Индикаторы Signal Bars 6

BeST_Visual MAs Signal Generator MT4 Indicator is a very  useful Visual Tool that can display in the Chart all ENTRY signals (BUY and SELL) and also any corresponding EXIT signal, based on a total of 12, common but also different trading strategies, in which the Entry and Exit Signals are derived exclusively by using Moving Averages (MAs).

The two main groups of MAs Strategies included in this tool are:

This group includes 4 different strategies (A1-A4), where Entry and Exit signals are based only on Crossings that occur between MAs or MAs and Price (Close).

This group includes 3 additional different strategies (B1-B3), in which the Entry and Exit signals are based on the slope changes of the MAs included in each strategy.

1) For 5 out of 12 total strategies, which by default are not Reverse, there is a choice of Reverse Entries Mode, so that the Exit signal from a position can be at the same time an Entry signal in the next opposite position. This, for example, is often very useful and possibly necessary, when the Entry conditions in the opposite trade appear before the default conditions for Exit, from the current open trade.

2) There is also the option to display or not in the Chart, the MAs used to produce the displayed signals.

3) In the Strategies included in the tool, the MAs used are named according to their use or properties, as Fast and Slow or Entry and Exit MAs.

The most important Input parameters of the indicator are the following:

• Select Trading Strategy Method: You can select the Strategy you prefer to use among 7 total different strategies.

• Select or not Reverse Entries Mode: You can additionally select the Reverse Entries or not for the already selected Strategy.

• Select to show or not the Moving Averages: You can also select if you want to see or not on the Chart the MAs that are used by the selected Strategy.

All other Input parameters are simply selections of the Period, the Method and the Price applied to, for the MAs that are used by the selected Strategy.

• Buy Arrow:                 Buffer = 4

•Sell Arrow:                 Buffer = 5

•Exit Buy Signal:          Buffer = 6

• Exit Sell Signal:          Buffer = 7

What Is Moving Average Convergence/Divergence (MACD)?

Moving average convergence/divergence (MACD, or MAC-D) is a trend-followingmomentum indicator that shows the relationship between two exponential moving averages (EMAs) of a security’s price. The MACD line is calculated by subtracting the period EMA from the period EMA.

The result of that calculation is the MACD line. A nine-day EMA of the MACD line is called the signal line, which is then plotted on top of the MACD line, which can function as a trigger for buy or sell signals. Traders may buy the security when the MACD line crosses above the signal line and sell—or short—the security when the MACD line crosses below the signal line. MACD indicators can be interpreted in several ways, but the more common methods are crossovers, divergences, and rapid rises/falls.

MACD Formula

MACD=Period EMA − Period EMA

MACD is calculated by subtracting the long-term EMA (26 periods) from the short-term EMA (12 periods). An EMA is a type of moving average (MA) that places a greater weight and significance on the most recent data points.

The exponential moving average is also referred to as the exponentially weighted moving average. An exponentially weighted moving average reacts more significantly to recent price changes than a simple moving average (SMA), which applies an equal weight to all observations in the period.

Learning from MACD

MACD has a positive value (shown as the blue line in the lower chart) whenever the period EMA (indicated by the red line on the price chart) is above the period EMA (the blue line in the price chart) and a negative value when the period EMA is below the period EMA. The level of distance that MACD is above or below its baseline indicates that the distance between the two EMAs is growing.

In the following chart, you can see how the two EMAs applied to the price chart correspond to the MACD (blue) crossing above or below its baseline (red dashed) in the indicator below the price chart.

MACD is often displayed with a histogram (see the chart below) that graphs the distance between MACD and its signal line. If MACD is above the signal line, the histogram will be above the MACD’s baseline, or zero line. If MACD is below its signal line, the histogram will be below the MACD’s baseline. Traders use the MACD’s histogram to identify when bullish or bearish momentum is high—and possibly for overbought/oversold signals.

MACD vs. Relative Strength

The relative strength index (RSI) aims to signal whether a market is considered to be overbought or oversold in relation to recent price levels. The RSI is an oscillator that calculates average price gains and losses over a given period of time. The default time period is 14 periods with values bounded from 0 to A reading above 70 suggests an overbought condition, while a reading below 30 is considered oversold, with both potentially signaling a top is forming, or vice versa (a bottom is forming).

The MACD lines, however, do not have concrete overbought/oversold levels like the RSI and other oscillator studies. Rather, they function on a relative basis. That’s to say an investor or trader should focus on the level and direction of the MACD/signal lines compared with preceding price movements in the security at hand, as shown below.

