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Tesla: Inventor of the Modern by Richard Munson
ENGLISH
(For the Students of the Faculties of Construction,
Architecture and Economy)
“Elm və təhsil”
Baku- 2015
1
Redaktorlar: Əsədova N.N.,
Əliyeva S. T.
Rəyçilər: Tahirov İ. M.
Filologiya elmləri doktoru, professor;
Məşədiyev Q. İ.
Filologiya elmləri doktoru, professor;
Əliyeva S. S.
Filologiya üzrə fəlsəfə doktoru, dosent
Dərs vəsaiti memarlıq, inşaat və iqtisadiyyat fakulrələrjində təhsil alan, memar, müxtəlif
sahələrə aid mühəndis və tikinti sahəsində çalışan iqtisadçılar üçün nəzərdə tutulmuşdur. Dərs vəsaitində
ingilis dilinin qrammatikasının tələbələr tərəfindən təkrar edilməsi və daha yaxşı mənimsənilməsi üçün hər
dərsin əvvəlində iki qrammatik çalışma verilmişdir. Dərs vəsaitinə daxil olan mətnlər və leksik çalışmalar
tələbələrin ixtisasına uyğun seçilmiş və müasir metodik tələblərə uyğun hazırlanmışdır. Hər mətnin sonunda
verilən üç dildə- ingilis, Azərbaycan və rus dillərində lüğət mətndə əks olunan naməlum terminologiya və
sözlər mətnin tələbələr tərəfindən tam mənimsənilməsinə yardım edir. Dərsliyin sonunda verilən danışıq
mətnləri tələbələrin dünyagörüşünün zənginləşməsi və ingilis dilində danışıq qabiliyyətlərinin inkişaf
etdirilməsi məqsədi daşıyır. Dərsliyin sonunda verilən ümumi terminoloji lüğət tələbələrin leksik bazasının
ixtisaslarına uygun terminoloji leksika ilə zənginləşməsinə xidmət edir.
ISBN 978-9952-8142-9-3
2
Azerbaijan
3
Azerbaijan cultivates cotton, grapes, rice, tea and wheat. There are orchards, forests and
pastures in Azerbaijan. It has mineral springs, such as Istisu, Naftalan, Mardakan, Bilgah,
Qalaalti and Gachrash which are famous all over the world.
There are lots of rest homes, health-resorts in our country.
The capital of Azerbaijan is Baku. Baku is the political, cultural centre of Azerbaijan. It is
situated in the Caspian Sea. Baku is one of the biggest and most beautiful cities of the world.
Other cities are: Jalilabad, Ganja, Nakhchivan, Shamakhi, Mingechaur, Sumgait, Dashkasan, etc.
Azerbaijan is an advanced cultural republic. There are a lot of kindergartens, schools,
colleges, universities in it. It has its own Academy of Sciences.
At present Azerbaijanian writers, poets, composers and scientists are well-known
throughout the world. One can hear the music of Azerbaijanian composers in the concert halls of
different counties.
Much can be told about the wealth and beauty of Azerbaijan, about its ancient
architecture, fascinating landscapes, picturesque towns, fine villages, snow-white cotton fields,
endless orchards, large vineyards, various types of nut trees, high mountains, broad valleys, thick
forests, long rivers, clear waterfalls, beautiful lakes and the famous Caspian sea with fine coasts
of sandy beaches and well known “Oil Rocks”.
We love our country and we are proud of it.
unitary [ʹju:nıt(ə)rı] unitar, birləşdirici, vahid; унитарный, единый; стремящийся к
единству, объединению unitary state - унитарное государство
dissolution [ˌdɪsə'luːʃən] buraxma (təşkilatı, parlamenti və s.); разложение,
разрушение, распад
bound [baund] həmhüdud olmaq, yanaşı olmaq; ограничивать, служить границей
exclave [ʹekskleıv] eksklav, bir ölkənin başqa bir ölkə ərazisi tərəfindən ayrılan ərazisi;
часть территории государства, отделённая от него территорией другого государства;
эксклав
4
The Tricolour Flag of Azerbaijan Republic
The national flag of Azerbaijan was first accepted by the government of the Democratic
Republic of Azerbaijan on November 9, 1918.
After restoring its independence by a relevant Constitutional Act on October 18, 1991 the
Azerbaijan Republic announced itself the heir of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Then the
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic’s state symbols, including the State Flag were adopted as the
state symbols of the newly reestablished Azerbaijan Republic.
The flag consists of three equally sized horizontal pales. These pales are: blue, red and
green colours. There is a white crescent and an eight-pointed star in the center of the flag. Each
pale of the colours has got its own meaning. The blue pale symbolizes Turkic heritage. The red
pale symbolizes the progress to establish a modern state and the development of democracy. And
the green pale symbolizes the nation’s relation to the Islamic civilization. The crescent
symbolizes Islam and the eight-pointed star symbolizes eight branches of Turkic nation.
pale [peıl] xətt, zolaq; полоса
crescent ['kresnt] aypara; 1) полумесяц, эмблема, герб турецкого государства 2)
магометанство, ислам
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The Emblem of Azerbaijan
The Tongues of flame symbolizing “The Land of Fire” are depicted in the centre of the
emblem. The symbol of flame is also interpreted as the Arabic word “Allah”. The colours used
in the emblem are the colours of the national flag of Azerbaijan. The eight-pointed star
symbolizes eight branches of Turkic nation. At the bottom of the emblem is a stalk of wheat and
branch of oak. The stalk of wheat symbolizes richness and fertility. The branch of the oak
symbolizes antiquity of the country. The shield in the emblem means defense.
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The National Anthem
The Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic carried out a decision
on the development of the national anthem of the Republic of Azerbaijan on January 30, 1920.
For this purpose the Ministry of National Education declared a competition. Yet the collapse of
the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic on April 28, 1920 prevented this process. The Parliament
approved the law “On the National Anthem of the Azerbaijan Republic” on May 27, 1992. The
national anthem of Azerbaijan is considered as one of the national symbols of Azerbaijan. The
melody of the national anthem of the Azerbaijan Republic was composed by Uzeyir Hajibeyov,
the well- known Azerbaijani composer and the words were written by the prominent poet
Ahmad Javad in 1919.
The March of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan!
The heroic patriotic glorious land!
To die for you we are glad and we are ready!
If there is need to shed blood
We are too ready!
With three color banner live happily!
Sacrifices too many done,
Every soldier to front has gone!
When your chest was field of battle!
Come back as a heroic son!
Let me see you flourish,
Let your enemies perish!
I love you, my dear land
Be mightier we do wish!
To safeguard your sacred land,
To hold high your honored flag,
All the youngsters are too glad!
Glorious land, glorious land!
Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan!
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The Worldwide Leader of Azerbaijan
Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev was born on May 10, 1923 in Nakhchivan City of Azerbaijan.
