Ma Uygarlığı

ma uygarlığı

Mu

Mu kıtası veya kısaca Mu, ilk olarak yüzyılda yaşamış yazar ve gezgin Augustus Le Plongeon tarafından Büyük Okyanus'ta yer aldığı ve 14 bin yıl önce batarak yok olduğu ileri sürülmüş, günümüzde bilim çevrelerinde sözdebilimsel bir iddia olduğu kabul gören efsanevi kıtadır.^[1]^[2]Le Plongen, kıtada Antik Mısır ve Mezoamerika toplumlarının atalarının yaşadığını iddia etmiştir. Kavram daha sonra, kıtanın bir zamanlar Pasifik Okyanusu'nda var olmuş olduğunu iddia etmiş James Churchward tarafından popülerize edilmiştir.^[3]

Mu'nun ve benzer şekilde kayıp bir kıta olduğu iddia edilmiş Lemurya'nın varlığına dair iddialar, iddianın yaratıcısı Le Plong'un zamanından beri destek görmemiştir. Günümüzde de bilim dünyasındaki fikir birliği, Mu kıtasının var olmuş olmasının fiziksel olarak mümkün olmadığı ve iddianın herhangi bir bilimsel dayanağı olmadığı yönündedir.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

İddiaların gelişimi[değiştir kaynağı değiştir]