MACD measures the relationship between two EMAs, while the RSI measures price change in relation to recent price highs and lows. These two indicators are often used together to give analysts a more complete technical picture of a market.

These indicators both measure momentum in a market, but because they measure different factors, they sometimes give contrary indications. For example, the RSI may show a reading above 70 (overbought) for a sustained period of time, indicating a market is overextended to the buy side in relation to recent prices, while the MACD indicates that the market is still increasing in buying momentum. Either indicator may signal an upcoming trend change by showing divergence from price (price continues higher while the indicator turns lower, or vice versa).

Limitations of MACD and Confirmation

One of the main problems with a moving average divergence is that it can often signal a possible reversal, but then no actual reversal happens—it produces a false positive. The other problem is that divergence doesn’t forecast all reversals. In other words, it predicts too many reversals that don’t occur and not enough real price reversals.

This suggests confirmation should be sought by trend-following indicators, such as the Directional Movement Index (DMI) system and its key component, the Average Directional Index (ADX). The ADX is designed to indicate whether a trend is in place or not, with a reading above 25 indicating a trend is in place (in either direction) and a reading below 20 suggesting no trend is in place.

Investors following MACD crossovers and divergences should double-check with the ADX before making a trade on an MACD signal. For example, while MACD may be showing a bearish divergence, a check of the ADX may tell you that a trend higher is in place—in which case you would avoid the bearish MACD trade signal and wait to see how the market develops over the next few days.

On the other hand, if MACD is showing a bearish crossover and the ADX is in non-trending territory (<25) and has likely shown a peak and reversal on its own, you could have good cause to take the bearish trade.

Furthermore, false positive divergences often occur when the price of an asset moves sideways in a consolidation, such as in a range or triangle pattern following a trend. A slowdown in the momentum—sideways movement or slow trending movement—of the price will cause MACD to pull away from its prior extremes and gravitate toward the zero lines even in the absence of a true reversal. Again, double-check the ADX to determine whether a trend is in place and also look at what price is doing before acting.

Example of MACD Crossovers

As shown on the following chart, when MACD falls below the signal line, it is a bearish signal indicating that it may be time to sell. Conversely, when MACD rises above the signal line, the signal is bullish, suggesting that the price of the asset might experience upward momentum. Some traders wait for a confirmed cross above the signal line before entering a position to reduce the chances of being faked out and entering a position too early.

Crossovers are more reliable when they conform to the prevailing trend. If MACD crosses above its signal line after a brief downside correction within a longer-term uptrend, it qualifies as a bullish confirmation and the likely continuation of the uptrend.

If MACD crosses below its signal line following a brief move higher within a longer-term downtrend, traders would consider that a bearish confirmation.

Example of Divergence

When MACD forms highs or lows that that exceed the corresponding highs and lows on the price, it is called a divergence. A bullish divergence appears when MACD forms two rising lows that correspond with two falling lows on the price. This is a valid bullish signal when the long-term trend is still positive.

Some traders will look for bullish divergences even when the long-term trend is negative because they can signal a change in the trend, although this technique is less reliable.

When MACD forms a series of two falling highs that correspond with two rising highs on the price, a bearish divergence has been formed. A bearish divergence that appears during a long-term bearish trend is considered confirmation that the trend is likely to continue.

Some traders will watch for bearish divergences during long-term bullish trends because they can signal weakness in the trend. However, it is not as reliable as a bearish divergence during a bearish trend.

Example of Rapid Rises or Falls

When MACD rises or falls rapidly (the shorter-term moving average pulls away from the longer-term moving average), it is a signal that the security is overbought or oversold and will soon return to normal levels. Traders will often combine this analysis with the RSI or other technical indicators to verify overbought or oversold conditions.

It is not uncommon for investors to use the MACD’s histogram the same way that they may use the MACD itself. Positive or negative crossovers, divergences, and rapid rises or falls can be identified on the histogram as well. Some experience is needed before deciding which is best in any given situation, because there are timing differences between signals on the MACD and its histogram.

The Bottom Line

MACD is a valuable tool of the moving-average type, best used with daily data. Just as a crossover of the nine- and day SMAs may generate a trading signal for some traders, a crossover of the MACD above or below its signal line may also generate a directional signal.