After he graduated from the Nakhchivan Pedagogical School in 1939, he studied at the
Architecture Department of the Azerbaijan Industry Institute (present Azerbaijan State Oil
Academy). The incipient war impeded to complete his education. From 1941, Heydar Aliyev
headed the department at the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Autonomous
Soviet Socialist Republic of Nakhchivan. In 1944 he was sent to work at the State Security
bodies. From 1964 Heydar Aliyev held the post of the deputy chairman and from 1967 the
chairman of the State Security Committee under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of
Azerbaijan. He was conferred the rank of lieutenant general then. These years, he received
special higher education in Leningrad (present St. Petersburg). In 1957 he graduated from the
History Department of the Azerbaijan State University.
When Heydar Aliyev was elected the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of Azerbaijan at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
of Azerbaijan in July, 1969, he became the head of the Republic. In December, 1982 Heydar
Aliyev was elected a member of Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of Soviet Union and appointed to the post of the First Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of
Ministers of the USSR. Thus he became one of the leaders of the USSR. During twenty years,
Heydar Aliyev was the Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and for five years he was
Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In October, 1987 Heydar Aliyev, as a sign of the protest against the policy pursued by the
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and
personally the Secretary General Michael Gorbachev, resigned from his post.
On the next day of the tragedy committed on January 20, 1990 in Baku by the Soviet
troops, Heydar Aliyev made a statement at the Azerbaijan Representation in Moscow and
demanded to punish the organizers and executors of the crime committed against the people of
Azerbaijan. As a sign of protest against the hypocritical policy of leadership of the USSR, in
connection with the critical conflict accrued in Daghlig Garabagh, in July 1991 he left the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
In 1990 Heydar Aliyev was elected a deputy to the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan. In
1991-1993, he held the post of Chairman of the Supreme Assembly of the Autonomous Republic
of Nakhchyvan, Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In 1992,
at the constituent congress of the New Azerbaijan Party in Nakhchyvan, Heydar Aliyev was
elected Chairman of the Party.
In May-June 1993 as a result of extreme tension of the governmental crisis, the country
was at the verge of civil war and loss of independence, the people of Azerbaijan demanded to
bring Heydar Aliyev to power. The then leaders of Azerbaijan were obliged to invite Heydar
Aliyev officially to Baku. On June 15, 1993 Heydar Aliyev was elected the Chairman of the
Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan. On July, 24 on the resolution of the Milli Mejlis, he commenced
to fulfill powers of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
On October 3, 1993, as a result of nationwide voting, Heydar Aliyev was elected President
of the Republic of Azerbaijan. On October 11, 1998, he was re-elected President of the Republic
of Azerbaijan.
Heydar Aliyev had given his consent to be nominated as a candidate at October 15, 2003
presidential elections but he relinquished to run at the elections in connection with health
problems.
On December, 12 the national leader of the Azerbaijani people, President Heydar Aliyev
passed away in Cleveland Hospital in the United States of America.
Heydar Aliyev was awarded a number of state orders and medals, international awards, elected
honorable doctor of universities in many countries.
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Heydar Aliyev was awarded the Lenin Order four times, Order of Red Star, numerous
medals, also orders and medals of foreign countries, received rank of the Hero of the Socialistic
Labor twice.
On March 27, 1997 the head of the state of Azerbaijan was awarded in Kiev the
"Yaroslav Mudry" Order, the supreme order of Ukraine.
On April 13, 1999 President Heydar Aliyev was awarded the "Peace Premium of
Ataturk" Order, the high order of Turkey.
On January 20, 2001 President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev was
awarded the rank of the Honourable Professor of Moscow State University.
On April 3, 2003 President Heydar Aliyev was elected professor and full member of the
Academy of Safety, Defense and Legal Norms Problems of the Russian Federation, awarded the
premium of Y.V.Andropov.
On May 10, 2003 decree was signed on awarding Heydar Aliyev the Order of Saint
Apostle Andrey Pervozvanny, the supreme order of Russia.
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Baku - the Capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan Republic. It is situated on the shore of the Caspian Sea.
Baku is the political, economical and cultural centre of Azerbaijan Republic. It is one of the
biggest and oldest cities of the world. Its population is about 3 million.
Baku has a warm and dry subtropical climate, with a hot summer and short mild winter.
Baku is a beautiful city with ancient monuments, marvelous buildings and beautiful green parks.
Baku is a political centre of Azerbaijan. All the governmental buildings are situated in
this city.
Baku is a economical and industrial centre of Azerbaijan.
There are a lot of various kinds of banks, firms, enterprise, economic organizations,
department-stores, shops, offices here. The advertizing of shops is very charming and well-
organized. The main offices of grand oil companies are situated in the capital of our republic.
Baku is a cultural centre of Azerbaijan. There are many concert halls, theatres, cinemas
and so on here. The Republic Palace is one of them where famous singers give concerts and the
hall are always full. All famous operas and ballets are always on the stage of the Opera Theatre.
All sport competitions are held either in the sport complex or the stadiums. One of the biggest
stadiums is the Republic Stadium. There are many libraries in Baku. The library named after
M.Akhundov is the biggest of them. Its large and light reading-halls are always full of readers.
There are many kindergartens, schools, colleges, universities in our capital. Architecture and
Construction University, the Azerbaijan University of Languages, The Azerbaijan Oil Academy
and many others train a lot of specialists every year.
The Azerbaijan National Academy of Science is the birthplace of new inventions and
discoveries. A number of academicians, professors, scientists work there and carry out their
research work for the future of our republic, for our people. The building of the Academy of
Sciences is situated in H.Javid Avenue. It is a complex of magnificent buildings surrounded by a
beautiful park.
Baku is an ancient city. The citadel, Icheri-Shahar is a unique historical monument. It is
an open-air museum of Azerbaijan culture. Most of the important medieval structures, the
caravanserai, the mosque, the baths and of course, the famous “Maiden Tower” and the Palace of
the Shirvanshahs are situated in this part of the city. Besides, the suburbs of Baku are as rich
with the historical monuments as the centre. The famous Ateshgah, Gobustan, The Mardakan
Tower, The Ramany Tower and many others gained much popularity among the visitors and
tourists as well.
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Today Baku is getting nicer and nicer day by day. We can be proud of its wide and
straight streets, avenues, wonderful parks and gardens, a number of palaces, monuments to
famous people, squares, skyscrapers, hostels, hotels and other places of interest in our capital.
11
Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University
Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University is a state university located in
Baku, Azerbaijan. The university was established in 1975 as spin-off from the Azerbaijan
Technical University, named Azerbaijan Civil Engineering Institute.
Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University started out in 1920 as a
Construction faculty within the Baku Polytechnic Institute. During 1930–34 years the University
operated as independent Construction and Architecture Institute. From 1934 to1951 it
functioned as a faculty within Azerbaijan Industrial Institute. From 1951 to 1975 the university
operated as a faculty in Azerbaijan Technical University.
In 1975, Azerbaijan Civil Engineering Institute was established by the decision of
Azerbaijan SSR Council of Ministers. In 1992, the institute received the status of a university. In
2000 this higher educational establishment was named Azerbaijan University of Architecture and
Construction by the decree of the President of Azerbaijan Republic, HeydarAliyev.
The university includes 5 educational cases and campus. The main building was
completed in 1989. Besides the main building it has got four other buildings. The main building
is a fourteen-storied building. Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University university
houses many classrooms, well-equipped labs, a fine gymnasium, the librar with spacious reading
halls where students can take the necessary text-books, as well as books for reading.
