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Go back and remember the last time you went to another country. It&#;s likely that you had to exchange your currency for the country&#;s currency. If you have done that, you have already engaged in foreign exchange. You have probably noticed that the price tag on an item from your home country may differ from that of another country. For example, a pair of sneakers that costs 50 dollars in the US might cost Swedish Krona in Stockholm. So what determines the values of these currencies? The answer lies in the foreign exchange market.

When considering options to invest our money, typically, young investors will gravitate towards the stock market. They may also be familiar with bond or commodity markets. Despite this, the currency market, also known as the forex (foreign exchange or FX) market, is the largest market in the world. The forex market size now exceeds an average of $5 trillion per day in total volume, primarily being traded in the UK and by professional traders. As of recently, platforms have made currency exchange far easier for the average investor.

Forex History: The Gold Standard

Historically, the values of many countries’ currencies were determined by the gold standard. The gold standard essentially means that the value of a country&#;s currency had to be backed, in reserve, by gold. Following the Great Depression, however, this system began to disappear. Then, in , the Bretton Woods Agreement fixed the values of international currencies to the US dollar, which was still being determined by the price of gold. In , Nixon ended this system, and the Foreign Exchange market developed into what it is today.

Foreign Exchange Fundamentals

The Foreign Exchange market is a decentralized financial marketplace where traders can buy and sell different currencies. Unlike some marketplaces and stock exchanges, the decentralized nature of this network is significant, as it is not tied down to a physical location. The FOREX market is also interesting in that it can be split into two different levels.

The first level is that of the interbank market. This top-level of the FOREX market is primarily composed of private banks that conduct significant transactions.

The second level of the FOREX market is the Over-The-Counter (OTC) market. This is where individuals and companies have the opportunity to participate.

Together, the supply and demand forces of the foreign exchange market determine a currency&#;s floating exchange rate (covered below) and help indicate the value of the currency.

Trading Currency

Rather than shares or a similar type of unit, currency is traded in lots. A micro-lot is equivalent to 1, units of the base currency (e.g. 1, dollars), a mini lot is 10, units of the base currency (10, dollars), and a standard lot is ,

The currency market differs from the stock market (or most other markets) in that all trading is done in pairs. This means that one currency is exchanged for another. For example, you exchange dollars for euros or yen for rupees.

A pip (“percentage in point”) is the smallest price move that an exchange rate can make, given that currency pairs are almost always priced to four decimal places. To calculate a pip, you can divide 1/10, ( — 4 decimal places) by the exchange rate. For example, if the USD/EUR exchange rate is , the pip is 1/10, ÷ , approximately equal to Pips are often used as a measure of how much gain or loss can realistically be realized from a forex trade. In essence, a pip is a unit of change.

Most Popular Currencies

Typically, the currencies that are most often traded are the U.S. dollar (USD), the British pound sterling (GBP), the euro (EUR), the Swiss franc (CHF), and the Japanese Yen (JPY), and other currencies like the Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand dollars (CAD, AUD, and NZD respectively). Given the fact that there are far fewer currency pairs than there are stocks, for example, portfolio management might be easier in forex trading whereas diversification may be less effective.

Currency markets are open 24 hours per day, from 5 p.m. Eastern Standard Time Sunday evening, until 4 p.m. EST Friday. Europe, Asia, and the United States each have their own trading sessions, corresponding to the various time zones. They tend to correspond to increased volume for their local currencies during their trading sessions.

Supply And Demand

As is the same with the stock market, the currency market changes due to supply and demand. But the factors that influence supply and demand are more usually based on macroeconomic indicators and qualitative factors regarding nations rather than measures of microeconomic performance.

When more dollars are desired or needed, the value of the dollar will go up. When there are too many dollars, the value will drop.

For example, when a country&#;s stock market is doing well, then the value of that country&#;s currency typically rises because more people want to have that country&#;s currency to invest in its rising stock market.

When the value of a currency increases or decreases, these changes are always relative to that of another currency. This means that if the US Dollar (USD) increases in value (or appreciates) relative to the Euro, the Euro has lost value (and depreciated) with relation to the USD. Additionally, the basic laws of supply and demand can be applied to understand exchange rates. For instance, if something causes the supply of Yen on the foreign exchange market to increase (or the demand for it decreases) then the Yen will, relatively, drop in value. An increase in demand or decrease in supply would cause the opposite to occur.