MACD is based on EMAs (more weight is placed on the most recent data), which means that it can react very quickly to changes of direction in the current price move. But that quickness can also be a two-edged sword. Crossovers of MACD lines should be noted, but confirmation should be sought from other technical signals, such as the RSI, or perhaps a few candlestick price charts. Further, because it is a lagging indicator, it argues that confirmation in subsequent price action should develop before taking the signal.

Awesome Oscillator Technical Indicator (AO) is a period simple moving average, plotted through the middle points of the bars (H+L)/2, which is subtracted from the 5-period simple moving average, built across the central points of the bars (H+L)/2. It shows us quite clearly what’s happening to the market driving force at the present moment.

Signals to buy

Saucer

This is the only signal to buy that comes when the bar chart is higher than the nought line. One must bear in mind:

• the saucer signal is generated when the bar chart reversed its direction from the downward to upward. The second column is lower than the first one and is colored red. The third column is higher than the second and is colored green.
• for the saucer signal to be generated the bar chart should have at least three columns.

Keep in mind, that all Awesome Oscillator columns should be over the nought line for the saucer signal to be used.

Nought line crossing

The signal to buy is generated when the bar chart passes from the area of negative values to that of positive. It comes when the bar chart crosses the nought line. As regards this signal:

• for this signal to be generated, only two columns are necessary;
• the first column is to be below the nought line, the second one is to cross it (transition from a negative value to a positive one);
• simultaneous generation of signals to buy and to sell is impossible.

Two pikes

This is the only signal to buy that can be generated when the bar chart values are below the nought line. As regards this signal, please, bear in mind:

• the signal is generated, when you have a pike pointing down (the lowest minimum) which is below the nought line and is followed by another down-pointing pike which is somewhat higher (a negative figure with a lesser absolute value, which is therefore closer to the nought line), than the previous down-looking pike.
• the bar chart is to be below the nought line between the two pikes. If the bar chart crosses the nought line in the section between the pikes, the signal to buy doesn’t function. However, a different signal to buy will be generated – nought line crossing.
• each new pike of the bar chart is to be higher (a negative number of a lesser absolute value that is closer to the nought line) than the previous pike.
• if an additional higher pike is formed (that is closer to the nought line) and the bar chart has not crossed the nought line, an additional signal to buy will be generated.

Signal strength received by a phone from a network

A mobile phone signal (also known as reception and service) is the signal strength (measured in dBm) received by a mobile phone from a cellular network (on the downlink). Depending on various factors, such as proximity to a tower, any obstructions such as buildings or trees, etc. this signal strength will vary. Most mobile devices use a set of bars of increasing height to display the approximate strength of this received signal to the mobile phone user. Traditionally five bars are used. (see five by five)^[1]

Generally, a strong mobile phone signal is more likely in an urban area, though these areas can also have some "dead zones", where no reception can be obtained. Cellular signals are designed to be resistant to multipath reception, which is most likely to be caused by the blocking of a direct signal path by large buildings, such as high-rise towers. By contrast, many rural or sparsely inhabited areas lack any signal or have very weak fringe reception; many mobile phone providers are attempting to set up towers in those areas most likely to be occupied by users, such as along major highways. Even some national parks and other popular tourist destinations away from urban areas now have cell phone reception, though location of radio towers within these areas is normally prohibited or strictly regulated, and is often difficult to arrange.

In areas where signal reception would normally be strong, other factors can have an effect on reception or may cause complete failure (see RF interference). From inside a building with thick walls or of mostly metal construction (or with dense rebar in concrete), signal attenuation may prevent a mobile phone from being used. Underground areas, such as tunnels and subway stations, will lack reception unless they are wired for cell signals. There may also be gaps where the service contours of the individual base stations (Cell towers) of the mobile provider (and/or its roaming partners) do not completely overlap.

In addition, the weather may affect the strength of a signal, due to the changes in radio propagation caused by clouds (particularly tall and dense thunderclouds which cause signal reflection), precipitation, and temperature inversions. This phenomenon, which is also common in other VHFradio bands including FM broadcasting, may also cause other anomalies, such as a person in San Diego "roaming" on a Mexican tower from just over the border in Tijuana, or someone in Detroit "roaming" on a Canadian tower located within sight across the Detroit River in Windsor, Ontario. These events may cause the user to be billed for "international" usage despite being in their own country, though mobile phone companies can program their billing systems to re-rate these as domestic usage when it occurs on a foreign cell site that is known to frequently cause such issues for their customers.

The volume of network traffic can also cause calls to be blocked or dropped due to a disaster or other mass call event which overloads the number of available radio channels in an area, or the number of telephone circuits connecting to and from the general public switched telephone network.

