Turan Shah

Celâleddin Harizmşah'ın kuvvetleri Yassıçemen yenilgisi ( 10 Ağustos 1230 ) sonrasında Doğu Anadolu'da dağınık vaziyette kaldılar. Selçuklu ordusu bölgeyi terk edince Erzincan-Ahlat hattına yayıldılar. Sayıları epeyce kalabalık olan bu kuvvetler, başlarında liderleri ile birlikte Türkiye Selçuklularının buyruğuna girdiler. Alaâddin Keykûbâd döneminde devlete büyük yararlılıklar gösterdiler. Fakat, II.Gıyâseddin Keyhüsrev'le araları açılınca Türkiye Selçuklularının hizmetinden çıkıp Güney Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'ne indiler. Sayıları on beş bine ulaşan Harizmliler, bölgenin sosyal düzeninde sarsıntılara sebep oldular. Bölge hâkimleri, bu büyük gücü, hâkimiyet sahalarını genişletmek ve rakiplerine karşı üstünlük elde etmek amacıyla kullanmak istediler. Eyyûbî hükümdarı el-Melikü's-Sâlih Necmeddin Eyyub, bu kuvvetleri bölgedeki düşmanlarına karşı, topyekûn hizmetine aldı. Necmeddin Eyyûb, bu taze, kalabalık ve savaşçı güçle kısa zamanda kuvvetlendi ve büyüdü. Fakat Harizmlilere verdiği sözleri tutmadı. Bunun üzerine Harizmliler Necmeddin Eyyûb'a baş kaldırdılar. Necmeddin Eyyûb, Harzimlilere karşı duramayacağını anladı ve korkusundan Rahbe'den kaçtı. Necmeddin Eyyûb, rakipleri karşısında sıkışınca, tekrar, hâli hazırdaki bu kuvvetlerle anlaştı. Onların yardımıyla, Bedreddin Lülü tarafından kuşatılan Sincar'ı kurtardı, Amid'den Türkiye Selçuklu kuvvetlerini uzaklaştırdı, Dımaşk'a girdi, Kerek'teki mahkûmiyetten kurtuldu ve Suriye'de gücünü arttırdı. Fakat, kendilerine verilenlerle yetinmeyen Harizmliler bir süreliğine onun hakimiyetinden çıktı. Para, mal ve toprak karşılığında Eyyûbî melikleri ve bölgenin diğer hâkimleri arasındaki mücadelelerde söz sahibi oldular. Kudüs'ün Haçlılardan geri alınmasında büyük fayda sağladılar. Bununla birlikte Suriye'de büyük karmaşaya yol açtılar. Verdikleri bu zarara rağmen bölge hâkimleri yine de onlardan faydalanmaktan vazgeçmedi. Fakat verdikleri zarar o kadar büyüktü ki, bölge hâkimleri birbirlerine rakip olsalar da bir süre sonra onlara karşı birleştiler ve bir ordu teşkil ettiler. İki taraf arasında vuku bulan çokça çarpışmanın ardından birleşik kuvvetler 1246 senesinde Harizmlileri ağır bir şekilde mağlup etti. Harizmliler bu yenilgi sonrası bir daha eski güçlerine ulaşamadı. Savaştan sağ çıkan Harizmliler, Eyyûbîlerin, Memlûklerin ve İlhanlıların hizmetine girdiler

