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5 respectively.

42 26 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 In this application, regression models obtained from the linear components of the variables that are integrated at the same frequency have been estimated through OLS procedure. Before applying to cointegration analysis, it is necessary to give the transformations of variables that will be used in cointegration models. As a matter of example, it will be sufficient to present only LNGDP series (the other series will be transformed in the same way with LNGDP): Now let us mention about the cointegration models to be used. Seasonal cointegration has been mentioned in section 2.1. In addition, as also summarized by Ayvaz Kızılgöl (2011), in cointegration analysis the regression model to be estimated for all variables that are integrated of the same order at the zero frequency is Y Z u. The residuals ( u ) obtained from this cointegration model will be used in order to estimate 1t 1 1t t t auxiliary regression model at the zero frequency. Regressand LCONS1t LCONS1t LCONS1t Regressand LPRIEQ1t LPRIEQ1t LPRIEQ1t Coefficient Regressor LGDP1t ( ) ( ) ( ) Coefficient Regressor LGDP1t ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 3 LNGDP t (1 L L L ) LNGDP LNGDP t (1 L L L ) LNGDP 2 2 LNGDP t (1 L ) LNGDP 3 4 LNGDP t (1 L ) LNGDP 4 Cointegration Analysis: LGDP and LCONS Deterministic Components Included Auxiliary Regression Tests for Unit Roots in Residuals (9) (10) (11) (12) t statistic 2 R Augmentation DW t ( 1 ) C , 4, C, D C, D, T Cointegration Analysis: LGDP and LPRIEQ Deterministic Components Included Auxiliary Regression Tests for Unit Roots in Residuals t statistic 2 R Augmentation DW t ( 1 ) C , 4, C, D C, D, T Cointegration Analysis: LGDP and LGOV , 2, , 4, 5, Auxiliary Regression Tests for Unit Roots in Residuals Regressand LGOV1t LGOV1t LGOV1t Coefficient Regressor LGDP1t ( ) ( ) ( ) Deterministic t statistic Components 2 R Augmentation DW t ( 1 ) Included C , 3, C, D , C, D, T Table 3. Cointegration Test Results at Zero (Long Run) Frequency

43 SESSION 2A: Growth & Development 27 Cointegration Analysis: LGDP and LEXPORT Auxiliary Regression Tests for Unit Roots in Residuals Regressand LEXPORT1t LEXPORT1t LEXPORT1t Coefficient Regressor LGDP1t ( ) ( ) ( ) Deterministic Components Included t statistic 2 R DW Augmentation t ( 1 ) C , 2, C, D C, D, T 1, 2, , Notes. 1 These tests at zero frequency are based on the (ADF) auxiliary regression model u t u 1 t 1 k j 1 b u t j e (without deterministic components) where represents the residuals obtained from cointegration model that are used to estimate this auxiliary regression model. The distribution of t statistic is as characterized in Engel and Granger (1987) and Engle and Yoo (1987) (Engle, et al., 1993). As it is clear, the necessary significant lagged values of the dependent variable j have been added into auxiliary regression model in order to whiten the residuals (the lagged variables with insignificant coefficients at 5% significance level have been removed from the model). 2 The values in parentheses are t-statistics. t 3 C, D and T denote constant, seasonal dummies and trend terms respectively. 4 The basic hypothesis to be tested is H : There is no cointegration at zero frequency ( 1 0). 5 Critical values have been obtained from Engle and Yoo (1987). See Appendix. Table 3 (Continued) For semi-annual (½) frequency, the cointegration model to be used is 0 u t and for quarterly frequencies, it is Y Z Z w. Also, the residuals obtained from these models ( and ) will 3t 1 3t 2 3, t 1 t be used for estimating auxiliary regressions at specified frequencies respectively. As mentioned before, in order to detect the long-run equilibrium relationship between the series, first of all it is necessary to determine the stationarity order of the series. In this application, for investigating the presence of seasonal cointegration relationship between the series, firstly seasonal unit root test has been applied in order to make inference about at which frequencies there are unit roots if they exist. The series discussed here have quarterly frequencies. Therefore, HEGY seasonal unit root test which is developed by Hylleberg et al. (1990) has been applied in order to detect seasonal unit roots and general results have been presented in Table 1 for three models with deterministic components that are C, C,D, C,D,T. Now, Table 3 presents the cointegration test results at zero frequency. As a result, when cointegration test results are evaluated at the zero frequency, although the explanatory variables that take place in the cointegrating regression have been found to be statistically significant, no cointegrating relationship has been found between LNGDP and LNCONS, LNGDP and LNPRIEQ, LNGDP and LNGOV, LNGDP and LNEXP at 5% significance level in the long-run. ut Y 2t 2 Z 2t v t v t w t