In the campus for foreign students there is 9 storeyed hostel and case "Damla"
functioning on a commercial basis. The structure of a university complex includes Construction
College and Physics- mathematic based lyceum for IX-XI classes with a technical bias.
Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University trains architects and civil
engineers whose profession embraces many fields. An architect draws pictures of what the
structure will look like when it is built. So, plans for building a house are drawn by an architect.
A civil engineer constructs and reconstructs residential and industrial buildings, bridges, schools,
palaces of culture, theatres, hospital, tunnels, dams etc.
At our university students have lectures and practical hours. They attend lectures on
different subjects: mathematics, physics, chemistry, foreign languages, history of Azerbaijan,
descriptive geometry, geodesy, drawing, strength of materials etc.
12
The academic year is divided into two terms: from September to January and from
February to July. The students take examinations at the end of each term.
Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University has four hostels. All of them are within
walking distance of the university.
Many of the teachers and instructors working at the university are outstanding specialists
in various fields of technology and science. Some of them are graduates of the university. In all
parts of our country, nearly on every major construction site one can find graduates of our
University.
Among the students body of our University one can see quite a number of foreign
students. After graduating from the University they will return their home full-fledged
specialists.
Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University is the first and only higher
education institution in Transcauscasia in the sphere of construction.
13
Lesson 1.
Grammar: The Present Continuous Active; The Present Continuous Passive.
Am/ is/ are+ Participle I; Am/ is / are+ being+ Participle II.
1. Change the following sentences into the Present Continuous Passive.
1. Builders are constructing palaces of culture in our city now.
2. The welder is welding the units to hold them in place at the moment.
3. They are constructing many irrigation systems in the regions now.
4. Our students are studying the existing materials now.
5. Our hydrotechnicians are erecting new pumping stations on the rivers of our country
now.
6. The architects are working on the project at the moment.
7. The students are preparing for the exam at the moment.
2. Put the verbs in the correct form:
1. Look! The workers (to build) a new building now.
2. Don’t enter the room. The architects (to work) on a new plan at the moment.
3. Don’t look! The welder (to weld) the units.
4. Stop making a noise! The students (to study) the specifications of the building materials at
the moment.
5. How wonderful! Housing construction (to carry out) on a large scale now.
6. Listen! The students (to work) on the project.
7. Look! They (to repair) their house themselves.
Active vocabulary:
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lock [lɔk] su anbarı; замок; запор; затвор
pumping station - nasos stansiyası; насосная станция; водокачка
erect [ɪ'rekt] v. tikmək, qurmaq; строить, сооружать, воздвигать
hydrotechnician [ʹhaıdrəu tekʹnıʃ(ə)n] - hidrotexnik; гидротехник
modern conveniences - müasir rahatlıq; современные удобства
central heating [͵sentrəlʹhi:tıŋ] - mərkəzi qızdırıcı system; центральное отопление
protect [prə'tekt] v. müdafiə etmək; защищать, охранять, предохранять
treat [triːt] v. işləyib hazırlamaq; обрабатывать, подвергать воздействию (чего-л.)
purify ['pjuərɪfaɪ] v. saflaşdırmaq; очищать
attitude ['ætɪtjuːd] münasibət, mövqe; позиция, отношение
domestic [də'mestɪk] ev, daxili; внутренний, бытовой, домашний
a great deal of - çox; значительное количество
concerning [kənʹsə:nıŋ] - aid olan; относительно; касательно
load [loud] yük; груз, ноша, тяжесть
safely ['seɪflɪ] sağ-salamat; благополучно; безопасно; надежно
danger ['deɪndʒə] təhlükə; опасность
fall down - v. yıxılmaq; падать
sculpture ['skʌlptʃə] heykəl; скульптура, ваяние
painting ['peɪntɪŋ] rəsm; живопись; картина
design [dɪ'zɑɪn] layihə; чертёж, эскиз; конструкция; проект; расчёт
mechanical engineering - mexaniki mühəndislik; 1) машиностроение 2) механическая
инженерия
city planning - şəhər planlaşdırma; градостроительство, планировка города
create [kriː'eɪt] v. yaratmaq; создавать, творить
a sense of beauty - gözəllik hissi; чувства прекрасного
tremendous [trıʹmendəs] - nəhəng, iri, böyük; огромный, громадный, гигантский
scope [skəup] görüş sahəsi, görüş dairəsi; пределы, рамки, границы
proof [pruːf] sübut; доказательство; подтверждение
fitter ['fɪtə] çilingər; монтёр; слесарь; механик; установщик
obtain [əb'teɪn] v. əldə etmək; получать, доставать, приобретать
canal [kəʹnæl] kanal (süni); канал (искуственный)
channel [ʹtʃænl] kanal; канал
Practice:
VI. Match the definitions with the words from the text:
1. … means bringing or deserving honour.
2. … is the faculty of being able to make critical distinctions and achieve a balanced
viewpoint.
3. … designed for people to live in.
4. … relating to or characterized by industry.
5. … an installation where electrical power is generated for distribution.
6. … an artificial channel for conveying water.
7. … means to supply water to (land or crops) to help growth, typically by means of
channels.
17
8. … is manufacture sections of (a building or piece of furniture) to enable quick assembly
on site.
9. … means concrete reinforced with steel.
10. … is concrete reinforced with steel.
11. … is a system for warming a building by heating water or air in one place and
circulating it through pipes and radiators or vents.
12. … is the art of making two- or three-dimensional representative or abstract forms,
especially by carving stone or wood or by casting metal or plaster.
18
Lesson 2.
Grammar: The Past Indefinite Active; The Past Indefinite Passive.
The infinitive without “to”+ ed/ II f./ (did); was/ were +Participle II
I. Change the following sentences into the Present Indefinite Passive.
1. People began to use stone widely many centuries ago.
2. Builders built this house last year.
3. They required those tools for their building last month.
4. The children cut trees in the forest two days ago.
5. The workers made the box from the wood.
6. The workers dried bricks in the sun.
7. They dried bricks in the sun.
20
Post reading activity:
1. What were the first houses in different countries of the world made of?
2. Why was wood chosen for making houses at that time?
3. How was the first human shelters made?
4. What were the primitive people’s first houses?
5. What did the invention of tools permit?
6. Where was stone the most convenient building material?
7. Who did Greek builders learn much from?
Practice:
I. Complete the gaps with the active vocabulary of the text:
22
Lesson 3.