Factors Affecting Supply And Demand

There are various factors that influence the supply and demand of a currency. The most common are the nation’s political and/or economic status, rate of inflation, and monetary policy. A change in any one of these factors will cause a reciprocated change in that currency’s value. While these factors are numerous and complex, on a basic level, they often include economic factors and political conditions.

Economic Factors

Economic indicators, including money supply, interest rates, GDP, the unemployment rate, trade balance, and others can show an apparent growth in the economy. And with a growing economy, comes a greater currency value. In general, a forex investor can look for a growing GDP, greater money supply, low unemployment, and positive trade outlook to predict how much currency is in demand, and therefore the price. As mentioned before, a bullish stock market can also help drive up demand. Poor economic conditions will signify an apparently low demand and a low value for the currency.

If, for example, Country A is experiencing heavy inflation and has a higher price level than Country B (which has a lower inflation rate), there will be an observed increase in demand for currency from Country B. Or, in contrast, if Country A offers a higher interest rate than Country B, foreign investors will move their capital to Country A, and its currency will appreciate. Changes in income also affect the quantity of goods and services that a country imports, and as goods and services must be paid for in the currency of the country where they are being sold, supply and demand will be affected.

Monetary Policy

Monetary policy is how a nation attempts to use their government to influence its money supply. It has a substantial effect on the value of its currency. Many central banks, in the case of the United States, the Federal Reserve, will attempt to control the demand for currency through control of the money supply through interest rates.

The money supply is the amount of a currency that is circulating in an economy. There are a few different methods of measuring the money supply (M0, M1, M2, M3). They all basically measure how much money is in circulation. As money supply increases, more money is available for people to use, and more importantly, to borrow. As the money supply increases, the price of borrowing the money, or interest rates, will go down, and the demand for the currency does not correspond to a high price.

However, if more money is borrowed, due to a high money supply, there may be more spending and therefore economic growth. This growth could cause a greater demand for the currency. The money supply must be weighed against this growth to determine a forecast for the state of the currency value.  

Rate of Inflation

The inflation rate is the rate at which the general cost of goods and services is increasing within an economy. Too much inflation, occurring with stagnant economic growth, is extremely detrimental to an economy. Excessive inflation may be counteracted by the nation’s central bank with an increase in interest rates. This encourages less spending to drive the price of goods down and remedy inflation. This may also stimulate foreign investment, which leads to an increased demand for the currency.

Generally speaking, inflation and low interest rates cause a depreciation of the currency. An increase in interest rates results in a greater demand for currency, and therefore its appreciation.

Political Conditions

In currency markets, usually nations with more stable politics and economics see higher demand and greater value for their currency. Contrarily, a nation in unrest or under tension will have a lesser demand for their currency. As a nation shows more positivity in their economic status, often in conjunction with stable politics and a clearly confident future, there are greater indications of a growing economy. That warrants a higher demand of their currency.

The events in the UK regarding Brexit are an example of how political events drive the economy and the currency. Prime Minister Theresa May’s resignation, general division, and political turmoil signified a poor economic outlook for the UK. The value of the pound sterling resultantly dropped.

Floating and Fixed Exchange Rates

The values of many currencies are controlled by floating exchange rates. These exchange rates are dictated entirely by supply and demand and are said to be self-correcting. However, many currencies are not free-floating, and instead deemed to be fixed, or pegged. These fixed exchange rates differ from floating exchange rates in that the government or central bank of a country is responsible for setting and maintain that currency’s value. Although central banks don’t normally trade currencies, they do have the ability to control foreign exchange reserves and interest rates in a way that can significantly affect a currency’s value.

While many countries transitioned to floating exchange rates, fixed exchange rates are not uncommon. Sometimes, countries, such as Saudi Arabia, with economies heavily reliant on exports will choose to peg the value of their currency to the US Dollar. Although there are certain advantages to these fixed exchange rates, especially with regard to trade, there are also some negatives. Fixed exchange rates can be expensive to maintain and require a large amount of foreign exchange reserves. This constant maintenance of a currency’s value can have large economic repercussions, such as high inflation.