The forces of Jalâladdin Harizmshah were scattered in Eastern Anatolia after the defeat of Yassiçemen (10 August 1230). When the army of Anatolian Seljukid left the region, they domiciled the Erzincan-Ahlat line. These forces, which were quite crowded, with their leaders entered command of Anatolian Seljukids.They showed great usefulness to the state during the period of Alaâddin Keykûbâd. After they fell out with II.Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev, went South Eastern Anatolia. Harizmians, whose number had reached fifteen thousands, were the reasons for the social order of the region. The rulers of the region wanted to use this great power to expand their dominance fields and gain superiority to their opponents. The Ayyûbid ruler, al-Malik al-Salih Najmaddin Ayyûb, took all of these forces under his command to use against his enemies in the region by giving many promises. Najmaddin Ayyûb, with this fresh, crowded and warrior power, soon became stronger and grew.But he did not keep his promises to the Harizmians. He escaped the Rahbe because of fear of the Harizmians. When Najmaddin Ayyûb squeezed in the face of his rivals, he again agreed with these forces at present. With their help, he saved Sinjar, who was besieged by Bedreddin Lulu, removed the forces of Seljukids from Amid, entered Damascus, was freed from imprisonment in Qarak. He has increased his strength in Syria. However, the Harizmians who were not satisfied with what had been given them came out of his dominion for a while.They had a say in the struggles between Ayyubid princes and other rulers of the region for money, property and land. They gained favor to take back Jerusalem from the Crusaders. Nevertheless, they led to great confusion in Syria. Despite this damage, the rulers of the district did not give up using them anyway. But when the damage they caused was so great, even so they rivaled each other, after a while they united against them and form an army. After many collisions between the two sides, the combined forces severely defeated the Harizmians in 1246. Harizmians could not reach their former strength again. Harizmians who survived from the war, came into service Eyyûbî, Mamluk and Ilkhanis Jalâladdin Menguberti ( Jalâladdin Harizmshah ) was overwhelmingly defeated by Anatolian Seljukids in Yassıçemen and his army dispersed (10 August 1230) . While some of these forces were fleeing to Azerbaijan along with Jalâladdin, the most important part of them fled to the Empire of Trebizond. When the army of Seljukids withdrew from the region, the Harizmians in the Empire of Trebizond and in the South Eastern Anatolian region settled in around Ahlat. These forces are an important military force consisting of the Kangli-Kipchak tribes who escaped with their families from Mongols. The soltan of Anatolian Seljukids, Alaâddin Keykubâd, wanted to take advantage of this great power and took them under his dominion and gave them ıqtas in his country. After the death of Soltan Alaâddin Keykubâd, his son II. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev imprisoned the Harizmian leader Husâmeddin Kayır Han. Because of that, they came out of the obedience of Anatolian Seljukids and came to the South East Anatolia Region. They caused confusion in the region. The number of those was around fifteen thousand and they had leaders such as Berke Han, İhtiyaruddin Birdî Han, Saru Han, Kişlu Han, Bahadır, Beğceri (بكجري (and Teblu (تبلو.( Najmaddin Ayyûb took them under his service in order to overcome this confusion in social order in the region and increase the army's power. He benefited from them by money, goods and lands. Firstly, he used them to support his father al-Kamil for his probable Aleppo siege. But Najmaddin Ayyûb did not give them what he had promised so they rebelled and chased him. Najmaddin Ayyûb, later, made an agreement with them and gained their support. After this agreement they seized Sinjar where was sieged by the ruler of Mosul, Badraddin Lulu, and after that Najmaddin Ayyûb sent them to help his son Turan Shah, who was in a difficult situation against the forces of Anatolian Seljukids in Amid. Najmaddin Ayyûb took over Damascus from the hand of al-Malik al-Cavad. During the ongoing contests between Ayyubid maliks, Najmaddin Ayyub’s uncle, al-Melikū’s-Sâlih Ismail, with the help of al-Mujâhid Shirkûh, had Damascus ( September 1239). The ruler of Qaraq al-Meliku'n-Nasir Davud, also confined Najmaddin Ayyûb in Qarak. With the encouragement of some statesmen Harizmians made confusions ın Syria in order to Najmaddin Ayyûb get out of the prison. After released Najmaddin Ayyûb walked Damascus with them and owned the city. But he didnt let them enter the city. It made Harizmians very angry. Therefore they walked from Damascus to Jerusalem. They fought the crusaders and defeated them very heavyly and rescued the city from the Crusaders. All rulers of Syria and al-Jazira region have applied for the help of Harizmians in many struggles. Artukids, rulers of Mayyafarikin, Mosul, Kalatu’l Caber, Hama, Hımıs and Qaraq became strong with them. Some of these rulers established relations with them through the marriage. Although establishing strong relative ties and goods giving them, they changed their sides constantly for goods, money and land. They caused an incredible uproar in the north of Syria. Eventually, the rulers of the region decided to act together against them and formed a common force to fight them. Common forces heavily defeated them around al-Kasab ( 644/18 May 1246 ). After the defeat they swung in the region. Harizmian leader Berke killed in this war. Many Harizmians were captured too. Those who succeeded in escaping the war, belonged to Ayyubids, Ilkhanids and Mamluks. Saru Han and his tribes sheltered in the Mongols. Kişlu Han captured and put the sentence with the many Harizmians in Aleppo. After the elimination of Harizmians, rulers of Hama, Hımıs, Aleppo and Sultan Najmaddin Ayyûb made a peace among themselves. Najmaddin Ayyûb sent an army to remove Harizmians in Qarak. The ruler of Qarak, had to delivered Harizmians in Qarak and with this way peace made. The state in which the Harizmians are most actives no doubt is Mamluks. Except for those Harizmians, after Ayncalut victory, many Harizmians asylumed Mamlûk State. Some of them were people who were in the service of Jalâladdin Harezmshah. Mamlûk State put them important official position in the state