Grammar: Modal Verbs: Must, to Have to (to Have got to), Should, Need, Can, May
I. Use the correct modal verbs:
1. Before building the house a surveyor … (to measure) the plot of the land last year.
2. In order to lay the foundation the workmen … (to make) concrete.
3. The architect … (to draw) the plan of the house on to the plan of the site.
4. The bricklayer … (to stick) bricks together to make the walls stronger.
5. After the plasterer got on to the scaffold, the workers …(to lift) up to him.
6. You …(to cut) the wood to the right size at a joinery works.
7. Because of sap in timber you … (to use) it immediately it is cut.
Practice:
I. Complete the gaps with the active vocabulary of the text:
1. The place where a house is built is called … .
2. The builder marks out the shape of the house on the site with … .
3. To make concrete you must get … .
4. If the bricks are stuck with the mortar and overlap each- other, we call it … .
5. The rough woodwork of the house is done by … .
6. Building materials are carried to the construction site by … .
7. In modern construction bricks and mortar are carried up to workmen by … .
8. The highest beam in the roof is called … .
9. The sloping beams are called … .
25
II. Put a question to the underlined words:
1. They cut tranches yesterday.
2. The bricklayer often looks at the plan.
3. At the joinery work machines plane the wood smoth.
4. Decorators decorate the house after it is plastered.
5. Scaffolds are made for the bricklayer to reach the high walls.
6. A carpenter does the rough woodwork of the house.
7. In modern buildings builders use elevators to carry up bricks.
VI. Match the definitions with the words from the text:
1. … is a long, thin, flat piece of timber, used especially in building and flooring.
2. … is a long, sturdy piece of squared timber or metal used to support the roof or floor
of a building.
3. … is a temporary metal or wooden framework that is used to support workmen and
materials during the erection, repair, etc., of a building or other construction.
4. … is a beam made of timber, steel, or reinforced concrete, used in the construction of
floors, roofs, etc.
5. … means to make smooth (wood or other material) with a plane.
6. … is an area of ground on which a town, building, or monument is constructed.
7. … is a mixture of lime with cement, sand, and water, used in building to bond bricks
or stone.
8. … is a beam forming part of the internal framework of a roof.
9. … is the line or edge formed where the two sloping sides of a roof meet at the top.
10. … means to be impervious to water.
11. … is an underground conduit for carrying off drainage water and waste matter.
26
12. … is a flat plate of slate used as roofing material.
27
Lesson 4.
Grammar: The Present Indefinite Active; The Present Indefinite Passive.
The Infinitive without “to”, am/ is/ are+ Participle II
III p.s. -s (-es); (do, does)
1.Change the following sentences into the Present Indefinite Passive.
1. The builders usually raise a building on a foundation.
2. The bricklayer always use mortar to hold bricks together.
3. The architect carefully plans every detail of the house.
4. The workmen often make all sorts of mistake.
5. These builders always make walls of bricks.
6. The architect draws a separate plan for each individual floor.
7. The slater puts slates or tiles on the roof.
2. Put the verbs in the correct form:
1. The workers (to use) the blueprint in the construction of the building.
2. Generally the architect (to draw) plans for a building.
3. The architect (to show) all the parts of the house exactly.
4. The workman always (see) the places of the walls, the windows, the doors, the staircases from
the blueprint.
5. These complete concrete structural units (to be) factory-made and ( to assemble) on the spot.
6. The tiler usually ( to employ) for putting tiles on the roof.
7. The joiner (to lay) down the floor.
29
lavatory ['lævətərɪ] ayaqyolu, tualet; уборная, туалет
electrician [ɪlek'trɪʃən] elektrik (peşə); электротехник, электрик; инженер-электрик 2.
электромонтёр
wire ['waɪə] n. sim, məftil, tel, naqil; 1) проволока 2) электрический провод;
connection [kə'nekʃn] n əlaqə; связь, соединение
cellar ['selə] anbar, zirzəmi; подвал
attic ['ætɪk] mansarda, çardaq; 1) чердак 2) мансарда;
lay down the floor döşəmə düzmək; монтировать пол; устанавливать пол;
plasterer ['plɑːstərə] malakeş, suvaqçı; штукатур
smooth [smuːð] a. hamar, düz; гладкий, ровный
paper ['peɪpə] divar kağızı yapışdırmaq; оклеивать обоями
whitewash ['waɪtwɔʃ] v. ağartmaq, ağ çəkmək; белить, делать побелку
as the case may be (as the case may (или might) be) şəraitdən asılı olaraq; в зависимости от
обстоятельств, смотря по обстоятельствам
VI. Match the words in bold in the text with these definitions:
1. … is the lowest load-bearing part of a building, typically below ground level.
2. … is a design plan or other technical drawing.
3. …. means forming or viewed as a unit apart or by itself.
4. … is a person who cuts, prepares, and builds with stone.
5. … a person whose job is to build walls, houses, and other structures with bricks.
6. … a mixture of lime with cement, sand, and water, used in building to bond bricks or
stones.
7. … means to fit together the separate component parts of.
31
Lesson 5.
Grammar: The Degrees of Comparison of the Adjectives
The Comparative Degree: -er; more, less
The Superlative Degree: -est; most, least
I. Use the adjectives in brackets in the correct degree:
1. Timber is (light) than steel.
2. Steel is (expensive) than timber.
3. Timber is (cheap) than steel.
4. Stone is the (hard) building material of all.
5. Stone is the (durable) building material we have ever heard.
6. Hardwoods are (strong) than softwoods.
7. The mechanical properties of timber are (good).
Active vocabulary:
Timber ['tɪmbə] 1) ağac materialı; tikinti ağacı 2) tir; лесоматериал; пиломатериал; древесина
steel [stiːl] n. polad; сталь
mechanical [mɪ'kænɪkəl] mexaniki; машинный; механический
property ['prɔpətɪ] xüsusiyyət, xassə; свойство, качество;
disadvantage [ˌdɪsəd'vɑːntɪdʒ] çatışmamazlıq; недостаток
burn [bəːn] v (burnt; burnt) yandırmaq, yanmaq; жечь, сжигать
32
therefore ['ðɛəfɔː] ona görə də, buna görə də, nəticə e'tibarı ilə; bu səbəbdən; по этой
причине; вследствие этого; поэтому, следовательно
unsuitable [ʌn's(j)uːtəbl] qeyri- münasib неподобающий, неподходящий
fireproof ['faɪəpruːf] odadavamlı; огнеупорный, жаропрочный, огнестойкий; несгораемый
decay [dɪ'keɪ] v çürümək, dağılmaq; гнить, разлагаться; портиться
enormous [ɪ'nɔːməs] böyük, iri, nəhəng; громадный, огромный, грандиозный
amount [ə'mɑunt] n miqdar; nəticə; количество; величина; a large ~ of çoxlu; большое,
значительное количество чего-л.
employ [ɪm'plɔɪ] tətbiq etmək, işlətmək, istifadə etmək (in, on, for); предоставлять работу;
нанимать;
apply [æ'plɑɪ] v tətbiq etmək; müraciət etmək; использовать, применять, употреблять
derive [dɪ'raɪv] 1) almaq, götürmək (ibrət dərsi və s.) 2) törəmək, törənmək; получать,
извлекать
softwood ['sɔftwud] yungül ağac мягкая древесина
hardwood ['hɑːdwud] möhkəm ağac; твёрдая древесина
chiefly ['tʃiːflɪ] başlıca olaraq; главным образом, особенно;
purpose ['pəːpəs] n məqsəd; цель, намерение; замысел
panelling ['pæn(ə)lɪŋ] panel üzləmə; панельная обшивка
veneering [vıʹnı(ə)rıŋ] fanerləmə; 1. обшивка, облицовка фанерой; фанеровка
durability [ˌdjuərə'bɪlətɪ] davamlılıq, продолжительность, длительность
frame [freɪm] çərçivə; каркас, остов, костяк; скелет сооружения
wallplate [ʹwɔ:lpleıt] divar tiri, мауэрлат, стенная балка
temporary ['tempərərɪ] adj müvəqqəti, keçici; временный
internal [ɪn'təːnl] adj daxili; внутренний
woodwork ['wudwəːk] n taxta mə'mulatı; деревянные части строения (двери, оконные рамы
и т. п.)