44 28 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 Cointegration Analysis: LGDP and LCONS Auxiliary Regression Analysis of the residuals Regressand Coefficient Regressor LGDP2t Deterministic Components Included 2 R Augmentation DW t statistic t 2 LCONS2t C, D , ( ) LCONS2t C, D, T , ( ) Cointegration Analysis: Auxiliary LGDP and LGOV Regression Analysis of the residuals ( ) Regressand Coefficient Regressor LGDP2t Deterministic Components Included 2 R Augmentation DW t statistic LGOV2t C , 2, ( ) LGOV2t ( ) C, D, T Notes. 1 In lag augmentations, only significant lags have been added into the auxiliary regressions (insignificant lags have been removed) in order to get white noise residuals. 2 These tests at semi-annual frequency are based on the auxiliary regression k t 1 ) 2 ( t 1 ) b j ( t j t j 1 ) j 1 ( t e t (here without deterministic components) where ( ) represents the residuals obtained from cointegration model that are used to estimate the auxiliary regression models. The distribution of t statistic is as characterized in Engel and Granger (1987) and Engle and Yoo (1987) (Engle, et al., 1993). For critical values see Appendix. 3 The basic hypothesis to be tested is H : There is no cointegration at semi-annual frequency ( 2 0) 0 Table 4. Seasonal Cointegration Test Results at Semi-Annual (½) Frequency t 2 LNGDP and LNCONS series have been found to be integrated of the same order for C,D and C,D,T models at ½ frequency. Also, LNGDP and LNGOV series have been found to be integrated of the same order for C and C,D,T models at ½ frequency. Therefore, cointegration analysis results at ½ frequency have been shown in Table 4 for LNGDP, LNCONS and LNGOV series. When Table 4 results are compared to the Engle and Yoo (1987) critical values for 5% significance level, no cointegration relationship has been found between LNGDP & LNCONS series and LNGDP & LNGOV series at ½ frequency. Thus, these series in interest do not seem to be cointegrated at the semi-annual frequency. t Cointegration Analysis: LGDP and LGOV Auxiliary Regression Analysis of the residuals Regressand LGOV 3t ( ) LGOV 3t ( ) LGOV 3t ( ) Coefficient Regressor LGDP 3t LGDP 3t ( ) ( ) ( ) Deterministic Components Included Augmen- t statistic 2 tation R t ( 3 ) t statistic t 4 ( ) F statistic C C, D , * * , Table 5. Seasonal Cointegration Test Results at ¼ (¾) Frequencies 3 4

45 SESSION 2A: Growth & Development 29 Cointegration Analysis: LGDP and LEXPORT Auxiliary Regression Analysis of the Residuals HEGY test Regressand Coefficient Regressor LGDP 3t LGDP 3t-1 Deterministic Components Included Augmentation t statistic t ( 3 ) t statistic ( ) F statistic LEXPORT 3t C , 4, 6, ( ) ( ) LEXPORT 3t C, D , * ( ) ( ) LEXPORT 3t ( ) ( ) , 4, 5, Notes. 1 These tests at ¼ (and ¾) frequencies are based on the auxiliary regression k ( w (here without deterministic components) where t wt 2 ) 3 ( wt 2 ) 4 ( wt 1 ) b j ( wt j wt j 2 ) e w t t j 1 represents the residuals obtained from cointegration model that are used to estimate the auxiliary regression models (Engle, et al., 1993). 2 C denotes constant, D denotes seasonal dummies and denotes no deterministic component. 3 * denotes significant values at 5% significance level. 4 Critical values have been obtained from Engle et al. (1993). See Appendix for critical values. 5 The basic hypothesis to be tested is H : There is no cointegration at ¼ (and ¾) frequencies 0). Table 5 (Continued) Table 5 presents seasonal cointegration test results at quarterly ¼ (¾) frequencies. According to the Table 5 results, it can be said that there has been found a cointegration relationship between LNGDP and LNGOV series at quarterly frequencies ¼ (and ¾) for only the model with constant and seasonal dummies ( C,D ). In other saying, the null hypothesis saying that there is no cointegration at quarterly frequencies has been rejected with a significant joint F statistic of On the other hand, no cointegration relationship has been detected for no models between LNGDP and LNEXP series at ¼ (and ¾) frequencies. 4 Conclusion 0 In this paper, whether a cointegration relationship exists or not between quarterly GDP, CONS, EXP, GOV and PRIEQ series has been investigated. As a result of HEGY application, the presence of a zero frequency (nonseasonal) unit root has been detected for all series for the three models with constant, constant+dummies and constant+dummies+trend. LNGDP, LNCONS and LNGOV series have been found to include a seasonal unit root at semi-annual frequency. In addition, LNGDP, LNGOV and LNEXP series have been detected to have 1 3 seasonal unit roots at quarterly 4 4 frequencies. It should be noted that cointegration analysis should be evaluated among the series having unit roots at the same frequency. When cointegration test results are evaluated thoroughly at the zero (long-run) frequency, there has been found no cointegrating relationship between LNGDP & LNCONS, LNGDP & LNPRIEQ, LNGDP & LNGOV, LNGDP & LNEXP at 5% significance level. Similarly, no cointegrating relationship has been detected between LNGDP&LNCONS series and LNGDP&LNGOV series at semi-annual (½) frequency. However, there has been found a cointegrating relationship between LNGDP & 1 3 LNGOV series at quarterly 4 4 frequencies for only the model with constant+dummies. On the other hand, no cointegrating relationship has been found between LNGDP & LNEXP series for no models at these quarterly frequencies. References Ayvaz Kızılgol, Mevsimsel Eşbütünleşme Testi: Türkiye'nin Makroekonomik Verileriyle Bir Uygulama, Ataturk University - Journal of the Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 25, pp Caglayan, Yaşam Boyu Sürekli Gelir Hipotezinde Mevsimsellik, Marmara University, Journal of the Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 18, pp Chan and Wei, Limiting Distributions of Least Squares Estimates of Unstable Autoegressive Processes, Annals of Statistics, 16, pp Cubadda, Complex Reduced Rank Models for Seasonally Cointegrated Time Series, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 63, pp R t ( 3 4