Dead zones[edit]

Areas where mobile phones cannot transmit to a nearby mobile site, base station, or repeater are known as dead zones. In these areas, the mobile phone is said to be in a state of outage. Dead zones are usually areas where mobile phone service is not available because the signal between the handset and mobile site antennas is blocked or severely reduced, usually by hilly terrain, dense foliage, or physical distance.

A number of factors can create dead zones, which may exist even in locations in which a wireless carrier offers coverage, due to limitations in cellular network architecture (the locations of antennas), limited network density, interference with other mobile sites, and topography. Since cell phones rely on radio waves, which travel through the air and are easily attenuated (particularly at higher frequencies), mobile phones may be unreliable at times. Like other radio transmissions, mobile phone calls can be interrupted by large buildings, terrain, trees, or other objects between the phone and the nearest base. Cellular network providers work continually to improve and upgrade their networks in order to minimize dropped calls, access failures, and dead zones (which they call "coverage holes" or "no-service areas"). For mobile virtual network operators, the network quality depends entirely on the host network for the particular handset in question. Some MVNOs use more than one host, which may even have different technologies (for example, different Spectrum (brand) and TracFone handsets use either CDMA and 1xRTT on Verizon Wireless, or GSM and UMTS on AT&T Mobility or GSM and UMTS on T-Mobile US).

Dead zones can be filled-in with microcells, while picocells can handle even smaller areas without causing interference to the larger network. Personal microcells, such as those for a home, are called femtocells, and generally have the range of a cordless phone, but may not be usable for an MVNO phone. A similar system can be set up to perform inmate call capture,^[2] which prevents cellphones smuggled into a prison from being used. These still complete calls to or from pre-authorized users such as prison staff, while not violating laws against jamming. These systems must be carefully designed so as to avoid capturing calls from outside the prison, which would in effect create a dead zone for any passersby outside.

In the event of a disaster causing temporary dead zones, a cell on wheels may be brought in until the local telecom infrastructure can be restored. These portable units are also used where large gatherings are expected, in order to handle the extra load.

Dropped calls[edit]

A dropped call is a common term used and expressed by wirelessmobile phonecall subscribers when a call is abruptly cut-off (disconnected) during midconversation. This happens less often today than it would have in the early s. The termination occurs unexpected and is influenced by a number of different reasons such as "Dead Zones." In technical circles, it is called an abnormal release.

One reason for a call to be "dropped" is if the mobile phone subscriber travels outside the coverage area—the cellular network radio tower(s). After a telephone connection between two subscribers has been completed, both the tower and the mobile phone must remain within range of that subscribers network provider or that connection will be lost (dropped). Not all cellular telephone radio towers are owned by the same telephone company (though this is not true to all locations) be maintained across a different company's network (as calls cannot be re-routed over the traditional phone network while in progress), also resulting in the termination of the call once a signal cannot be maintained between the phone and the original network.^{[clarification needed]}

Another common reason is when a phone is taken into an area where wireless communication is unavailable, interrupted, interfered with, or jammed. From the network's perspective, this is the same as the mobile moving out of the coverage area.

Occasionally, calls are dropped upon handoff between cells within the same provider's network. This may be due to an imbalance of traffic between the two cell sites' areas of coverage. If the new cell site is at capacity, it cannot accept the additional traffic of the call trying to "hand in." It may also be due to the network configuration not being set up properly, such that one cell site is not "aware" of the cell to which the phone is trying to handoff. If the phone cannot find an alternative cell to which to move that can take over the call, the call is lost.

Co-channel and adjacent-channel interference can also be responsible for dropped calls in a wireless network. Neighbouring cells with the same frequencies interfere with each other, deteriorating the quality of service and producing dropped calls. Transmission problems are also a common cause of dropped calls. Another problem may be a faulty transceiver inside the base station.

Calls can also be dropped if a mobile phone at the other end of the call loses battery power and stops transmitting abruptly.

Sunspots and solar flares are rarely blamed for causing interference leading to dropped calls, as it would take a major geomagnetic storm to cause such a disruption (except for satellite phones).

Experiencing too many dropped calls is one of the most common customer complaints received by wireless service providers. They have attempted to address the complaint in various ways, including expansion of their home network coverage, increased cell capacity, and offering refunds for individual dropped calls.

Various signal booster systems are manufactured to reduce problems due to dropped calls and dead zones. Many options, such as wireless units and antennas, are intended to aid in strengthening weak signals.