Tam Metin

Özet

Shah Ismail (1487-1524), the Erdebil Dervish Monastery's Shaykh and the founder of Safavid Dynasty, is a poet who also tells Turkish poems under the pseudonym Hatayi. His poems were collected in his works named Deh-name, Nasihat-name and Divan-i Hatayi. Poems which are with the pseudonym Hatayi are not found in the current manuscripts, they are often found in magazines and poetry books. In addition to his historical personality, Shah Ismail is also known as a story hero. Especially, the story of Shah Ismail and Gulizar is widely known throughout a wide geography. It is possible that the story of Shah Ismail and Gulizar is diversified with episodes added from other accounts. Although not as common as this story, the story of Shah Hatayi and Tack Hanim, in which the written text is found under the heading of "Der-Vaki'at-i Shah Hatayi", is also interesting in terms of narrative tradition. Even though the stories of Shah Ismail and Gulizar are very indirect in their connection to the historical events, the story of Shah Hatayi and TEO Hamm is directly related to the biography of Shah Ismail. The core of this story is the Battle of caldiran, which is the most important breaking point in Shah Ismail's life. In the Battle of caldiran, which resulted in the defeat of Shah Ismail being on the point of death and narrowly escaped from detention, his wife or wives were taken captive by the Ottoman troops. Although it is controversial who the captive wife is, the interest of the historians is concentrated on Tagh Hamm, one of the most popular women of the Safavid Seraglio, and stories have been formed around her. Despite his mystical power and charismatic personality, the tragedy of Shah Ismail in the Battle of caldiran transformed him into a narrative hero. The verse sections of the story titled "Der-Vaki'at-i Shah Hatayi" are also presented in a context that can be associated with Shah Ismail's poet identity. On the other hand, the handwritings of Shah Ismail's works were produced in accordance with the classical understanding, but not in the manuscripts under the pseudonym Hatayi, the poetry produced according to the rules of syllabic and minstrel literature is attributed to Shah Ismail and entered into oral tradition, afterwards. The issue of whether the poems attributed to Hatayi belongs to Shah Ismail is handled both in terms of approach to criticize texts and in view of folklore theories in the context of the story of Shah Hatayi and Tacli Hanim.

Oghuz Turkic dynasty

"Seljuk Turks" redirects here. For the territory over which they ruled, see Seljuk Empire.

The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids^[1][2] (SEL-chuuk; Persian: سلجوقیانSaljuqian,^[3] alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), also known as Seljuk Turks,^[4]Seljuk Turkomans^[5] or the Saljuqids,^[6] was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslimdynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition^[7][8] in the medieval Middle East and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which at their heights stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.

Early history[edit]

The Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks,^{[9][10][11][12][13]} who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world, north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Oghuz Yabgu State,^[14] in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan.^[15] During the 10th century, Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities.^[16]

When Seljuk, the leader of the Seljuk clan, had a falling out with Yabghu, the supreme chieftain of the Oghuz, he split his clan off from the bulk of the Oghuz Turks and set up camp on the west bank of the lower Syr Darya. Around 985, Seljuk converted to Islam.^[16] In the 11th century the Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia, in the province of Khurasan, where they encountered the Ghaznavids. The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Nasa Plains in 1035. Seljuk's grandsons, Tughril and Chaghri, received the insignias of governor, grants of land, and were given the title of dehqan.^[17] At the Battle of Dandanaqan they defeated a Ghaznavid army, and after a successful siege of Isfahan by Tughril in 1050/51,^[18] established the Great Seljuk Empire. The Seljuks mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and Persian language in the following decades.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Later period[edit]

After arriving in Persia, the Seljuks adopted the Persian culture and used the Persian language as the official language of the government,^[24][25][26] and played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition which features "Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers".^[27] Today, they are remembered as great patrons of Persian culture, art, literature, and language.^[19][20][21]

Seljuk rulers[edit]

Rulers of the Seljuk Dynasty[edit]

The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. Turkic custom called for the senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk, although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia.

• Muhammad's son Mahmud II succeeded him in western Persia, but Ahmad Sanjar, who was the governor of Khurasan at the time being the senior member of the family, became the Great Seljuk Sultan.

Seljuk sultans of Hamadan[edit]

The rulers of western Persia, who maintained a very loose grip on the Abbasids of Baghdad. Several Turkic emirs gained a strong level of influence in the region, such as the Eldiguzids.

In 1194, Toghrul III was killed in battle with the Khwarezm Shah, who annexed Hamadan.

Seljuk rulers of Kerman[edit]

Main article: Kerman Seljuk Sultanate

Kerman was a province in southern Persia. Between 1053 and 1154, the territory also included Umman.

or 1074 (before Sultan Shah)

Muhammad abandoned Kerman, which fell into the hands of the Oghuz chief Malik Dinar. Kerman was eventually annexed by the Khwarezmid Empire in 1196.

Seljuk rulers in Syria[edit]

To the Artuqids

Sultans/Emirs of Damascus:

Damascus seized by the BuridToghtekin

Seljuk sultans of Rum (Anatolia)[edit]

Main article: Sultanate of Rûm

The Seljuk line, already having been deprived of any significant power, effectively ended in the early 14th century.

Gallery[edit]

Family tree[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]