carpenter ['kɑːpɪntə] dülgər, xarrat; плотник; столяр
joiner ['dʒɔɪnə] dülgər; столяр; плотник (в строительстве)
immediately [ɪ'miːdjətlɪ] adv dərhal; durmadan; o dəqiqə; незамедлительно, немедленно,
тотчас
fell [fel] baltalamaq, yıxmaq, doğramaq (ağacı); рубить, валить (лес)
sap [sæp] n. şirə (bitkinin); сок (растений ); живица
contain [kən'teɪn] v ibarət olmaq; saxlamaq; содержать
moisture ['mɔɪstʃə] rütubət, nəmlik; влажность, сырость; влага
otherwise ['ʌðəwaɪz] əks təqdirdə əks halda; иначе, иным способом, иным образом; по-
другому
shrink [ʃrɪŋk] v (shrank; shrunk) yığışmaq, büzüşmək, qısalmaq; сжиматься, съёживаться
excessive [ɪk'sesɪv] hədsiz, həddən artıq; чрезмерный; излишний; избыточный
cause [kɔːz] səbəb olmaq, bais olmaq; быть причиной, служить поводом; вызывать;
причинять
defect [dɪ'fekt] qüsur, çatışmazlıq, nöqsan; дефект, недостаток; порок, изъян; неисправность;
несовершенство
tendency ['tendənsɪ] meyl; стремление; склонность
elimination [ɪˌlɪmɪ'neɪʃən] çıxarış, kənar etmə; удаление; исключение; выбрасывание
increase ['ɪnkriːs] 1. n artım 2. [ɪn'kriːs] v artmaq, artırmaq; увеличение, возрастание,
рост, умножение
33
resilience [rɪ'zɪlɪəns], [rɪ'zɪlɪənsɪ] elastiklik, möhkəmlik, qüvvətlilik; упругость;
эластичность
Practice:
I. Complete the gaps with the active vocabulary of the text:
1. … is lighter than … .
2. The mechanical … of timber are good.
3. Timber has a few … .
4. Timber is unsuitable for … buildings.
5. Timber is not durable, it … .
6. Timber is a name … to the cut material … from trees.
7. Hardwoods are used for … … .
8. Joiners can’t use timber immediately it has been … .
9. Trees contain a large amount of … .
10. If the … in timber isn’t removed, it will … .
VI. Give the synonyms of the following words and word combinations:
To fell, to select, to build, purpose, strength, elimination, building, hard, certain, ancient,
structural materials, a vast number of, a large amount of, an enormous amount of.
VII. Match the words in bold in the text with these definitions:
1. … is the wood from a conifer (such as pine, fir, or spruce) as distinguished from that of
broadleaved trees.
2. … is the wooden parts of a room or building, such as window frames or doors.
3. … means being able to withstand fire or great heat.
4. … means to obtain something from (a specified source).
5. … means to cut down (a tree).
6. … means to become or make smaller in size or amount.
7. … is very large in size, quantity, or extent.
8. … means to rot or decompose through the action of bacteria and fungi.
9. … is is a factor which makes someone or something less useful, acceptable, or
successful than other people or things; an unfavorable circumstance or condition that
reduces the chances of success or effectiveness.
10. … is the fluid which circulates in the vascular system of a plant, consisting chiefly of
water with dissolved sugars and mineral salts.
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Lesson 6.
Grammar: The Defining Pronouns: all, every (everybody, everyone, everything), each,
either, both;
The Indefinite Pronouns: some (somebody, someone, something), any (anybody, anyone,
anything);
The Negative Pronouns: no (nobody, no one, nothing), neither, none;
I. Put the correct pronouns into the gaps:
Somebody, no, both, none, either, every, all, each, some, everybody.
1. The plasterers covered … buildings with stucco.
2. There is … in the building.
3. … of them are engineers, … of them are not architects.
4. There is … wood to plane on the construction site.
5. … knows that fireproof construction includes all buildings constructed of incombustible
material.
6. … building has floors and partitions of wood.
7. … of them knows how to put tiles on the roof.
8. … of the builders continue their education at the universities.
9. These buildings are repaired … five year.
37
stucco ['stʌkəu], [ouz] n. malalama, suvaqlama, suvaq çəkmə 1. штукатурка (для наружных
работ) 2. штукатурная или лепная работа 3. cтукко, наружная штукатурка
sheet [ʃiːt] list, metal listi лист; листовой металл
partition [pɑː'tɪʃən] n. arakəsmə, aralıq перегородка; внутренняя стена,
comprise [kəm'praɪz] bürümək, çulğamaq включать, составлять; охватывать;
inflammable [ınʹflæməb(ə)l] tez alışan, легко воспламеняющийся; горючий
framing [ʹfreımıŋ] bina edilmə; tikmə, tikilmə; 2ş quruluş 1. сооружение,
конструирование 2. cтруктура
engineer [ˌendʒɪ'nɪə] v. 1) qurmaq, quraşdırmaq 2) dan. təşkil etmək, düzəltmək создавать,
сооружать; проектировать
engineered işlənmiş, hazırlanmış, işlənib hazırlanmış; сконструированный;
разработанный; спроектированный
pole [pəul] şüvül, uzun ağac, dirək; столб; шест, жердь; кол; веха; рейка
balloon [bəʹlu:n] архит. шар на вершине колонны; круг с комментарием (на чертеже,
выведенном на экран дисплея)
dimensional [d(a)ıʹmenʃ(ə)nəl] məkan -i[-ı]; məkani; размерный, пространственный
lumber ['lʌmbə] n. uca və düz, tikintiyə yararlı ağac; пиломатериал; строительный лес 2)
заготовлять лесоматериал; деревянный каркас
enclose [ɪn'kləuz] örtmək, hasarlamaq (torpaq sahəsini)
masonry ['meɪsnrɪ] daş hörgü каменная или кирпичная кладка
designate ['dezɪgneɪt] tə'yin etmək, qeyd etmək, göstərmək определять, устанавливать;
указывать
fire resistant odadavamlı жароупорный, несгораемый, огнестойкий, огнеупорный
heavy ['hevɪ] adj ağır тяжёлый, тяжеловесный
beam [biːm] tir, ağac
girder ['gəːdə] tex. tir, ferma, çatı (tikinti işlərində)
dimension [dɪ'menʃən]1) ölçmə 2) pl. ölçülər, vahidlər размеры, величина; объём
far less xeyli kiçik, гораздо меньше
flooring [ʹflɔ:rıŋ] döşəmə; 1) настил, пол 2) настилка полов; покрытие пола; настил
пола; настилочный материал; укладка настила; флоринги (половые строганые доски)
incombustible [ˌɪnkəm'bʌstəbl] yanmayan, odadavamlı несгораемый; негорючий
reinforced concrete [͵ri:ınfɔ:stʹkɔŋkri:t] dəmirbeton железобетон
fill in а) tamamlamaq, artırmaq б) doldurmaq заполнять
arch [ɑːtʃ] n. tac, alaqapı 1) арка; свод, аркада
slab [slæb] şalban yanı (tirin yanından uzununa kəsilmiş bir tərəfi dəyirmi taxta); sal, lövhə;
plastina горбыль, сляб; плоская заготовка
sash [sæʃ] pəncərə çərçivəsi . оконный переплёт; оконная рама
closet ['klɔzɪt] 1) divar şkafı 2) tualet otağı стенной шкаф; уборная
wire glass [ʹwaıəglɑ:s] məftilli şüşə; армированное стекло; проволочное стекло, стекло с
проволочной сеткой, стекло с заплавленной проволочной сеткой
hollow ['hɔlou] n dəlik, deşik, oyuq; çuxur, yarğan 1. пустота, полость 2. углубление,
впадина; выемка; яма; рытвина
hallway [ʹhɔ:lweı] amer. dəhliz, karidor 1) коридор 2) прихожая, передняя, проход
внутри здания; вестибюль
39
4. The heavy beams and girders … large dimension provide far less inflammable than the
slender joists … ordinary construction.