ASU[edit]

Arbitrary Strength Unit (ASU) is an integer value proportional to the received signal strength measured by the mobile phone.

It is possible to calculate the real signal strength measured in dBm (and thereby power in Watts) by a formula. However, there are different formulas for 2G, 3G and 4G networks.

In GSM networks, ASU maps to RSSI (received signal strength indicator, see TS ^[3] sub clause ).

dBm = 2 × ASU - , ASU in the range of and 99 (for not known or not detectable).

In UMTS networks, ASU maps to RSCP level (received signal code power, see TS ^[3] sub clause and TS sub clause ).

dBm = ASU - , ASU in the range of and (for not known or not detectable).

In LTE networks, ASU maps to RSRP (reference signal received power, see TS , sub-clause ). The valid range of ASU is from 0 to For the range 1 to 96, ASU maps to

(ASU - ) < dBm ≤ (ASU - ).

The value of 0 maps to RSRP below dBm and the value of 97 maps to RSRP above dBm.

On Android devices however, the original GSM formula may prevail for UMTS.^[4] Tools like Network Signal Info^[5] can directly show the signal strength (in dBm), as well as the underlying ASU.

ASU shouldn't be confused with "Active Set Update". The Active Set Update is a signalling message used in handover procedures of UMTS and CDMA mobile telephony standards. On Android phones, the acronym ASU has nothing to do with Active Set Update. It has not been declared precisely by Google developers.^[6]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Wi-Fi 6 is here, and with it are some of the best advancements in Wi-Fi to date. However, a little overlooked improvement (and a seemingly minor one) is the new naming convention. Gone is the old x scheme that was confusing and esoteric to the uninitiated. Now, we have easy to understand Wi-Fi 4, Wi-Fi 5, and Wi-Fi 6, all with a new symbol to boot.

Most manufacturers now have it so their Wi-Fi enabled devices state what version of Wi-Fi said devices are connected to. So, when you see a 4, 5, 6 (and likely soon to be 7) with the Wi-Fi signal, that&#;s the Wi-Fi network you&#;re on!

This labeling doesn’t really seem all that important from a sales side other than that it’s much easier to tell an end user they’re moving from Wi-Fi 5 to Wi-Fi 6 instead of saying they’re moving from ac to ax. It’s all about optics and that’s where this gets interesting, and very important.

Does That Mean You Should Upgrade to Wi-Fi 6?

We all know that top speeds on a single device are less important than aggregate overall speeds of many devices on the network. We also all know that some homeowners who like to show off to their friends don’t really care about that and all they want to do is show their friends how fast their one device can connect to the internet.

Now, imagine you just sold a homeowner a brand new wireless network with 7 access points (APs). No matter which manufacturer you decide to sell, 7 APs can add up to some serious money (even more so if you use Enterprise grade gear). 

Two months from now they go to buy a new phone and they’re excited because it has “Wi-Fi 6” and they can’t wait to try it on their new home network and show their friends. Unfortunately for you, the APs you put in are Wi-Fi 5 and now the homeowner doesn’t see the following on their phone:

Can you see that tiny little “6” in the upper corner with Wi-Fi symbol? Yep, manufacturers are starting to label their Wi-Fi signal bars with the version of Wi-Fi they’re using.

From what I’ve seen so far this doesn’t always mean what it looks like it’s supposed to mean. Some people have mentioned that they are using a Wi-Fi 6 capable phone and seeing this image even when connected to a Wi-Fi 5 network.

I have a feeling that will change eventually and it will properly show the type of connection you’re currently receiving just as your cellular connection will change from time to time depending on your connection (notwithstanding the fake AT&T 5Ge). I know that my new Samsung Note will reflect the little number 6 only when I’m connected to a Wi-Fi 6 network.

In a nutshell, in order to avoid the eventual questions and complaints by homeowners that they just spent X amount of dollars on a new network and it’s “already obsolete,” do yourself a favor and begin specifying Wi-Fi 6 routers and APs in all of your new projects.

They’re not much more expensive and if the client says “no” at least you can bring up the fact that you gave them the option at the time.  Not only will you be doing them a huge favor because as more Wi-Fi 6 devices come online, they’ll be able to see their network actually improving over time, they’ll also be able to enjoy faster speeds and better security, but they’ll also get that shiny new label to show off to their friends.

Bjørn Jensen is owner of WhyReboot, a Miami-based smart home networking company.

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