46 30 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 Dickey, Hasza and Fuller; Testing for Unit Roots in Seasonal Time Series, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79, pp Engle and Granger, Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing, Econometrica, 55, pp Engle and Yoo, Forecasting and Testing in Co-Integrated Systems, Journal of Econometrics, 35, pp Engle, Granger and Hallman; Merging Short and Long Run Forecasts: An Application of Seasonal Cointegration to Monthly Electricity Sales Forecasting, Journal of Econometrics, 40, pp Engle, Granger, Hylleberg and Lee; Seasonal Cointegration: The Japanese Consumption Function, Journal of Econometrics, 55, pp Granger, Some Properties of Time Series Data and Their Use in Econometric Model Specification, Journal of Econometrics, 16, pp Granger, Cointegrated Variables and Error Correction Models (UCSD Discussion Paper 83-13a), University of California, San Diego. Granger and Weiss, Time Series Analysis of Error-Correction Models, in Samuel Karlin, Takeshi Amemiya and Leo A. Goodman (Eds.), Studies in Econometrics, Time Series and Multivariate Statistics, Academic Press, New York, pp Hamori and Tokihisa, Seasonal Cointegration and the Money Demand Function: Some Evidence from Japan, Applied Economics Letters, 8, pp Hylleberg, Engle, Granger and Yoo; Seasonal Integration and Cointegration, Journal of Econometrics, 44, pp Johansen and Schaumburg, Likelihood Analysis of Seasonal Cointegration, Journal of Econometrics, 88, pp Kunst, Seasonal Cointegration, Common Seasonals and Forecasting Seasonal Series, Empirical Economics, 18, pp Kunst and Franses, The Impact of Seasonal Constants on Forecasting Seasonally Cointegrated Time Series, Journal of Forecasting, 17, pp Lee, Maximum Likelihood Inference on Cointegration and Seasonal Cointegration, Journal of Econometrics, 54, pp Lof, On Seasonality and Cointegration, Ph. D. Dissertation, The Economic Research Institute - Stockholm School of Economics, Elanders, Gotab. Lof and Lyhagen, Forecasting Performance of Seasonal Cointegration Models, International Journal of Forecasting, 18, pp Maddala and Kim, Unit Roots, Cointegration and Structural Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Mert and Demir, Mevsimsel Eşbütünleşme ve Mevsimsel Hata Düzeltme Modeli: İthalat - İhracat Verileri Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 19, pp Sanli, The Econometric Analysis of Seasonal Time Series: Applications on Some Macroeconomic Variables, Master s Thesis, Cukurova University, Adana. Ture and Akdi, Mevsimsel Kointegrasyon: Türkiye Verilerine Bir Uygulama, Paper presented at the VII. National Econometrics and Statistics Symposium, May, Istanbul University. Information Notes This study has been derived from the Master Thesis that has been prepared in consultancy of Assoc. Prof. Mehmet Ozmen called The Econometric Analysis of Seasonal Time Series: Applications on Some Macroeconomic Variables (Sanli, 2015). This study has been supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) BIDEB (Scientist Support Department) within the scope of 2211-E Direct National Scholarship Programme for PhD Students. This study has been supported by Cukurova University Rectorate Department of Scientific Research Projects (BAP).

47 SESSION 2A: Growth & Development 31 Appendix: Critical Values for Seasonal Cointegration (for 100 observations) Number of Variables (k=5, N=100) ve 2 Significance Level 1% 5% 10% Critical Value Table 6. Critical Values for Seasonal Cointegration at Zero and Semiannual Frequencies Source. Engle and Yoo, N= Deterministic Component 1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10% 99% 95% 90% C C, D Table 7. Critical Values for Seasonal Cointegration at ¼ (and ¾ ) Quarterly Frequencies Source. Engle, et al.,

48 32 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 On the Purchasing Power Parity in Turkey: The Role of Structural Changes Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şaban Nazlıoğlu (Pamukkale University, Turkey) Ph.D. Candidate Çağın Karul (Pamukkale University, Turkey) Ph.D. Candidate Ahmet Koncak (Abant İzzet Baysal University, Turkey) Assoc. Prof. Dr. İlhan Küçükkaplan (Pamukkale University, Turkey) Abstract Turkey as an emerging country and one of the fastest growing economies during the last decade has been implementing the trade-oriented growth model since The exchange rate policy in that respect is at the center of trade and monetary policies. Given the importance of constructing fundamental equilibrium exchange rates, the long-run PPP hypothesis has been empirically investigated during the last decade. We re-examine the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis for Turkey with her ten major trading partners and find out that when the structural shifts are taken into account, there is a strong evidence in favor of the validity of PPP hypothesis. An interesting finding also is that the PPP hypothesis seems to hold for the European Union countries. 1 Introduction Given the importance of determining equilibrium exchange rates, a special attention has been given to testing for the long-run PPP hypothesis during the last decade. The PPP hypothesis implies a stationary real exchange rate series and therefore researchers benefit from the unit root analysis. Turkey which is an emerging market and a fastly growing economy (during the last decade) has put into effect the trade-oriented growth model in 1980 that leads the exchange rate policy to be at the core of trade and monetary policies. Turkey decided to shift from pegged to flexible exchange rate system because of the 2001 economic crisis and hence the dynamics of Turkish exchange rates play a crucial role for sound monetary policy. The literature on the persistence of shock to Turkish real exchange rates shows that there is no consensus whether the shocks are permanent. The lack of consensus on PPP hypothesis holds for Turkey motivate us to re-examine the PPP hypothesis within the context of new testing procedures. This study re-analyzes the validity of PPP hypothesis in Turkey by employing a battery of unit root and stationarity tests. This study contributes to the literature by looking at the validity of PPP in Turkey by focusing on modelling the structural changes. Empirical analysis indicates that there is a strong evidence in favor of the validity of PPP hypothesis when the structural shifts are taken into account in testing procedures. It is important to emphasize that even though this finding is not new for international trade literature, it provides a new empirical evidence with respect to the dynamics of exchange rates in Turkey. 2 Testing Procedures 2.1 Unit Root Tests To test for unit root of Turkish exchange rates, we first start with the Dickey-Fuller (DF) test developed by Dickey and Fuller (1979) and estimate the no-shift regression model as y t = Z t δ + αy t 1 + ε t (1) where y t is the first difference of y t, Z t includes the deterministic terms defined by [1, t], and ε t is the error term. The null hypothesis of unit root (H 0 : α = 0) is tested against the alternative hypothesis of stationarity (H 1 : α < 0). Accordingly, if the null hypothesis is rejected, then an evidence is supported in favor of PPP hypothesis. The test statistic denoted by τ is defined by the t-ratio of α. Under the null hypothesis, the t-ratio corresponds to y t 1 does not follow the asymptotic t-distribution and therefore one needs to use the critical values provided by Dickey and Fuller (1979). In the no-shift model, Z t is assumed not to have any structural changes. However, ignoring structural shifts leads to misleading inferences because of incorrectly retaining a false unit root null hypothesis (Perron, 1989). In order to handle this problem, Zivot and Andrews (1992) allow a sudden structural break in the DF test. To formulize the sharp-shift model with one break, Z t is described as [1, t, DU 1t, DT 1t ] where DU 1t = 0 for t T B and 1 otherwise and DT 1t = 0 for t T B and t T B otherwise that T B denotes the break date. Narayan and Popp (2010) extend Zivot and Andrews (1992) s sharp shift model for two sudden breaks that Z t becomes [1, t, DU 1t, DT 1t, DU 2t, DT 2t ], where DU it = 0 for t T Bi and 1 otherwise and DT it = 0 for t T Bi and t T Bi otherwise and T Bi (i = 1,2) shows the break dates. The statistic for testing the null hypothesis of unit root with structural shifts is described as in the DF test. Both Zivot and Adrews (1992) and Narayan and Popp (2010) approaches use the dummy variables to capture sudden structural changes and require estimating the break dates. The location of break (T Bi ) is endogenously determined to be where the test statistic is minimized (i.e., the most negative) by a grid search