5. … the buildings … fireproof construction wire glass is used … the windows.
6. All structural and reinforced steel must be surrounded … hollow terra cotta and gypsum
tile.
7. … building … great height the flooring must be … incombustible material.
8. Use … minimal structural material permits builders to achieve a wide variety …
architectural styles.
V. Say whether the following statements are true or false. If they are false, explain why:
1. A building is a natural structure.
2. Frame construction embraces all buildings with exterior walls of reinforced concrete.
3. Buildings of frame construction naturally have floors and partitions of concrete.
4. Framing materials are usually wood, engineered wood, or structural steel.
5. In heavy-frame construction the vertical supports are many and light.
6. Light-frame construction includes timber framing, pole building framing or steel framing.
7. Heavy-frame construction includes balloon, platform and light-steel framing.
8. Slow-burning construction designates heavy timber framing.
9. Fireproof construction includes all buildings constructed of inflammable material
throughout.
10. Every single interior and exterior walls in fireproof construction is cement.
VI. Give the antonyms of the following words and word combinations:
To include, to allow, to weaken, to enclose, light-frame construction, fireproof construction,
interior, heavy, inflammable, incombustible, minimal, permanently.
40
Lesson 7.
Grammar: The Noun. The Plurality of the Nouns.
(-s; -es)
42
Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapour and
gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound
adsorption, and it is easily sewn and nailed.
Structural foamed glass blocks designed to fill ceilings, and for making interior partitions
in buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation.
For insulation mineral wool or cinder wool is often resorted too.
All building materials are divided into three main groups: 1) Main building materials
such as rock and artificial stones, timber and metals. 2) Binding materials such as lime, gypsum
and cement. 3) Secondary or auxiliary materials which are used for the interior parts of the
buildings.
We use many building materials for bearing structures. Binding materials are used for
making artificial stone and for joining different planes. For the interior finish of the building we
use secondary materials.
Natural building materials are: stone, sand, lime and timber. Cement, clay products and
concrete are examples of artificial building materials.
Active vocabulary:
property ['prɔpətɪ] xüsusiyyət, xassə свойство, качество
structural ['strʌktʃərəl] tikinti, struktur, quruluş структурный, строительный; конструктивный
purpose ['pəːpəs] n məqsəd; цель, намерение; замысел, стремление
requirement [rɪ'kwaɪəmənt] tələbat, ehtiyac, tələb требование, необходимое условие
case [keɪs] hal, hadisə случай; обстоятельство, положение;
hard [hɑːd] adj ağır; çətin; bərk жёсткий, твёрдый; тугой, негибкий, негнущийся
durable ['djuərəbl] davamlı, möhkəm, bərk надёжный, прочный, стойкий, крепкий
mining [ʹmaınıŋ]- mədən işi; 1) горное дело 2) горная промышленность
plywood [ʹplaıwud]- faner; фанера, клеёная фанера
veneer I [vıʹnıə]- şpon, birqatlı faner; шпон; однослойная фанера
fire-resistant ['faɪərɪ'zɪst(ə)nt] odadavamlı; огнестойкий, тугоплавкий, огнеупорный
fasten ['fɑːsn] bağlamaq, bərkitmək, ilişdirmək прикреплять, привязывать; связывать
easily ['iːzɪlɪ] adv asanlıqla легко; свободно, без труда
commonly ['kɔmənlɪ] sadə, adi; обычно, обыкновенно, как правило, в большинстве случаев
steel [stiːl] n.polad сталь
concrete ['kɔnkriːt] n beton бетон; бетонировать
stone [stoun] n daş камень (как материал)
wood [wud] n taxta, meşə; taxta mə'mulatı; дерево (материал); древесина
thatch [θætʃ] n. güləş örtük а) солома, тростник (как материал для кровли) б) соломенная
или тростниковая крыша, крыша из пальмовых листьев
basalt [ʹbæsɔ:lt,bəʹsɔ:lt]- bazalt (tünd rəngli çox bərk və sıx vulkanik. süxur); базальт
brick [brɪk] n kərpic кирпич;
moulding [ʹməuldıŋ] tökmə, tökülmə (qəlib vasitəsilə); формовка, отливка
baking [ʹbeıkıŋ]- qızdırıb bitişdirmə (yapışdırma); спекание; обжиг; сушка,
kiln [kıln] yandırıb və qurutmaq üçün soba; промышленная печь для сушки или обжига
differ ['dɪfə] v fərqlənmək отличаться (от кого-л. / чего-л.; в чём-л.) ; различаться (чем-л.)
hardness ['hɑːdnəs] bərklik, твёрдость, прочность;
durability [ˌdjuərə'bɪlətɪ] davamlılıq, продолжительность, длительность
fire-resistance [ʹfaı(ə)rı͵zıstəns] odadavamlılıq, огнестойкость
ancient ['eɪnʃənt] adj qədim, köhnə древний; старинный, старый
light [lɑɪt] adj yüngül; лёгкий; легковесный
cheap [tʃiːp] adj ucuz, дешёвый, недорогой
43
certain ['səːtn] adj müəyyən точный, определённый
disadvantage [ˌdɪsəd'vɑːntɪdʒ] çatışmamazlıq, недостаток
burn [bəːn] v (burnt; burnt) yandırmaq, yanmaq, гореть, пылать
decay [dɪ'keɪ] v çürümək, dağılmaqгнить, разлагаться
belong [bɪ'lɔŋ] məxsus olmaq, aid olmaq (to) принадлежать (кому-л.) , быть (чьей-л.)
