Parmak Ucu Nasır

The concept of authority is the one of the most important phenomena of the system of a state, religions and social structure. Authority holder is the ruling and the ruled ones are people who obey the ruling. Obeying the ruling's authority by the ruled is the fundamental quality of these systems. Also in religious meaning, the concept of authority is situated in the centre of the system, just as it is in political meaning. It is necessary for believers to obey the creator willingly, to accept God's authority. This concept is also an important element of the oldest known periods of Turkish law. One of these ancient periods, in which the concept of authority was followed, is Manichaean period of Old Uigur Turkic. Uigurs, one of the Turkic peoples, accepted different beliefs in Central Asia such as Buddhism, Manihaism and Christianity. They have left many manuscripts about these beliefs. Determining the words formed the conceptual field of authority on the vocabulary of the texts of Manichaean period of Old Uigur Turkic named Huastuanift, Irk Bitig and Manichaean Uigur Texts, it has been our principal aim to determine the presence of this conceptual field and to reveal the place of authority in the mentality of this period. Initially the concept of authority, the aim and the method of this study were explained briefly. Then the formations about Uigurs, Manichaeism and the works of this period, later the formations were given about the lexical field (conceptual field) theory situated in the theoretical base of our work. Finally, all words determined in the works and formed the conceptual field of authority were categorized as tables including different meaning categories and gained some kind of conclusions regarding all information. Özet Yetke kavramı, devlet sisteminin, dinlerin ve toplumsal yapının en önemli olgularından biridir. Yetke sahibi, yönetendir ve ona boyun eğenler ise yönetilenlerdir. Yönetilenlerin, " yönetenin yetkesine " uyması bu sistemlerin en temel özelliğidir. Siyasî anlamda olduğu gibi, dinî anlamda da " yetke kavramı " , sistemin merkezinde yer alır. İnananın " gönüllü bir şekilde " yaratıcıya boyun eğmesi yani Tanrı'nın " yetkesini " kabul etmesi gerekir. Bu kavram, bilinen en eski dönemlerde Türk töresinin de önemli bir ögesidir. Yetke kavramının izini sürdüğümüz bu eski dönemlerden biri de Eski Uygur Türkçesinin Manihaist dönemidir. Türk halklarından biri olan Uygurlar, Orta Asya'da Budizm, Manihaizm ve Hristiyanlık gibi farklı inançları kabul etmişlerdir. Bu inançlarla ilgili birçok yazılı eser bırakmışlardır. Huastuanift, Irk Bitig ve Manihaist Uygur Metinleri adlı Eski Uygur Türkçesinin Manihaist dönem metinlerinin söz varlığında, yetkenin kavram alanını oluşturan sözcükleri tespit ederek, bu kavram alanının gösterilmesi ve bu dönemdeki düşünce dünyasında yetkenin yerinin ortaya çıkarılması temel amacımız olmuştur. Öncelikle yetke kavramı, çalışmanın amacı ve yöntemi kısaca açıklanmıştır. Sonra Uygurlar, Manihaizm inancı ve bu dönem eserleri hakkında bilgiler, ardından ise çalışmamızın kuramsal temelinde

Like most postmodernist writers, Kurt Vonnegut used postmodern literary techniques in his novels. He created a new type of religion in “Cat’s cradle” called “Bokonism” and introduces new terms like karass, foma, wampeter, vin-dit, wrang-wrang, Boko-maru, granfallon, duprass and so on related to that fictional religion. Creating such a kind of religion, Kurt Vonnegut wanted to reach the utopian society. But in the end, he encounters dystopia. The writer used temporal distortion in this novel, which made the labyrinth for the reader to force him/her think analytically. While reading the novel, the reader witnessed historiographic metafiction, which requires an intellectual reader to analyze them. The writer preferred to write the novel in the shadow of postmodern irony and black humour which makes the reader laugh and smile at first, but then this laughter changes its colour and makes the reader think critically. This laughter is black humour. Like many other postmodern writers, Kurt Vonnegut also wanted to find the solution for making an ideal society, but at the end of the novel, the reader saw the end of the world as frozen. The writer described the little crystal piece ice-nine as an element of science fiction which can freeze the world with only one touch.