Anka Eğitim Araçları

Epic of Manas Monument as a Symbolic Means of Communication (Analysis of Bishkek Manas Monuments) Abstract: Governments use monuments to communicate to society. Therefore monuments can be regarded as means of providing messages to the public and communicating between power and society. In these messages, there is an ideological content, as well as common emphasis on social reconciliation. The study aims to show which ideological items are usedin the process of transforming into monumentthe Manas epic, which has an important place in Turkish history, as a symbolic means of expression. In this respect, issues such as Manas epic, ideological relationship status, Monument and ideology constitute the conceptual framework of the study. For the symbolic and ideological analysis of the monuments, Barthes' semiotical analysis method is used in the study focusing on two monuments of the Soviet and Independence periods in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The most obvious common point of the monuments being analyzed is that they are the same in terms of the topic. Monuments dealing with the Kyrgyz heroine, Manas, were built in two different political regimes. Although it is the same in terms of its subjects, it has been determined that the monuments reflect the ideologies of their periods in the ideological perspective. Therefore, the Manas monument built during the Soviet era reflected the Soviet Ideology, while the Manas monument built during the period of independence is in harmony with the ideology of the era of independence. The icons and symbols used in these ideological meanings constitute the main framework of the study. Keywords: Manas, Symbolic Monument, Ideology, USSR, Kyrgyzstan

ÖZ Sovyetler Birliği rejimi kendi topraklarında yaşayan insanların sosyalist düşünceyi benimsemelerini, komünizm idealini hedeflemelerini istemiş, daha doğrusu buna mecbur etmişti. Bu doğrultuda Sovyetler Birliğinde yaşayan Müslümanların inancına, ahlakına ve aile yapısına müdahale eden rejim tarafından dinsizlik, tanrı tanımazlık zorla kabul ettirilmeye çalışıldı. Sovyet rejiminin hedefi, istisnasız her Sovyet vatandaşının Tanrı inancından, dini ahlaktan ve aile kültüründen yoksun birer " Sovyet nsanı " modelinde yetiştirmekten ibaretti. Bu amaç doğrultusunda okul öncesi eğitimden Üniversite eğitimine kadar hiçbir manevi ve dini altyapıya dayanmayan beşer ürünü moral ve etik öğretisine dayalı ahlak ve eğitim sistemi hayata geçirildi. Ateizmi, tanrı tanımazlığı rejimin ana ideolojisi olarak benimseyen Sovyetler Birliği döneminde, başta Hıristiyanlar ve Müslümanlar olmak üzere diğer din mensupları da inançlarını ve dini yaşantılarını asgari boyutta, gizlice yaşamaya çalışmıştır. Ateist olan Sovyet bireylerinin birçoğunun yaşam tarzı incelendiğinde onların dürüst, sade, medeni, devlete sadık, disiplinli, hak ve hukuka riayet eden bireyler olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Acaba bu özelliklere sahip olan Sovyet insanı rejimin baskısından korktuğu için mi dürüst ve ahlaklı idi, ya da sosyalist eğitim sisteminin başarısından dolayı mı, yoksa toplumda ve aile içinde devam eden dini inancın ve bilincin var olmasından mı kaynaklanıyordu? Sorusu özellikle bağımsızlık sonrası akla gelen soruların başında gelmekteydi. Ayrıca SSCB'nin inançsız ama ahlaklı, eğitimli toplum yetiştirmeye çalışırken ahlak sınırlarını, ahlak ilkelerini belirlemede neyi ölçü alacağına tam olarak karar veremediği, belirli bir dönemden sonra inancından vazgeçmediği Müslümanların dini eğitim almasına izin verdiği ancak dini eğitimi de sıkı takip altına aldığı görülmektedir. ABSTRACT The Soviet Union's Politics of Belief, Moral and Family on Muslims The Soviet Union regime demanded from people who resided in its land to embrace socialist sentiments, and asked them to follow the communist ideology. Actually, it enforced people for that. For that reason, belief, moral and family structure of Muslims who lived in the Soviet Union was intervened; Irreligiousness and atheism were imposed by the Soviet regime to Muslims. The aim of the Soviet regime was consisting of that to growing a model of " the Soviet people, " without any exceptions, depriving all Soviet Union's citizens from belief of God, religious morals, and family culture. In the direction of this purpose, from kindergarten to higher education, a human made moral and ethics principles were strived to infuse into individuals which were not based on any spiritual or religious belief. The atheism, the belief in the non existence of God, was adopted as the main ideology in the Soviet Union's era, primarily Muslims and Christians, and members of the other religions tried to live their religious lifes secretively and kept it as minimal. When the life style of individuals who were atheist in the Soviet Union was examined; it was seen that these individuals were honest, simple, civil, loyal to the state, disciplined, observer of the rights in law. They abided by the rules. However, these Soviet people were honest and of moral principles, generally because of fear and being oppressed by the regime or it is because of socialist education system's achievement, or its because the religious beliefs and consciousness were still surviving in the family and the society? Especially after independence , this question was the first question which comes to minds. Furthermore, it can be seen that while the USSR was struggling to create an unbeliever but a moral society, and a educated society, it (the USSR) could not decide exactly what kind of criterions should be used to decide as the limits of moral and principles of moral. After a certain time, the USSR allowed to Muslims who insisted in their beliefs to get religious education, but this religious education was also watched closely the regime.