49 SESSION 2A: Growth & Development 33 procedure by considering all possible break points as δ = infτ(δ) where δ = T Bi /T and δ [0,1]. Finally, τ statistic with structural shifts does not follow the asymptotic t-distribution and hence the simulated critical values are used. It is worthwhile noting that the sharp-shift models entail knowing a priori the number, dates and form of breaks. In practice, it is however difficult to have such a priori knowledge and moreover economic series may contain multiple smooth breaks at unknown dates. More recently, Enders and Lee (2012) propose the smooth-shift model type of the DF unit root test by using a Fourier approximation for Z t which does not require selecting the dates, number, and form of the breaks. The Fourier expansion for Z t is described as [1, t, sin( 2πkt ), cos(2πkt)] where k T T represents an integer frequency. The test statistic is again described as in the DF test, but its distribution now depends on k that requires using the critical values for different values of the Fourier frequency (see, Enders and Lee, 2012). It is finally should be emphasized that the smooth-shift model testing procedure now requires determining the Fourier frequency and the number of lags. Following Enders and Lee (2012), we apply the generalto-specific approach. The maximum number of Fourier frequency is set to 3 and the maximum number of lags is set to 4. We first determine the optimal lag for each of frequency with the significance of the last lagged term by looking at its t-statistic at the 10 percent level. The optimal number of Fourier frequency component is then selected by the minimization of sum of squared residuals of the regression model. 2.2 Stationarity Tests Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of unit root is one of ongoing research areas in the time series analysis. The stationarity test of Kwiatkowski et al. (1992) (the KPSS test) is widely utilized which is based on the data generating process (DGP) y t = γ Z t + r t + ε t (2) r t = r t 1 + u t (3) where t=1,,t time dimension, r t is random walk process with initial values r 0 = 0. The null hypothesis of stationarity H 0 : σ 2 u = 0 is tested against the alternative hypothesis of unit root. H 1 : σ 2 u > 0. In the conventional KPSS test, Z t is assumed not to have any structural changes and is defined as Z t = [1, t] for a trend stationary process. Lee et al. (1997) investigates the distribution of the KPSS test under a structural break and find out that the test diverges from the distribution under the null hypothesis when the structural break is ignored. The simulations moreover indicate that the KPSS statistics is over-sized in the case of a structural shift. Kurozumi (2002) allows a break in the KPSS test by defining Z t as [1, t, DU 1t, DT 1t ] where DU 1t = 0 for t T B and 1 otherwise and DT 1t = 0 for t T B and t T B otherwise that T B denotes the break date. Carrion-i-Silvestre and Sansó (2007) (hereafter CS) extends the testing framework for two breaks that Z t becomes [1, t, DU 1t, DT 1t, DU 2t, DT 2t ], where DU it = 0 for t T Bi and 1 otherwise and DT it = 0 for t T Bi and t T Bi otherwise and T Bi (i = 1,2) show the break dates. Both Kurozumi and CS approaches use the dummy variables to capture structural shifts and require estimating the location of break (T Bi ) which is endogenously determined by minimizing the test statistic by considering all possible breaks points as δ = infτ(δ) where δ = T Bi /T and δ [0,1]. As discussed earlier, the dummy variable approach assumes sharp shifts and also entails to know a priori the number and dates of breaks. In practice, it is difficult to have a such a prior information and moreover economic series may contain an unknown form breaks at unknown dates. Becker et al. (2006) (hereafter BEL) use a Fourier approximation for Z t which does not require selecting the dates, number, and form of the breaks. The Fourier expansion for Z t is described as [1, t, sin( 2πkt ), cos(2πkt)] where k represents an integer frequency. The testing T T procedure now requires determining the Fourier frequency. Following Becker et al. (2006), we apply the generalto-specific approach. The maximum number of Fourier frequency is set to 3 and the optimal number of Fourier frequency component is then selected by the minimization of sum of squared residuals of the regression model. T t=1 S 2 t The stationarity statistic is defined as LM = t where S t = j=1 ε j is the partial sum process by using the σ ε2 OLS residuals from equation (1) and σ ε2 is an estimate of the long-run variance of ε t that is defined as σ 2 ε = lim T T 1 E(S 2 T ) (Note 1). Since LM statistics does not follow the asymptotic t-distribution and hence the simulated critical values are used. 3 Empirical Findings We collect the real exchange rates data between Turkey and Canada, Denmark, Eurozone, Japan, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and USA for the period January 2002-December 2016 (Note 2). The period is started from January 2002 because the euro banknotes and coins were put into circulation from that time. We describe the real exchange rate by y it = e it + p it p t where e is the natural logarithm of nominal