собственностью
characteristic [ˌkærɪktə'rɪstɪk]1. n. səciyyəvi xüsusiyyət 2. a. səciyyəvi характерный,
отличительный; типичный, типовой, типический
compactness [kəm'pæktnəs] qalınlıq, плотность, степень уплотнения, компактность;
уплотнённость
porosity [pɔː'rɔsətɪ] məsaməlilik, пористость; зубчатость
mechanical [mɪ'kænɪk(ə)l] mexaniki, механический; машинный 2) автоматический; 3)
технический
strength [streŋθ] güc, qüvvət сила
sound [sɑund] n səs; səs-küy; a. sağlam; möhkəm звук; шум; устойчивый, стабильный,
прочный
heat [hiːt] n istilik; тепло, теплота
insulation [ˌɪnsju'leɪʃən] təcrid etmə, ayırd etmə, izolyasiya etmək изоляция; изоляционный
материал
artificial [ˌɑːtɪ'fɪʃəl] sün'i, qeyritəbii, qondarma, uydurma искусственный, не природный,
ненатуральный
refer [rɪ'fəː] istinad eləmək, aid olmaq (nəyəsə, kiməsə) направлять; отсылать (к кому-л. /
чему-л.)
mixture ['mɪkstʃə] qarışıq, qatışıq перемешивание, смешивание, смесь
crush [krʌʃ] həvəngdə döymək, əzmək мять
crushed [krʌʃt] 1) мятый, дроблёный; размельчённый
manufacture [ˌmænju'fæktʃə] n. istehsal, hazırlanma; производство; изготовление; обработка
require [rɪ'kwaɪə] tələb eləmək, приказывать, требовать
equipment [ɪ'kwɪpmənt] n ləvazimat; avadanlıq; təchizat оборудование;
skilled [skɪld] adj məharətli, mahir, искусный, квалифицированный, умелый, опытный
labour ['leɪbə] n əmək, iş; работа; труд
plastics ['plæstɪks] plastik material, пластмасса; синтетические материалы
combine ['kɔmbaɪn], [kəm'baɪn] v. birləşdirmək, əlaqələndirmək объединять, сочетать
insulating ['ɪnsjuleɪtɪŋ] tex. təcrid edilmiş, ayrılmış, təklənmiş, изолирующий, изоляционный,
непроводящий (электричество, тепло, звук)
it is no wonder – təəccüblü deyil
turn to [təːn] müraciət etmək, dönmək; обращаться
add [æd] v əlavə etmək прибавлять, присоединять; добавлять
laminate [ʹlæmın(e)ıt] çoxlaylı təbəqə; təbəqəli plastik; слоистое изделие, многослойный
материал; слоистый пластик; многослойный лист
sandwich [ʹsænwıdʒ]- qçtəbəqəli konstruksoya; трёхслойная структура; трёхслойная
конструкция
foamed glass- penoşüşə (məsaməli şüşə); пеностекло
vapour [ʹveıpə]- buxarlanma; пар; испарение;
mineral wool- шлаковая вата; минеральная вата
adsorption [ədʹzɔ:pʃ(ə)n]- adsorbsiya (bərk və ya məsaməli cisimlər səthinin qaz və mayeləri
udması); адсорбция
divide [dɪ'vaɪd] ayırmaq, bölmək; делить (на несколько частей, групп), разделять
44
rock [rɔk] 1) qaya, sıldırım qaya, sıldırım 2) dağ süxuru;1) скала, утёс 2) горная порода;
богатая руда 3) а) камень, булыжник
binding ['baɪndɪŋ] a. bərkidici, tutucu, tutqaclı соединяющий; связующий
join [dʒɔɪn] v birləşdirmək, birləşmək, qoşulmaq; соединять, объединять, связывать,
скреплять
lime [laɪm] əhəng известь
gypsum ['ʤɪpsəm] gips; гипс
auxiliary [ɔːg'zɪljərɪ] a. köməkçi, yardımçı вспомогательный
interior [ɪn'tɪərɪə]1. a. Daxili 2. n. daxil, iç, daxili tərəf внутренняя часть
sand [sænd]n qum песок; гравий
bearing ['bɛərɪŋ] dayaq опора
bearing structure несущая конструкция
plane [pleɪn] yastılıq, düzlük, rəvanlıq плоскость б) плоская поверхность (о предметах,
имеющих относительно плоские грани, очертания)
clay [kleɪ] gil глина
III. Say what you know about the following building materials:
1. Lime is… .
2. Concrete is … .
3. Thatch is used …
4. Rock and artificial stones belong to … .
5. Cement is … .
6. Sand is used for … .
7. Timber is … .
8. Rock is … .
9. Artificial stone is … .
10. Wood is … .
11. Steel is … .
12. Gypsum belongs to … .
13. Clay is … .
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Lesson 8.
Grammar: The Attributive Clause
Subject + the Attributive Clause + Predicate…
Subject + Predicate + Object + the Attributive Clause
I. Fill in the gaps with the proper correct conjunctive word:
1. The house … they lived two years ago was built by this bricklayer.
2. The year… this house was built was a leap-year.
3. The bricklayer … built our house last year is an able workman.
4. The reason … the construction of this structure has been postponed is unknown.
5. The builder … work is perfect is going to build this palace.
6. The joiners … we sent our material last month haven’t begun to work yet.
7. The building in … they live was built ten years ago.
A man, who has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore
enough skill to be considered a skilled worker at his trade*, is called tradesman or craftsman.
He may be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, slater-and-tiler*, plumber,
electrician, house painter, glazier, floor-and-wall tiler, plasterer, paper-hanger, steeplejack, hot
water fitter* and so on.
Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed
stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He renders brickwork,
including the insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer. In
some districts of Great Britain, bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles and slanting and lay
plaster and granolithic floors. But elsewhere these are plasterer’s specialities.
Carpenter is a man who erected wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and
window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wallboard. He builds or dismantles wood or metal
formwork. The two trades of carpenter and joiner were originally the same, and most men can do
both, but specialize in one or the other. In the USA the term “carpenter” includes a joiner. The
word is derived from the French word charpente, which means a wood or metal framework.
Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench on wood, which has
been cut and shaped by the machinists. His work is finer than the carpenter’s, much of it being
highly finished and done in a joinery shop which is not exposed to weather*.
In Scotland a joiner is a carpenter-and-joiner.
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Mason is a stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is usually
also a mason. A fixer or a fixer mason or a builder mason is a mason who sets prepared stones in
walls, whether the stone be only facing or to the full wall thickness.
Plasterer is a tradesman who may be a fibrous plasterer or a plasterer in solid work. The
latter lays successive coats of plaster or rendering and fixes fibrous plaster such as mould
сornices and wall pattern. He can use a horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply
stucco*.
A construction manager, or CM, provides services similar to those of general
constructor, but represents client’s interest during all phases of the building process – design as
well as construction. They are usually paid a negotiated fee for the scope of services rendered.
For example, working with the architect during design, the CM provides updates cost
projections so that a client will know probable costs, which the project evolves. A general
constructor, however, doesn’t usually enter the scene until after the design is complete.
The CM decides who bids the job, picks up the request for invitation to bid, evaluates the
bids, and awards work to the most reasonable bidder. The CM also prepares contracts and sends
them out to the subcontractors. The owner signs the contracts with each subcontractor, unlike a
general constructor who signs these contracts. As a result, the subcontractors are under the CM’s
direction.
A construction manager may also be responsible for the safety of workers on the
construction site.