Conclusion

The forex market certainly contains lucrative investments that are increasingly accessible, with a number of currency trading platforms growing. Understanding how and why currency is traded and how it may be influenced is crucial to being able to trade it properly and profitably. Currency trading is far from easy but with a greater understanding of the economics of forex trading, more progress can be made for the investor.

The U.S. dollar held below a three-month high on Thursday, as market players tried to gauge when the Federal Reserve will likely begin cutting interest rates as Fed officials weighed in on Tuesday's inflation data.

While under renewed pressure this week, the yen kept off the three-month low hit against the dollar on Tuesday despite data showing Japan's economy slipped into a recession as it unexpectedly shrank for two straight quarters on weak domestic demand. The U.S. inflation data pushed back bets on a first Fed rate cut to the middle of the year, after showing the U.S. consumer price index (CPI) gained % in January on a year-on-year basis, compared with an expected % rise.

The market is currently pricing in no rate cut in March compared to 77% bets on rate cuts starting then a month ago, according to CME's FedWatch tool. Markets see a 60% chance the Fed will also hold rates at its May meeting. "The upside surprises should serve as a reminder that the Fed do not expect the path back to inflation to be easy," said Matt Simpson, senior market analyst at City Index. Chicago Fed President Austan Goolsbee said on Wednesday the Fed's path toward cutting will still be on track even if price increases run a bit hotter-than-expected over the next few months, and the central bank should be wary of waiting too long before it cuts interest rates.

Fed Vice Chair for Supervision Michael Barr said the Fed remained confident, but the January CPI numbers shows the United States' path back to 2% inflation "may be a bumpy one." "The Fed are taking a long-view approach and their 'path' back to 2% allows for mishaps along the way. And comments from (Fed officials) after the hot inflation report attest to this," City Index's Simpson said.

The dollar index, which measures the greenback against six peer currencies, consolidated below a fresh three-month high of touched on Wednesday, ahead of U.S. retail sales in January due later on Thursday. It last sat at The yen was up % versus the greenback at after Japan's top currency officials warned against "rapid" and speculative yen moves.

Japan intervened in the currency market more than once in when the yen plunged to year lows near to the dollar. Still, the heat from the dollar looks likely to persist as traders shift bets to a rate cut later in the year, said Commonwealth Bank of Australia Currency Strategist Carol Kong.

"Against this backdrop, further verbal intervention from Japanese authorities will not weigh on USD/JPY more than temporarily in our view," Kong said. Japan's surprisingly weak performance revealed in its gross domestic product figures on Thursday saw it lose its title as the world's third-largest economy, replaced by Germany.

Sterling, meanwhile, was last trading at $ ahead of preliminary GDP data on Thursday. The pound dipped overnight after data showed UK inflation did not accelerate in January as expected, potentially lifting some pressure off the Bank of England to keep rates steady for longer. The euro was mostly unchanged at $

In cryptocurrencies, bitcoin rose % to $52,, surpassing its latest month high of $52, touched the previous day, after the total value invested in bitcoin surpassed $1 trillion for the first time since November

In an interview, ECB Governing Council member Edward Scicluna pointed to March economic projections as a crucial factor that could justify a shift in policy, opening the door for rate cuts. &#;March could be it,&#; he suggested, &#;We&#;ll see how many think that there&#;s no need to wait for June.&#;

Acknowledging the &#;bumpy&#; path toward achieving ECB&#;s disinflation objectives, Scicluna emphasized the clear trend of declining inflation. &#;You should see the writing on the wall and admit objectively that the trend is going down,&#; he stated.

Despite the possibility of justifying a hold on rate cuts due to various concerns, including geopolitical tensions, Scicluna argued for a more direct approach: &#;You have to make a judgment; you don&#;t find these excuses.&#;

&#;Let&#;s face reality — of course, risks are flying all around us,&#; he said. &#;But when you get a comprehensive look at things, prices are falling.&#;

&#;At a time when demand is falling, I believe you can let off the pedal a bit,&#; Scicluna said.