50 34 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 exchange rates, p is the natural logarithm of foreign CPI and p is the natural logarithm of domestic CPI which are based the indexes (2010=100). The data is retrieved from the International Financial Statistics (IFS). Table 1 reports the results from the unit root and stationarity tests. The Panel A is for the results from the unit root tests. The no-shift model indicates that the PPP hypothesis seems to be valid only for Norway. When we account for the one-sharp structural change, the PPP is supported in six trading partners (Denmark, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and UK). Moreover, if the number of structural changes raises to two-sharp shifts, the PPP appears to be valid for all countries. If the structural changes are modelled as a gradual/smooth process, the PPP is supported for six countries (Denmark, Eurozone, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and UK) which are all the European Union countries during the sample period. Testing null hypothesis of stationarity is useful to confirm results those from the tests with the null hypothesis of unit root. The conventional KPSS test shows that the null hypothesis of stationarity cannot be rejected in for countries (Canada, Denmark, Eurozone, and Norway), implying that the PPP holds. If we account for sharp structural change, while the PPP is supported in nine countries partners (except UK) for the one-shift model, it is supported in all the countries for the two-shift model. If the structural changes are modelled as a gradual/smooth process, the PPP is rejected only for two countries (Japan and Sweden). The model with sharp shifts assume that the trend is not strictly linear and hence is composed to a pre-specified number of discrete linear segments. Moreover, there may be a discontinuity at the breakpoint because the end and start of linear segments do not need to be concur. Last but not least, the sharp shift assumption requires an immediate transition from one segment to another. An arguably more realistic approach is to accommodate structural changes as a gradual process (King and Dobson, 2014). From this point of view, the results taken together from both the unit root and stationarity tests based on the smooth-shift model provide an interesting finding is that the PPP hypothesis seems to hold for Denmark, Eurozone, Norway, Switzerland, and UK which are the European Union countries and is not valid for Canada, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, and USA. No-shift Sharp-shift Smooth-shift Panel A: Unit root tests Stat. Stat. Break Stat. First Break Second Break Stat. k Canada M M M Denmark M M M Eurozone M M M Japan M M M Norway M M M Saudi Arabia M M M Sweden M M M Switzerland M M M UK M M M USA M M M Panel B: Stationarity tests Canada M M M Denmark M M M Eurozone M M M Japan M M M Norway M M M Saudi Arabia M M M Sweden M M M Switzerland M M M UK M M M USA M M M Bold numbers denote that PPP hypothesis is valid at least at 10% level of significance. 4 Conclusion Table 1: Empirical Results We examine the PPP hypothesis in Turkey based on the unit root framework and benefits from the recent developments in time series testing procedures by paying attention to controlling for structural shifts. We first estimate the no-shift model and then employ its extensions to which accounting for structural breaks, namely the sharp-shift model and the smooth-shift model. The results from the point of modelling strategy imply that controlling for structural shifts plays an important role in order to determine the behavior of Turkish exchange rates. The different testing strategies result in the different inferences and policy implications. The conventional noshift model unit root and stationarity models imply the PPP is valid only for Norway. In contrast to the no-break test, the sharp shift tests based two-break model description show the strong evidence on the PPP. Finally, the testing procedure -based on the assumption that any structural shifts are gradual in nature- supports that the PPP hypothesis seems to hold for Denmark, Eurozone, Norway, Switzerland, and UK which are the European Union countries and is not valid for Canada, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, and USA.

51 SESSION 2A: Growth & Development 35 Acknowledgements Saban Nazlioglu gratefully acknowledges that this study is carried out under the Outstanding Young Scientists Award Program-2015 of the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA-GEBİP 2015). References Adiguzel, U., Sahbaz, A., Ozcan, C.C., Nazlioglu, S. (2014). The Behavior of Turkish Exchange Rates: A Panel Data Perspective. Economic Modelling, 42, Becker, R., Enders, W., Lee, J. (2006). A Stationarity Test in the Presence of an Unknown Number of Smooth Breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis 27, Carrion-i-Silvestre, J.L., Del Barrio-Castro, T., Lopez-Bazo, E., (2005). Breaking the panels: An application to GDP per capita, Econometrics Journal, 8, Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. Ll., Sansó, A., (2006). A guide to the computation of stationarity tests. Empirical Economics, 31, Carrion-i-Silvestre, J.L., Sansó-i-Rosselló, A.S. (2007). The KPSS Test with Two Structural Breaks. Spanish Economic Review, 9(2), Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A., (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), Enders, W. and Lee, J. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and Dickey-Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117, King, A. and Dobson, R.C. (2014). Are income differences within the OECD diminishing? Evidence from fourier unit root tests. Studies in nonlinear dynamics and econometrics, 18, Koedijk, K.G., Tims, B., Dijk, M.A. (2004). Purchasing Power Parity and the Euro Area, Journal of International Money and Finance. 23, Kurozumi, E. (2002). Testing for Stationarity with a Break. Journal of Econometrics. 108(1), Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P.C.B., Schmidt, P., Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the Null Hypothesis of Stationary against the Alternative of a Unit Root. Journal of Econometrics 54, Lee, J., Huang, C.J., Shin, Y. (1997). On Stationary Tests in the Presence of Structural Breaks. Economics Letters, 55, Narayan, P.K. and Popp, S. (2010). A new unit root test with two structural breaks in level and slope at unknown time. Journal of Applied Statistics, 37, Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock and the Unit Root Hypothesis, Econometrica, 57, Zivot, E., and Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further evidence of the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10, Footnotes: (Note 1) See Carrion-i-Silvestre and Sansó (2006) for the methods on estimating the consistent long-run variance and their small sample comparisons. (Note 2) The selected trading partners account for about 97% and 96% of Turkish total exports and imports which is generally quoted by euro and US dollar. Following Koedijk et al. (2004), we treat the Eurozone countries as a single currency. The euro explains about 48 percent of Turkey s exports and 30 percent of Turkish imports (see, Adiguzel et al., 2014).