Active vocabulary:
steeplejack ['stiːpldʒæk] - kəlləçarxçı; высотник, верхолаз
apprentice [ə'prentɪs] - şagird, usta köməkçisi; ученик, подмастерье
tradesman [treıdzmən] - peşəçi, sənətçi; ремесленник, мастеровой
craftsman ['krɑːftsmən] - sənətçi, sənətkar; 1) ремесленник 2) искусный мастер
carpenter ['kɑːpɪntə] - dülgər; плотник; столяр
joiner ['dʒɔɪnə] – xarrat; столяр; плотник (в строительстве)
bricklayer ['brɪkˌleɪə] - bənna, kərpic ustası; каменщик по кладке кирпича
mason ['meɪsn]- bənna; каменщик; каменотёс
slater ['sleɪtə] - şifer düzən; кровельщик
tiler ['taɪlə] – kirəmit və kafel ustası; 1) черепичных дел мастер 2) печь для обжига
(черепицы, плиток, изразцов) 3) кровельщик
plumber ['plʌmbə] - su kəməri işçisi; 1) водопроводчик 2) паяльщик 3) слесарь (-
водопроводчик)
glazier [gleɪziə]- şüşəsalan; стекольщик
plasterer ['plɑːstərə] - malakeş, suvaqçı; штукатур
salt glaze [sɔːlt gleɪz] - duz qabı; соляная глазурь
stoneware ['stəunwɛə] - saxsı qab-qacaq; керамические изделия, обливные гончарные
изделия; (обливная) глиняная посуда
drain [dreɪn] - kanalizasiya xətti; канализационная труба
set [set] -1) dəst; 2) qurğu; aqreqat; комплект, набор; прибор; аппарат; установка, агрегат
chimney ['tʃɪmnɪ] - boru, tüstülük, baca; 1) дымовая труба; дымоход 2) камин
manhole ['mænhəul] - baca, deşik; смотровой колодец; лаз; люк
render ['rendə] –göstərmək; ifa etmək; представлять
flooring [ʹflɔ:rıŋ] - döşəmə; 1) настил, пол 2) настилка полов
asbestos [æsʹbestəs] – azbest; асбест, горный лён
dismantle [dɪs'mæntl] – sökmək; разбирать, демонтировать
sewerage ['sjuərɪdʒ] – kanalizasiya; канализационная система, канализация (города)
49
chimney cap ['tʃɪmnɪkæp] - buxarı lövhəsi; дымовой колпак; дефлектор, зонт дымовой
трубы;
expose [ɪks'pəuz] - müdafiyəsiz qoymaq; выставлять; обнажать; подвергать действию
(атмосферных влияний); подвергать (опасности, случайностям )
Post- reading activity:
1. What is a man called a skilled worker for?
2. Who is called tradesman or craftsman?
3. What does the bricklayer do?
4. What does the carpenter do?
5. Who is called a joiner?
6. What does the mason do?
7. Who is prepared the contracts by?
Practice:
I. Complete the sentences:
1. … … … is called a tradesman or a craftsman?
2. Bricklayer is a tradesman who … … … .
3. … … … is a specialized bricklayer.
4. Carpenter is a man who … … … .
5. Joiner is a man who … … … .
6. In Scotland a joiner is … … .
7. Mason is … … .
8. A fixer or a fixer- mason or a builder mason is … … … .
II. Match the words with their definitions:
a) Apprentice 1) specialist?
b) Tradesman 2) a specialist who is busy in putting bricks.
c) Slater 3) sewerage
d) Bricklayer 4) a plate for salt
e) salt glaze5) a worker who puts water pipes
f) drain 6) a person who works under the builder’s control
g) manhole 7) to destroy
h) ismantle 8) a man who puts slaters on the roof
i) plumber 9) hole (or pipe) for chimneyd
III. Put a question to the underlined words:
1. Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork.
2. The construction manager provides updates cost projections.
3. His work is finer than the carpenter’s.
4. He renders brickwork, including the insides of manholes.
5. A builder mason sets prepared stones in walls.
6. They are usually paid a negotiated fee for the scope of services rendered.
7. In some districts of Great Britain bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles.
8. He dismantled wood or metal formwork two days ago.
IV. Fill in the gaps according to the text:
1. … is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints. Fixes wood floors and other wall board.
2. In the USA the term … includes a joiner.
3. In Scotland … is a carpenter and joiner.
4. Mason is … worker or … setter.
5. The word “carpenter” is derived from French word “charpente” which means … or
metal… .
6. … and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer.
7. Carpenter builds or … wood.
V. Give the synonyms of the following words:
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To build, construction, job, trade, tradesman, house, carpenter, general, similar, specialized,
to prepare, to repair, to erect, to lay.
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Lesson 9.
Grammar: The Future Indefinite Active; The Future Indefinite Passive:
Shall + infinitive (without “to”) shall be + Participle II
Will + infinitive (without “to”) will be + Participle II
I. Use the correct form of the verbs:
1. The builders (to calculate) the sizes of beams and girders tomorrow.
2. The engineer (to determine) the weight supported by the structure soon.
3. As soon as they (to deliver) bricks to the construction site, the bricklayer (to start) to
work.
4. If they (to begin) their work in time, they (to finish) it in a month.
5. When the architect (to design) the house, they (to choose) a place to build it next year.
6. They (to repair) their house in a week as it is very old.
7. After they (to consider) the regulations, they (to make) a decision soon.
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Roofs with pitch of more than 12 in. per foot, a vertical load of 5 psf of horizontal
projection, and wind load of 20 psf of surface acting at right angles to one slope, these two loads
being assumed to act either together or separately.
The expected snow load naturally varies in different parts of the country, as exhibited by
the requirements of the local building codes.
Active vocabulary:
calculate ['kælkjuleɪt] 1) hesablamaq 2) haqq-hesab çəkmək, hesablamaq; вычислять;
подсчитывать; калькулировать
beam [biːm] tir, ağac; балка; брус, перекладина
girder ['gəːdə] tex. tir, ferma, çatı (tikinti işlərində); балка; балочная ферма; прогон;
ригель;
column ['kɔləm] n sütun, colonna; 1. колонна 2. столб(ик)
weight [weɪt] n çəki; ağırlıq; 1) вес; масса
Like most postmodernist writers, Kurt Vonnegut used postmodern literary techniques in his novels. He created a new type of religion in “Cat’s cradle” called “Bokonism” and introduces new terms like karass, foma, wampeter, vin-dit, wrang-wrang, Boko-maru, granfallon, duprass and so on related to that fictional religion. Creating such a kind of religion, Kurt Vonnegut wanted to reach the utopian society. But in the end, he encounters dystopia. The writer used temporal distortion in this novel, which made the labyrinth for the reader to force him/her think analytically. While reading the novel, the reader witnessed historiographic metafiction, which requires an intellectual reader to analyze them. The writer preferred to write the novel in the shadow of postmodern irony and black humour which makes the reader laugh and smile at first, but then this laughter changes its colour and makes the reader think critically. This laughter is black humour. Like many other postmodern writers, Kurt Vonnegut also wanted to find the solution for making an ideal society, but at the end of the novel, the reader saw the end of the world as frozen. The writer described the little crystal piece ice-nine as an element of science fiction which can freeze the world with only one touch.
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