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^^a^bHaviland, William (). Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge. Cengage Learning. s.&#; ISBN&#; 13 Temmuz tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ağustos &#;
^^a^b^cWright, Ronald (). A Short History of Progress. House of Anansi. ss.&#;, , and ISBN&#; 30 Aralık tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ağustos &#;
^^a^b^cLlobera, Josep (). An Invitation to Anthropology. Berghahn Books. ss.&#; ISBN&#; 30 Aralık tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ağustos &#;
^Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (). Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature. Simon & Schuster. ISBN&#;&#;
^^a^bBoyden, Stephen Vickers (). The Biology of Civilisation. UNSW Press. ss.&#; ISBN&#; 30 Aralık tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ağustos &#;
^^a^bSolms-Laubach, Franz (). Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology. Walter de Gruyter. ss.&#;, , and ISBN&#; 30 Aralık tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ağustos &#;
^^a^b, AbdelRahim, Layla. Children's literature, domestication, and social foundation&#;: narratives of civilization and wilderness. New York. s.&#;8. ISBN&#; OCLC&#;&#;
^Bolesti, Maria (). Barbarism and Its Discontents. Stanford University Press. ISBN&#;&#;
^Wei, Ruan (). "Civilization and Culture"(PDF). Globality Studies Journal, 24. 15 Temmuz tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi(PDF). Erişim tarihi: 19 Ağustos &#;
^Mann, Michael (). The Sources of Social Power. 1. Cambridge University Press. ss.&#;&#;
^It remains the most influential sociological study of the topic, spawning its own body of secondary literature. Notably, Hans Peter Duerr attacked it in a major work (3, pages in five volumes, published –). Elias, at the time a nonagenarian, was still able to respond to the criticism the year before his death. In , Duerr was himself criticized by Michael Hinz's Der Zivilisationsprozeß: Mythos oder Realität (), saying that his criticism amounted to a hateful defamation of Elias, through excessive standards of political correctness. Der Spiegel40/ 28 Şubat tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
^Cited after Émile Benveniste, Civilisation. Contribution à l'histoire du mot (Civilisation. Contribution to the history of the word), , published in Problèmes de linguistique générale, Éditions Gallimard, , pp. – (translated by Mary Elizabeth Meek as Problems in general linguistics, 2 vols., ).
^^a^bVelkley, Richard (), "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy", Being after Rousseau: Philosophy and Culture in Question, The University of Chicago Press, ss.&#;&#;
^E.g. in the title A narrative of the loss of the Winterton East Indiaman wrecked on the coast of Madagascar in ; and of the sufferings connected with that event. To which is subjoined a short account of the natives of Madagascar, with suggestions as to their civilizations by J. Hatchard, L.B. Seeley and T. Hamilton, London,
^"Civilization" (), Encyclopædia Britannica 15th ed. Vol. II, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Retrieved 25 August Using the terms "civilization" and "culture" as equivalents is controversial^{[kaynak belirtilmeli]} and generally rejected, so that for example some types of culture are not normally described as civilizations.
^"On German Nihilism" (, originally a lecture), Interpretation 26, no. 3 edited by David Janssens and Daniel Tanguay.
^Gordon Childe, V., What Happened in History (Penguin, ) and Man Makes Himself (Harmondsworth, ).
^Nikiforuk, Andrew (). The Energy of Slaves: Oil and the new servitude. Greystone Books.&#;
^Moseley, Michael. "The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: An Evolving Hypothesis". The Hall of Ma'at. 28 Ağustos tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Haziran &#;
^Moseley, Michael (). The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization. Menlo Park: Cummings. ISBN&#;&#;
^Hadjikoumis; Angelos, Robinson; and Sarah Viner-Daniels (Eds) (), "Dynamics of Neolithisation in Europe: Studies in honour of Andrew Sherratt" (Oxbow Books)
^Mann, Charles C. (Haziran ). "Göbekli Tepe". National Geographic. 27 Şubat tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ağustos &#;
^Tom Standage (), A History of the World in 6 Glasses, Walker & Company,
^Grinin, Leonid E (Ed) et al. (), "The Early State and its Alternatives and Analogues" (Ichitel)
^Bondarenko, Dmitri et al. (), "Alternatives to Social Evolution" in Grinin op cit.
^Bogucki, Peter (), "The Origins of Human Society" (Wiley Blackwell)
^DeVore, Irven, and Lee, Richard () "Man the Hunter" (Aldine)
^Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black; Larry S. Krieger; Phillip C. Naylor; Dahia Ibo Shabaka (). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN&#;&#;
^Pauketat, Timothy R. (). Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians. Cambridge University Press. s.&#; ISBN&#;&#;
^^a^bSpengler, Oswald, Decline of the West: Perspectives of World History ()
^Huntington, Samuel P. (). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (İngilizce). Simon and Schuster. s.&#; ISBN&#; 30 Aralık tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ağustos &#;
^Algaze, Guillermo, The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization (Second Edition, ) ()
^Wilkinson, David (Sonbahar ). "Central Civilization". Comparative Civilizations Review. 17. ss.&#; 3 Eylül tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ağustos &#;
^"Explicit theories of the origin of the state are relatively modern [] the age of exploration, by making Europeans aware that many peoples throughout the world lived, not in states, but in independent villages or tribes, made the state seem less natural, and thus more in need of explanation." "A Theory of the Origin of the State". 30 Mayıs tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 5 Ağustos &#;
^Milton-Edwards, Beverley (Mayıs ). "Iraq, past, present and future: a thoroughly-modern mandate?". History & Policy. United Kingdom: History & Policy. 13 Mart tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 9 Aralık &#;
^Haas, Jonathan; Creamer, Winifred; Ruiz, Alvaro (Aralık ). "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru". Nature (İngilizce). (). ss.&#; doi/nature ISSN&#; PMID&#;&#;
^Kennett, Douglas J.; Winterhalder, Bruce (). Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture. University of California Press. pp. –. Retrieved 27 December
^De Meo, James (2nd Edition), "Saharasia"
^"Ritual human sacrifice promoted and sustained the evolution of stratified societies" op citŞablon:Huh
^Carniero, R.L. (Ed) (), "The Evolution of Society: Selections from Herbert Spencer’s Principles of Sociology", (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, ), pp. 32–47, 63–96, –
^Watts, Joseph; Sheehan, Oliver; Atkinson, Quentin D.; Bulbulia, Joseph; Gray, Russell D. (4 Nisan ). "Ritual human sacrifice promoted and sustained the evolution of stratified societies". Nature. (). ss.&#; doi/nature PMID&#;&#;
^Tarnas, Richard (). The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas that Have Shaped Our World View (Ballantine Books)
^Toynbee, Arnold () "A Study of History" (OUP)
^Massimo Campanini (), Studies on Ibn Khaldûn 28 Ağustos tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., Polimetrica s.a.s., p. 75
^Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 2nd ed., vol. 4, ed. by J. B. Bury (London, ), pp.&#;– Chapter XXXVIII: Reign Of Clovis. Part VI. General Observations On The Fall Of The Roman Empire In The West.
^Peter J. Heather (1 Aralık ). The Fall Of The Roman Empire: A New History Of Rome And The Barbarians. Oxford University Press. ISBN&#; 19 Haziran tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 22 Haziran &#;
^Bryan Ward-Perkins (7 Eylül ). The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN&#; 19 Haziran tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 22 Haziran &#;
^Demarest, Arthur (9 Aralık ). Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization. ISBN&#;&#;
^McNeely, Jeffrey A. () "Lessons of the past: Forests and Biodiversity" (Vol 3, No 1 Biodiversity and Conservation)
^Koneczny, Feliks () On the Plurality of Civilizations, Posthumous English translation by Polonica Publications, London ASIN&#;BCLABJ. Originally published in Polish, O Wielości Cywilizacyj, Gebethner & Wolff, Kraków
^Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Simon & Schuster, )
^Asadi, Muhammed (22 Ocak ). "A Critique of Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations"". Selves and Others. 26 Nisan tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Ocak &#;
^Inglehart, Ronald; Pippa Norris (Mart–Nisan ). "The True Clash of Civilizations". Global Policy Forum. 20 Ocak tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Ocak &#;
^Berman, Morris (), Dark Ages America: the End of Empire (W.W. Norton)
^Jacobs, Jane (), Dark Age Ahead (Vintage)
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