52 36 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 Export-led Growth Hypothesis in MINT Countries: A Panel Cointegration Analysis Prof. Dr. Harun Bal (Çukurova University, Turkey) Ph.D. Candidate Shahanara Basher (Çukurova University, Turkey) Ph.D. Candidate Abdulla Hil Mamun (Çukurova University, Turkey) Ph.D. Candidate Emrah Akça (Çukurova University, Turkey) Abstract The contribution of exports to GDP in MINT countries that improve substantially just after their implantation of export promotion strategy in the late 1980s raises the issue of whether the growth in these countries is led by export or not. While a good number of studies have been found investigating whether economic growth is promoted by exports for developing countries having an outstanding share of export in GDP, no study investigating the export-led growth hypothesis for MINT countries has been found until recent times. The main purpose of this study is to fill up the void. The study employs panel cointegration technique with an aim to examine whether the export is the key factor of economic growth for MINT countries employing yearly secondary data that covers the period. Results of the study imply that economic growth of these countries is considerably exports driven. Moreover, there is an indication of improvement of efficiency as exports work along with the rise capital formation. As the employment opportunity of an economy is expanded through capital formation, the emerging MINT countries endowed with large population and favorable demographics are expected to become the major exporters with strong GDP growth by being able to attract adequate foreign investment. 1 Introduction ELG hypothesis that studies whether exports are a fundamental element to stimulate growth in developing countries has been the topic of interest of plenty of studies over the last few decades. Export can foster economic growth by confirming better resource allocation, cost advantages and productive efficiency (Kruger, 1975; Williamson, 1978; Balassa, 1978; Bhagawati, 1982; Srinivasan, 1985; Awokuse, 2003). Therefore, despite the cut in investment in other sectors, greater investment in export sector is expected to have a substantial positive impact on the economy. Moreover, exports help increase imports of equipment, raw materials and technologies necessary for an economy, which allows an economy to increase its investment that results in higher output (Rana & Dowling, 1990). The macroeconomic policies of most of the developing economies were characterized as closed until the late 1960s. Even the East Asian countries were not the exception. All they were following import substitution industrialization policy that was successful in achieving the socio-economic objectives and economic growth. By the early 1970s, there was considerable doubt about the acceptability of import substitution industrialization as a measure to realize the development objectives due to its certain limitations in promoting the growth of industrial sector of domestic economy. It is inevitable to import equipment, raw materials and technologies to enhance the production capacity of an economy, and hence import substitution industrialization cannot completely eliminate the need for import. Moreover, as import substitution industries were not exposed to international competition, it resulted in a production process which is incompetent. MINT is a group of countries tipped as the next economic powerhouse because of their bright economic prospects for the future. Common features that all MINT countries (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey) share are their growing population, which is a potential source of young labor in coming decades for growing faster, and geographical position suitable for taking advantage of large markets nearby. Mexico is sharing its border with US and also neighbors to Latin America, Indonesia is located at the center of South-east Asia profound link with China, Turkey is a bridge between West and East. Though not yet obvious, but with the expansion of the economies in this continent, Nigeria, the largest economy in Africa, has the potential of becoming the hub of Africa's economy owing to the endowment of natural resources, massive population, well-controlled and well-capitalized banks, and scope to spread retail credit. Apart from these, MINTs are fortunate enough to have systems supportive to industrial development and business growth and they are not overly dependent on a single industry. MINTs have become the major exporters of raw and finished goods since after their inauguration of outwardoriented or export promotion strategy in the late 1980s. Presently, the export sector of these countries have substantial contribution to their GDP. In the 2010s, Mexico's export is 32.2 percent of GDP, Indonesia's percent, Nigeria's percent and Turkey's percent. Therefore, it is commonly expected that exports are the main driving force of economic development of these countries. While a good number of studies have been found investigating whether exports promote the economic growth of developing countries having an outstanding share of export in GDP, no study investigating the ELG hypothesis for MINT countries has been found until recent times. Hence, the study mainly aims to examine whether exports are the core element of growth of MINT countries.

53 SESSION 2A: Growth & Development 37 2 Export Growth and Overall Macroeconomic Performance of MINT Countries Prior to study the starring role of export in growth of MINT countries, a precise evaluation of the performance of growth and exports of these countries over the past two decades will be appropriate as all of these economies have undertaken structural reform programs as a key for growth emphasizing liberalization and promotion of exports since the 1990s (Thornton, 1996; Nguyen et al., 2013; Alimi & Muse, 2012; Rahmaddi & Ichihashi, 2011). Mexico: Trade liberalization in Mexico began in the early 1980s through a range of economic reform initiatives undertaken by Mexican government following the dramatic balance of payment crisis. Country s decision to join the GATT in 1986 together with the enactment of NAFTA in 1994 reduced the tariff and non-tariff barriers considerably. Besides, since 1985, initiatives like facilitating imports of equipment, raw materials and technologies, ensuring exporters easy and better access to credit and removal of barriers to the use of export earnings promote non-oil exports. Consequently, during the period , exports grew at 8.4 percent per year, as percent of GDP, it was 10.7 percent in 1991 but at the end of 2015 it climbed to 36.5 percent. Imports grew at over 8 percent, climbing from 11.5% to 35.1 percent of GDP. On the export side, manufactures were the leading sector. Its manufactures mounted to around 80 percent in the early 2010s from 38% of total exports at the beginning of liberalization in 1987 (Ibarra, 2010). Nigeria: The failure of the policies to promote Import Substitution Industrialization prior to the 1980s led Nigeria to adopt export promotion industrialization strategies as part of its Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in This policy is nowadays followed with the objective of translating it into economic growth and considerable efforts have been given and are still being continued to boost production of domestic exports particularly in sectors other than oil sector with regard to increase the variety of products in the country export structure. Exports of agricultural products were the main source of foreign exchange during the 1960s and 1970s. But crude oil turned out to be the core export item from the mid-1970s which now founds nearly 96 percent of total export. However, there is a declining share of non-oil exports, from about 48% in 1970 to about 7% in Concerning the contribution of non-oil export to GDP, the downgoing trend reached from 7% in 1970 to 1.09% in 2015 (CBN Statistical Bulletin, 2015). Hence the performance of the non-oil export sector in the recent decades is not impressive (Ojide et al., 2014). Consequently, in spite of the development in Nigeria s total exports earnings, the country has been encountering a significant amount of deficit in the balance of payment over the years (Alimi & Muse, 2012). Main problems that are hindering the non-oil exports of Nigeria are poor funding for export promotion schemes, inefficient implementation, and corruption. Besides, lack of government support and subsidies for non-oil export sector are also mentionable. Exports & Imports 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Exports of goods and services % of GDP Turkey Mexico Indonesia Nigeria Imports of goods and services % of GDP Turkey Mexico Indonesia Nigeria Table 1: Performance of Export and Import in MINT Countries. Sources: Authors' Calculation from World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2017 Turkey: From the beginning of the 1980s, Turkey adopted policies in order to achieve an economic system which is more liberal and market-oriented. As part of the policies, government undertook a growth strategy conducive to promote export and the external competitiveness of the economy was preserved through management of exchange rate and export subsidies. These primary initiatives undoubtedly helped regain the confidence of international creditors. The stand-by loans provided by IMF along with the adjustment loans of World Bank were promptly arranged and disbursed together with supplementary debt relief operations (Taş and Kar, 2002:41). On the other hand, the gradual but deliberate reduction in real wages in 1980s targeting to generating an exportable surplus enhance the competitiveness of export with lower labor costs (Taban S. & Aktar, 2008). These export-promoting strategies were successful in enhancing exports substantially. Its exports reach to 25.5 percent of GDP in the 2010s from 13.3 percent in 1980s at a 7.6 percent annual growth rate. Indonesia: Export promotion in Indonesia was embarked on 1985 in response to the breakdown of import substitution industrialization due to the fall in oil prices throughout the period of first half of the 1980s that exhausted the gains that Indonesia achieved due to the mid-70s oil boom. The economy experienced a quick surge in foreign direct investment owing to the intrepid and influential series of outward-oriented reform programs

54 38 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EURASIAN ECONOMIES 2017 undertaken from the mid-1980s ahead. Owing to the reduction and removal of tariff as well as non-tariff barriers, manufacturing exports raised five times in 9 years from that of 1985 (Rahmaddi & Ichihashi, 2011). However, regardless of the fall of manufacturing exports during Asian economic crisis in1998, it maintained a modest real GDP growth rate over 5 percent with more that 22 percent share of exports in GDP through 2000 to Literature Review There has been a good number of empirical studies on the export-growth relationship based on both time series as well as panel data. The results of the studies backed by time series data are inconclusive as some of them suggest that ELG hypothesis is valid for certain countries while it is not the case for others. While Medina-Smith (2001), Hossain & Karunaratne (2004), Siliverstovs & Herzer (2006), Baharumshah and Almasaied (2009) and Balcilar & Ozdemir (2013) find evidence to support ELG hypothesis, studies include Chang et al. (2000), Awokuse (2008), Ahmed and Uddin (2009), Mishra (2011) and Malhotra & Kumari (2016) oppose it. In addition, Shan and Sun (1998), Awokuse (2005) and Paul (2014) find that the causality between exports and GDP growth is bidirectional. Among the panel cointegration analysis, Sharma and Smyth (2009), Seabra and Galimberti (2012), Chandra Parida and Sahoo (2007), Biyase and Zwane (2014) and Olson (2014) find exports as a driving force of economic growth, but Bahmani-Oskooee et al. (2005) and Pazim et al. (2009), did not find sufficient evident to support evidence of the earlier studies. Results obtained from the studies on MINT countries employing time series data are also inconclusive. Studies mainly rely on Granger causality test with the aim of justifying the ELG for MINT countries. Studies that support ELG of MINT countries include McCarville & Nnadozie (1995), Thornton (1995), Lorde (2011), Ozturk and Acaravci (2010), but the hypothesis is opposed by Nguyen et al. (2013), Taban and Aktar (2008), Thangavelu and Rajaguru (2004), Alimi (2012). In addition, Lorde (2011) finds an inverse association between exports and GDP for Mexico. Granger causality from real GDP to exports is found to be unidirectional in the study of Nguyen et al. (2013) for Turkey and Alimi & Muse (2012) for Nigeria. Taban and Aktar (2008) identify a bidirectional causality relationship between real GDP growth and growth of exports in Turkey not only in the short run but also in the long run. The same result is found by Alimi (2012) for Nigeria, while Ojide et al. (2014) finds sufficient evidence in support of non-oil ELG hypothesis beyond the ELG hypothesis in Nigeria based on autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and co-integration analysis. However, there is no study found addressing whether the growth of MINT countries are essentially driven by export making use of panel cointegration analysis and the study is an attempt to fill up the void. 4 Data Sources and Methodology The study considers yearly data accumulated from secondary sources to examine the ELG hypothesis for MINT countries. The balanced panel consists of data for export, import, gross capital formation and GDP for MINT countries for the period of and data of each variable is measured in US dollars. Data are in real form considering the base year The data are collected from World Development Indicators, World Bank. A substantial amount of equipment, raw materials and technologies are imported by all the MINT countries to support their local production and also exports. Therefore, it will be appropriate to include import as a component in the estimation of growth. To assess the change in the efficiency of production, the study also considers the stock of physical capital as dependent variable. But the stock of physical capital is proxied by gross fixed capital formation mainly due to the limitation of data and complications in measuring the stock of physical capital. Hence the theoretical model for the study to examine the export-growth relationship can be given by- ln y t ln EXP ln IMP ln CAP (1) it i i 1i it 2i it 3i it it Where y is gross domestic product, EXP is export, IMP is import and CAP is gross fixed capital formation. All the variables are in real form. The probable sign of 1 i, 3i is positive and 2i is negative. The limitation of pure time series and pure cross section analysis is that they are not able to detect all the information available in data while estimating the equations, which is not the case for panel data techniques. That is why the study estimates the export-growth relationship employing the panel cointegration technique. Moreover, coefficient estimates in panel data estimation are superior to time series estimation due to the increase in the power of the tests for small data span, provided that the sample covers only 30 observations for each of the countries. The study begins with panel unit root test for each series, applying Im et al. (1997) (IPS) techniques. Different methods are used for the test of panel cointegration. The null hypothesis of no-cointegration is assumed in the Engle & Granger (1987) tests and stochastic disturbances produced from the panel regression are used. This method is employed in the panel cointegration tests offered by Pedroni (1997), McCoskey & Kao (1998). Kwiatowski et al. (1992), Harris & Inder (1994) and Shin (1994) proposed another method that considers the null hypothesis of cointegration. Heterogeneity in the cointegrating coefficients is permitted by all these tests of panel cointegration. Primarily, the two-step methodology offered by Engle Granger is performed for panel cointegration

55 SESSION 2A: Growth & Development 39 tests where unit root tests are directly applied to the residuals. However, this procedure yields biased test statistics towards accepting stationarity (Pedroni, 1997). Pedroni (1997) challenges the suitability of applying panel unit root tests directly to the regression residuals for several reasons that include lack of exogeneity of the regressors and the residuals are dependent on the distribution of the estimated coefficients. As a result, it is necessary to have a robust test procedure for cointegration in the presence of heterogeneity as an alternative. The study prefers to employ the cointegration test offered by Pedroni which permits considerable heterogeneity. After testing for cointegration, analysis of equation (1) will be the next issue to be addressed. Fully-Modified OLS (FMOLS) approaches can be applied to attain the panel data estimates for β i. For heterogeneous panel with I(1) variables, application of this methodology is able to produce results superior to OLS. Its distribution is standard and follows the asymptotic properties of unbiasedness. Moreover, FMOLS performs better in producing consistent standard errors and therefore consistent t-statistics that the OLS estimator could not yield. 5 Empirical Results and Discussion Table 2 summarizes the IPS panel unit root test results both at levels and at first difference. The results of the panel unit root tests imply that there is no way of rejecting the null hypothesis of non-stationarity at log level for all variables. Therefore, all the variables considered for the study are stationary at their first difference level. Variable GDP Export Import Capital Level Intercept (0.904) (0.794) (0.383) (0.949) Intercept and Trend (0.350) (0.604) (0.217) (0.117) First Difference Intercept Intercept and Trend * * (0.000) (0.000) * * (0.000) (0.000) * * (0.000) (0.000) * * (0.000) (0.000) Table 2: Im, Pesaran, Shin (IPS) Unit Root Test Decision Since all the variables are stationary at first difference level, panel cointegration test can be conducted. As all the variables are integrated at same order, i.e. I(1), Pedroni s panel cointegration tests can be applied in order to examine the long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. The findings of cointegration analysis based on equation (1) are reported in Table 3. The null hypothesis of non-cointegration against the alternative of cointegration is rejected in the case of equation (1) as both panel-adf and group-adf statistics are significant at 10% and 5% levels respectively. Apart from the adf-statistics, the results also imply significant panel-v and panel-pp statistics. The Kao test also rejects the null hypothesis- no cointegration as shown in table 4. Test Intercept p-value Intercept and Trend p-value Panel v-statistic * * Panel ρ-statistic * Panel pp-statistic * * Panel adf-statistic * * Group ρ Statistic Group pp-statistic * Group adf-statistic * Table 3: The Pedroni Panel Cointegration Test t-statistic Prob. ADF Residual variance HAC variance Table 4: Kao Residual Cointegration Test Overall cointegration results suggest that there exists a long run cointegrating relationship among the variables. Therefore, long run cointegrating relationship can be estimated. Table 5 summarizes the findings of group FMOLS of equations (1). Results lead to the inference that the coefficients hold the signs theoretically expected that are also statistically significant. Hence, the growth of MINT countries as a whole is export driven, but whether it differs from individual country experiences requires investigation. I(1) I(1) I(1) I(1)

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